不同羽色和性别番鸭屠宰性能及肌肉成分比较研究

研究旨在比较不同羽色及性别番鸭在屠宰性能及肌肉成分上的差别,为选育优良番鸭品种提供依据。试验选取1日龄黑羽番鸭、白羽番鸭及黑白花番鸭公、母共324羽,按羽色、性别分为6个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复9只鸭,各处理饲喂相同日粮,试验期90d。结果表明：雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰率、全净膛率显著高于雄性白羽及黑白花羽番鸭（P〈0．05）,而雌性黑白花番鸭及白羽番鸭的胸肌率和瘦肉率相近且均显著高于雌性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各处理番鸭肌肉中汞、镉、砷、铅含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）,且均很微量;各同羽色雄性番鸭肌肉水分、无氮浸出物和粗蛋白质含量均基本略高于其同羽色雌性番鸭,而各处理雌性番鸭肌肉粗脂肪、粗灰分含量则高于其同羽色的雄性番鸭;雄性白羽番鸭和黑白花番鸭肌肉粗蛋白质含量相近且均显著高于雄性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各同羽色番鸭中基本上肌肉氨基酸含量均以雄性高于雌性,而同性别的番鸭比较,雄性白羽番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸的含量显著高于雄性黑羽及雄性黑白花羽番鸭（P〉0．05）;同时雌性各羽色番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸含量呈现出：黑白花番鸭〉黑羽番鸭〉白羽番鸭,但该趋势不显著（P〉0．05）。试验结果表明,雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰性能有一定优势,白羽番鸭肌肉养分和氨基酸含量优势明显。     

3个品种鸭的屠宰性能及肌肉营养成分比较

将番鸭、樱桃谷鸭、高邮鸭饲养到70日龄屠宰。测定屠宰性能,同时取胸肉和腿肉测定营养成分。结果表明:樱桃谷鸭早期生长速度最快;番鸭是3个鸭品种中肉用性能最好的优质肉鸭,樱桃谷鸭的腿肉比例偏小,高邮鸭的胸、腿肌率均未达到优质肉鸭的要求。番鸭鸭肉中水分含量较高,樱桃谷鸭与高邮鸭鸭肉中脂肪含量较高。     

Genetic parameters of product quality and hepatic metabolism in fattened mule ducks

Genetic parameters of traits related to hepatic lipid metabolism, carcass composition, and product quality of overfed mule ducks were estimated on both parental lines of this hybrid: the common duck line for the maternal side and the Muscovy line for the paternal side. The originality of the statistical model was to include simultaneously the additive genetic effect of the common ducks and that of the Muscovy ducks, revealing a greater genetic determinism in common than in Muscovy. Plasma metabolic indicators (glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol contents) were heritable, in particular at the end of the overfeeding period, and heritabilities increased with the overfeeding stage. Carcass composition traits were highly heritable in the common line, with values ranging from 0.15 for liver weight, 0.21 for carcass weight, and 0.25 for abdominal fat weight to 0.32 for breast muscle weight. Heritabilities of technological outputs were greater for the fatty liver (0.19 and 0.08, respectively, on common and Muscovy sides for liver melting rate) than for the pectoralis major muscle (between 0.02 and 0.05 on both parental sides for cooking losses). Fortunately, the processing industry is mainly facing problems in liver quality, such as too high of a melting rate, than in meat quality. The meat quality appraisal criteria (such as texture and cooking losses), usually dependent on pH and the rate of decline of pH, were also very lowly heritable. This study demonstrated that genetic determinism of meat quality and ability of overfeeding is not similar in the common population and in the Muscovy population; traits related to fattening, muscle development, and BW have heritability values from 2 to 4 times greater on the common line than on the Muscovy line, which is relevant for considering different selection strategies.     

Effects of alfalfa meal on carcase quality and fat metabolism of Muscovy ducks

1. The effects of alfalfa meal on carcase quality and fat metabolism of Muscovy duck were evaluated. The objective of this research was to establish whether alfalfa meal can reduce fat content and improve carcase quality of Muscovy duck. Animal products with a high fat content present a risk factor for many diseases. Reducing fat content in poultry products is an important goal for the poultry industry.

2. A total of 240 14-d-old white Muscovy ducks were selected and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% of alfalfa meal for 5 weeks. Growth performances were recorded and carcase characteristics and lipid parameters were analysed.

