猪场养殖废水湿地治理模式的研究

为了治理猪场养殖废水内环境污染因子,笔者在试验猪场建设猪舍养殖废水收集沉淀池,废水固液分离进入初级净化池,以臭氧水(浓度18 mg/L~20 mg/L)对其消毒净化,再经碎石堆砌过滤墙逐级过滤,净水池水面及过滤墙顶土层面种植水芙蓉、芦苇等水生及土生植物,通过这种湿地治理模式达到降解养殖废水污染因子的目的。通过治理,养殖废水污染物降解效率SS为97.08%、NH_3-N为91.69%、TP为80.19%、COD_(cr)为96.55%、BOD_5为91.73%、Cu为77.85%、Zn为74.28%,养殖废水污染物降解效率与治理前相比有极其显著的提高(P≤0.01)。实践证明,猪场建立养殖废水湿地治理模式,能够高效节能、降低成本,治理养殖废水具有明显的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。     

掺杂Fe~(3+)改性TiO_2光催化降解6-硝废水的研究

染料废水是工业废水的主要来源,其水量大、浓度高、成分复杂、难生化降解,是国内外公认的难处理的工业废水。本研究以钛酸正丁酯为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2,掺杂Fe3+改性纳米TiO2制备催化剂,以6-硝废水为处理对象,对其进行光催化降解。考察了焙烧温度、掺杂Fe3+量、催化剂用量、pH、H2O2用量和反应时间对6-硝废水降解率的影响。结果表明,掺杂Fe3+量为0.100wt%,焙烧温度为500℃时制备出的改性TiO2在其用量为0.300g、H2O2用量为4.0ml、pH值为2、反应1.5h时,6-硝废水的降解率达到86.73%。     

制药行业中污水处理技术及实践

制药废水大多数具有有机物浓度高、色度高、含难降解和对微生物有毒性的物质、水质成分复杂、可生化性差等特点。在制药废水中污染物组分繁杂,含量高、COD值高、有毒有害物质多,生物难降解物质多,因此,制药废水已逐渐成为重要的污染源之一。本实验对某药厂的污水进行处理获得了较好的效果。     

微生物固定化技术在污水处理中的应用

在污水处理中,生物膜法就是利用微生物这一自然现象来处理废水,同时人们也在积极开发利用这一现象,筛选出污水处理中的优势降解菌种加以人工固定,组成一个快速、高效、能连续处理污染物的降解系统。     

处理高浓度有机废水的一体化设备

通过消化、吸收国际先进的(CWO)高浓度生化难降解工业有机废水处理技术及对该技术的国产化研究,自主设计、制造、运行了一套CWO技术一体化装置,试验结果表明,该装置对染料废水和焦化废水等有机废水具有良好的净化处理性能,CODcr、NH3-N等的去除率均达99%以上,且脱色、脱臭效果明显。     

腈纶废水处理现状及发展概况

腈纶废水属于难降解工业废水,从全国范围看,腈纶工业废水的处理普遍不理想。腈纶废水主要是指腈纶生产过程中产生的含氰废水,含有多种污染物质。由于腈纶废水很难生物降解,并且存在着生物抑制性成分,因此其处理工艺和方法相对比较复杂。本文详细地总结了腈纶废水两个主要生产工艺路线的生产特点以及近年来腈纶废水的主要处理方法的工艺研究。针对现有技术的处理问题,提出了先建立腈纶废水预处理体系,后进行生化处理的理论。     

4株家蚕丝胶蛋白降解细菌的分类鉴定与培养温度研究

从缫丝厂废水池分离获得4株对家蚕丝胶蛋白具有较强降解活性的细菌。通过菌落的形态特征和生理生化特征分析及16S rDNA序列测定与同源性分析,对4株细菌进行分类鉴定的结果是:S45、Y3菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),S68、X10菌株为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。温度对丝胶蛋白降解细菌的降解活性有影响,在培养温度为30℃时,S45、Y3、S68、X10菌株对家蚕丝胶蛋白的降解活性最高,其降解率分别为26.52%、20.27%、21.55%和28.86%。由于芽孢杆菌具有很强的耐热等抗逆能力,所以4株丝胶蛋白降解细菌有望应用于缫丝厂排放废水的处理。     