3. Results showed that 3, 6, and 9% alfalfa meal in diet had no significant effects on growth performance of Muscovy ducks from 14 to 49?d of age. Ducks given 3, 6, and 9% alfalfa meal had significantly higher dressing percentage and lower abdominal fat percentage compared with those given no alfalfa meal. Ducks given 9% alfalfa meal had higher breast meat percentage compared with those given no alfalfa meal. The concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and free fatty acid in serum of ducks fed on alfalfa meal decreased. Alfalfa meal in the diet decreased abdominal fat percentage and improved carcase traits of Muscovy duck.

4. The study showed that dietary alfalfa meal decreased abdominal fat percentage and improved carcase traits, without an adverse effect on performance.     

不同性别雷州黑鸭屠宰性能及肉品质的测定

随机选取60只健康无病的300日龄雷州黑羽鸭,公、母各半,进行屠宰试验及肉品质分析。结果表明,公鸭全净膛率和瘦肉率显著高于母鸭(P<0.05);母鸭腹脂率和皮脂率极显著高于公鸭(P<0.01),而胸肌率却极显著低于公鸭(P<0.01);公、母鸭胸肌肉色(L、a、b值)、腿肌蒸煮损失率和胸肌嫩度均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);母鸭胸肌脂肪含量显著高于公鸭(P<0.05),胸肌和腿肌粗蛋白质含量极显著高于公鸭(P<0.01)。提示,雷州黑鸭屠宰率和全净膛率都较高,母鸭肉质和肌肉营养成分高于公鸭,胸肌优于腿肌。     

仙湖3号鸭肉质特性比较分析

试验对49日龄公母各半的仙湖3号鸭进行了不同性别、系别以及部位间肌肉品质的比较分析,测定指标包括贮存损失、熟肉率、pH值、水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷含量、肌纤维直径,结果表明:①水分和干物质含量系别间有极显著差异(P<0.01),其他化学指标以及加工特性指标差异不显著。②性别间腿肌肌纤维直径、胸肌肌纤维长短轴比存在显著差异(0.01≤P<0.05),公鸭的胸肌比母鸭细,但母鸭的腿肌却比公鸭细;部位间肌纤维直径胸腿肌间的差异极显著(P<0.01),胸肌优于腿肌。系别间胸肌肌纤维长短轴比有显著差异(0.01≤P<0.05),A系优于B系。总体看来肉质母鸭略优于公鸭,父系优于母系,胸肌优于腿肌。     

不同饲养方式对优质肉鸭屠宰性能和肌肉营养成分的影响

为制定优质肉鸭最优饲养技术方案,提高优质肉鸭饲养的经济效益和品质,本研究选择900只1日龄优质肉鸭(益客集团E品系),随机分为3组,每组3个重复,分别采用地面平养、笼养、网上平养,在70日龄进行屠宰性能和肌肉主要营养成分测定。结果表明:网上平养肉鸭的屠体重较其他2种饲养方式有显著提升(P<0.05);网上平养的全净膛重与半净膛重、头脚重、胸肌重与笼养无显著差异,但其半净膛重、头脚重、胸肌重、腹脂重高于地面平养(P<0.05);网上平养的腿肌重与其他2种饲养方式无显著性差异;网上平养肉鸭的胸肌中蛋白质含量较其他2种方式显著提升(P<0.05),在腿肌蛋白质含量上三者差异不显著;网上平养肉鸭的腿肌脂肪含量高于地面平养(P<0.05),而3种饲养方式的胸肌脂肪含量无显著差异;胶原及水分含量与笼养相比在胸腿肌中差异不显著。可见,优质肉鸭采用网上平养较为适合。     

Differential protein profiles in duck meat during the early postmortem storage period

The present study was designed to investigate proteomic differences in duck breast muscle during the early postmortem storage period. The meat quality was evaluated at 0 hr and 24 hr postmortem at 4°C in Pekin ducks, black Muscovy ducks and Mule ducks. Differentially expressed proteins were detected by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS) at 0 hr and 24 hr postmortem in the three duck breeds. The results showed that 53 proteins spots were differentially expressed at 0 hr and 24 hr postmortem at 4°C in Pekin ducks, 75 spots in black Muscovy ducks, and 72 spots in Mule ducks. A total of 30 (10 spots for each breed) were selected for identification by mass spectrometry. Seven proteins were identified in Pekin ducks, eight in black Muscovy ducks and seven in Mule ducks. Moreover, the above results obtained by 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS were confirmed by western blotting. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide insights into the protein profiles of ducks during postmortem storage and provides a better understanding of the biochemical processes that contribute to duck meat quality.     

北京鸭胸肌厚度与屠体性能指标的相关关系研究

先后进行两次饲养试验和屠宰试验研究肉鸭胸肌厚度和胸肌质量、胸肌率的相关关系。试验1饲养大体型A品系和小体型B、C品系的北京鸭各150只至7周龄,每个品系随机选取8只公鸭和8只母鸭进行屠宰试验。探索超声波扫描技术活体测定北京鸭胸肌厚度的方法,建立北京鸭胸肌厚度与胸肌质量、胸肌率等指标的相关关系。试验2饲养B系肉鸭1900只至7周龄,随机选取100只公鸭和100只母鸭进行屠宰试验,测定胸肌厚度和主要屠体指标,进行相关分系。结果:超声波测定北京鸭的胸肌厚度,图象清晰;大体型品系北京鸭7周龄的胸肌厚度达到22.3mm,小体型为16.2和16.3mm。胸肌厚度与胸肌质量、胸肌率的相关系数分别为0.6328(P<0.01)、0.4721(P<0.01),均达到极显著水平。结果表明,超声波扫描技术能够准确地测定北京鸭的胸肌厚度;北京鸭的胸肌厚度与胸肌产量、胸肌率存在显著的正相关关系。     

品种和部位对鸭肉肉质的影响

选择番鸭、樱桃谷鸭和高邮鸭等3个品种鸭各30只,测定屠宰性能、常规营养成分、胶原蛋白含量、剪切力值、肌纤维直径、肌束膜厚度等相关指标。结果表明：番鸭是肉用性能最好的优质肉鸭。各品种鸭胸肌率均比腿肌率高,胸肉剪切力值小于腿肉,胸肉显著嫩于腿肉（P〈0.05）。剪切力值和肌纤维直径、肌束膜厚度呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与蒸煮损失、胶原蛋白含量显著相关。影响鸭肉嫩度差异的关键是肌纤维直径的粗细和肌束膜厚度的大小,肌纤维直径越粗,肌束膜厚度越大,剪切力值也越高,鸭肉嫩度越差,蒸煮损失和胶原蛋白含量对鸭肉嫩度也有影响。     

基于仿生消化系统估测肉鸭饲料原料代谢能的研究

本试验旨在检验基于仿生消化系统估测肉鸭饲料原料代谢能(ME)的有效性。首先,通过仿生消化法测定玉米、高粱、豆粕、菜籽粕和小麦麸的鸡、鸭酶水解物能值(EHGE),计算鸭/鸡EHGE比值,并参考肉鸡饲料原料ME计算肉鸭ME。其次,选择21日龄番鸭2400只,随机分为8个组,每组6个重复,每个重复50只鸭。各组随机饲喂不同ME水平的试验饲粮。测定21~50日龄、51~75日龄、21~75日龄肉鸭的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比,将肉鸭各阶段的料重比与饲粮ME进行回归分析。结果表明:1)玉米的鸭/鸡EHGE比值为1.06,高粱、饼粕类和麸皮的鸭/鸡EHGE比值为1.14~1.21。2)饲粮ME水平对肉鸭各阶段的平均日增重无显著影响(P>0.05),但对料重比和平均日采食量存在极显著影响(P<0.01)。3)肉鸭各阶段料重比对鸭ME回归方程的相关系数(R^2)均高于其对鸡ME回归方程的R^2。由此可见,应用鸭ME估测数据配制肉鸭饲粮较恰当,采用仿生消化法建立肉鸭饲料原料ME数据库是可行的。     

22~42日龄黑羽番鸭日粮适宜代谢能、粗蛋白质、钙和有效磷水平的研究

为研究22~42日龄阶段不同营养水平日粮配方对黑羽番鸭的生长发育及屠宰性能的影响,试验选择288只22日龄黑羽番鸭,随机分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复8只番鸭,采用4因素3水平L₉（3⁴）正交试验设计,设3个代谢能水平（11.92、12.32、12.72 MJ/kg）,3个粗蛋白质水平（16%、18%、20%）,3个钙水平（0.6%、0.8%、1.0%）和3个有效磷水平（0.30%、0.45%、0.60%）,按照不同营养水平设计B1~B9共9个日粮试验组,通过饲养试验和屠宰试验,测定番鸭的生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标。结果显示：B3组在体重增长、屠宰性能上的营养优势较为明显,其平均末重、平均日增重、料重比分别为1 556.64 g、46.43 g/d和2.39,其中平均末重显著高于B1和B9组（P<0.05）;屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率分别为73.43%、64.81%、55.26%和26.56%,表现出了较好的生长发育态势;再结合该组番鸭体尺指标及血清生化指标结果,说明B3组番鸭日粮营养水平为最佳。因此,在本试验条件下,推荐22~42日龄黑羽番鸭日粮营养水平为：代谢能11.92 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质19.25%,钙1.03%,有效磷0.60%。     

连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭胸肌转录组比较

为了解连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭肉质的差异,本研究选择300日龄连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭各3只母鸭,测定胸肌粗脂肪、肌苷酸含量,同时对胸肌组织进行转录组高通量测序筛选品种间的差异表达基因,并对其功能进行注释、KEGG通路分析,挑选部分基因进行荧光定量PCR验证。结果显示:2个品种胸肌转录组测序得到40.6 Gb Clean Data,各样品的Clean reads与北京鸭参考基因组的比对效率在68.65%~72.17%。共筛选2333个差异表达基因,其中连城白鸭显著高表达1060个,沔阳麻鸭显著高表达1273个。差异表达基因共富集到280条信号通路中,67条通路显著富集,其中多条通路和肌肉脂肪沉积、能量代谢以及各类物质代谢相关。ACDC、FABP4、AMPD1、MITF、MAOA和CSAD等差异表达基因可能对不同品种鸭特异的肉质风味形成产生影响。经qRT-PCR验证,测序结果可靠。连城白鸭与沔阳麻鸭胸肌转录组比较显示不同地方鸭品种肉质存在一定差异。     

半番鸭及其亲本生长曲线拟合与杂种优势分析

实验测定了樱桃谷鸭、白羽番鸭、苏牧麻鸭、白羽番鸭♂×樱桃谷鸭♀(樱番鸭)、白羽番鸭♂×苏牧麻鸭♀(苏番鸭)早期体重数据,发现樱番鸭杂种优势率为12.8%,苏番鸭为22.04%。用Logistic、Von Bertalanffy和Gompertz3种非线性生长模型拟合其生长曲线,通过比较拟合优度、复相关指数和进行适合性χ2检验,发现Gompertz模型拟合效果最好。比较5组鸭Gompertz模型拟合参数,结果表明:在亲本鸭组中白羽番鸭初始重较樱桃谷鸭和苏牧麻鸭高,初始生长速度、最大周增重较这2个亲本组低,拐点时间也比其晚。2个杂交组最大周增重、成熟速度、极限体重、拐点体重、初始重和拐点时间都有很大提高,存在明显的杂种优势。     

4个微卫星标记分析6个鸭群体之间的遗传关系

利用4对微卫星引物（AJ272577、AJ272578、AJ272579和AJ272580）对6个鸭群体（绍鸭、番鸭、樱桃谷鸭、北京鸭（Z4、Z1）和奥白星鸭）300只鸭的等位基因频率、群体多态信息含量、有效等位基因数、杂合度和遗传距离进行了检测。结果表明：4个微卫星基因座在6个鸭群体中均存在多态性，可以用于鸭的遗传多样性评估；且基因座AJ272578变异最大，基因座AJ272579变异最小，从不同群体来看，北京鸭Z1的遗传变异最大，奥白星鸭的遗传变异最小。基于Nei氏标准遗传距离，采用UPGMA方法构建了系统发生树，将绍鸭和樱桃谷鸭归为一类，北京鸭Z1、奥白星鸭和北京鸭Z4归为一类，番鸭归为一类。鸭的微卫星基因分型技术为检测品种（群体）之间的遗传关系提供了一个有用的工具。     

不同饲养模式对嘉积鸭肌肉品质的影响

为了研究不同饲养模式(传统饲料+放养、传统饲料+网床饲养、商业饲料+网床饲养、自制饲料+网床饲养)对嘉积鸭肌肉品质的影响,将1 200只1周龄嘉积鸭随机分为4组,每组设3个重复,13周龄末结束试验.对比4种模式下嘉积鸭的肉质物理指标、营养成分以及感官评分等.结果 表明:(1)传统饲料+放养模式嘉积鸭胸肌氨基酸总量显著高...     

白羽番鸭产肉性能与肌肉品质分析

以200只70日龄白羽番鸭为素材,测定其产肉性能和肌肉品质。结果显示,公番鸭的生长速度比母鸭快,母鸭沉积脂肪的能力高于公鸭,同时白羽番鸭的体脂含量较低。综合产肉性能等多项指标,说明白羽番鸭具有较好的肉用性能,值得推广应用。     

Effects of different rearing systems on growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality and serum biochemical parameters of Chaohu ducks

This study was conducted using a total of 360 22‐day‐old Chaohu ducks to evaluate the effect of rearing system on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and serum parameters of male and female Chaohu ducks. The birds were divided and raised in separate pens according to sex and rearing system, with three replicate pens of 30 male or 30 female ducks per pen for each rearing system. The rearing systems consisted of a floor rearing system (FRS) and a net rearing system (NRS). Results showed that ducks raised in NRS had better growth performance, whereas, ducks raised in FRS exhibited better carcass traits and meat color, and lower intramuscular fat. For the serum parameters, NRS significantly decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol content, and enhanced total protein and triacylglycerol contents. Male ducks had lower abdominal fat percentage, and higher growth performance and shear force, but there were no other significant differences between sexes. No rearing system × sex interaction was observed in the present study, revealing that rearing system had the same effect on both sexes. In conclusion, NRS was beneficial to the growth performance of Chaohu ducks, whereas this system had some negative effects on carcass traits, meat quality and serum profiles.     

The growth and carcass characteristics of crosses between Aabio and Tegal ducks and Muscovy and Pekin drakes

1. The growth and food utilisation of Pekin, Alabio and crosses between Muscovy or Pekin drakes and Alabio or Tegal ducks were recorded up to 20 weeks of age on a high plane of nutrition. Ducks were killed at 6, 10 and 16 weeks of age for carcass analysis.

2. The weight of Alabio ducks at 12 weeks of age was increased by 40 and 48% by crossing with Muscovy and Pekin respectively. Pekin crosses grew faster to 8 or 12 weeks of age than Muscovy crosses but after 17 weeks of age there was no significant difference in weight. Food utilisation for Muscovy crosses was generally better at all ages.

3. Both at a given age and per unit of carcass weight, Muscovy crosses contained less fat and as a consequence more protein and ash, and a higher proportion of breast meat than Pekin crosses. Proportion of fat in Muscovy × Tegal ducks increased only slightly with carcass weight, while it decreased in Muscovy × Alabio ducks.     

Comparative evaluation of carcass traits and meat quality in native Aseel chickens and commercial broilers

1. A comprehensive study was conducted to analyse the meat quality attributes, composition and carcass traits in Aseel chickens and commercial broilers at market age on the basis of physiological age. A total of 20 Aseel (26 and 56 weeks) and 20 broiler (6 weeks) chickens were divided into two groups on a live weight basis, i.e. large (≥2.5 kg) and small (<2.5 kg) with 10 birds in each subgroup.

2. The pH of meat did not show any significant variation between Aseel and broiler chickens. The meat from heavier birds had significantly higher pH. Shear force value and hydroxyproline contents were significantly higher in Aseel chickens. Aseel birds had significantly higher red (a*) colouration and lower lightness (L*) than broiler chickens.

3. The texture and acceptability of Aseel meat were significantly higher.

4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that muscle fibres in Aseels were arranged in a more coiled pattern making the muscle tough. A larger amount of connective tissue was also observed between the muscle fibres compared with the broiler chickens.

5. The dressing percentage was significantly higher in larger chickens. Commercial broilers recorded significantly higher meat proportion and lower proportion of bone. The meat:bone ratio was 1.07:1.0 in Aseel and 1.31–1.0 in broiler chicken. Breast muscle content was significantly lower in smaller Aseel chickens. Aseel chicken had stronger and heavier backs and shanks. Abdominal fat percentage was significantly lower in Aseel (0.73–0.78%).

6. The study concluded that the firm texture of Aseel meat was due to the high collagen content and interlocking connective tissue between the muscle fibres. The texture and acceptability of Aseel meat was higher. Aseel cocks had strong legs, lean meat and less abdominal fat, making them a high-value meat bird in addition to their aggressive fighting ability.