Fenton试剂处理猪场废水的研究

<正>Fenton试剂是H2O2和Fe2+混合得到的一种强氧化剂,经过一系列反应产生氧化能力很强的羟基自由基(.OH),能氧化几乎所有有机物。因此,Fenton试剂在处理水体中难降解有机物的研究和应用十分广泛,并取得了良好的效果。试验选用Fenton试剂,通过对某猪场经厌氧-SBR处理的外排废水中COD的去除研究,证实其对处理该种废水的可行性,并确定最佳处理条件,为猪场废水处理工艺设计提供参考。     

交联壳聚糖树脂负载Fe~(2+)非均相UV/Fenton体系催化氧化降解染料废水的研究

染料废水是工业废水的的主要来源之一,也是国内外公认的难处理的工业废水。本文探索了交联壳聚糖树脂负载的Fe2+催化剂的制备方法和条件,并以6-硝废水为研究对象,在非均相UV-Fenton体系下对其进行光催化降解。研究表明,在p H为3,催化剂用量0.6g,H2O2用量3.3m L,反应时间为80min,紫外功率为250W,降解率高达97.0%。     

畜禽养殖废水来源的自养氨氧化菌筛选及氨氮去除效果研究

试验旨在筛选可用于畜禽养殖废水处理的自养氨氧化菌。将处置养殖废水的活性污泥样品进行富集培养后,分离筛选获得1株自养氨氧化菌,命名为AH-7。该菌株经过电镜形态观察、氨单加氧酶基因验证和16SrDNA序列比对后鉴定为亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonaseutropha)。菌株AH-7在稀释灭菌养殖废水中经过5 d的培养,养殖废水中氨氮降解率达到92.59%,氨氧化速率达到16.87 mg/(L·d),均显著高于未接菌对照组。上述结果表明,菌株AH-7对养殖废水中氨氮去除具有良好的应用价值。     

Bone, blood and faecal response to an acidogenic lick for range cattle using different concentrations of ammonium chloride

Thirty Brahman-Angus cross heifers at breeding age on extensive grazing were used to test the effectiveness of NH4Cl as an acidogenic agent at 15,18, 21 and 26 % of a dicalcium phosphate lick (A+), compared to a lick of 5 parts dicalcium phosphate and 3 parts salt (A-). Blood and faecal phosphorus (P), faecal calcium (Ca) and faecal magnesium (Mg) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in A+ compared to A-animals at different stages of the experiment. Bone P did not increase in response to NH4Cl but bone Ca was significantly (P<0.05) higher in A+ animals offered 18% NH4Cl and significantly (P<0.05) lower at 15 and 26%. Bone Mg in A+ animals was significantly (P<0.05) higher at 15 and 18% NH4Cl and lower at 26% NH4Cl compared to A- animals. Percentage ash in bone increased linearly from 62.5 to 64.9% in A+ animals as NH4Cl was increased in the lick from 15 to 21% and then decreased to 63.3% but was significantly (P<0.05) greater than the percentage ash in A-animals when the NH4Cl was increased to 26%. Bone mineral status was only marginally improved by adding NH4Cl to the lick in this study but blood P was significantly (P<0.05) improved in A+ compared to A- animals when the lick contained 15, 21 and 26% NH4Cl. Based on bone mineral results reported here, it is recommended that, when NH4Cl is used as an acidogenic agent in licks for range cattle, the amount in the lick should not exceed 21%.     

Relationship between urine ammonium ion excretion and urine anion gap in dogs.

Acidemia stimulates renal ammonia production and excretion. This adaptive response allows increased H+ secretion and generation of new bicarbonate. To determine whether a relationship existed between urine ammonium (NH4+) concentration and excretion and urine anion gap (Na+ + K(+)- Cl-), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was administered per OS for 5 days to induce systemic acidemia in 12 healthy Beagles. During NH4Cl administration, a strong, statistically significant (P less than 0.0001) relationship was apparent between urine NH4+ concentration measured in millimoles per liter and urine anion gap. Regression equation: urine [NH4+] = 8.2 - 0.416 x urine anion gap; r = -0.897. A statistically significant (P = 0.0001) relationship existed between urine NH4+ excretion measured in millimoles per kilogram of body weight per day and urine anion gap. Regression equation: urine NH4+ excretion = 0.74 - 0.38 x urine anion gap; r = -0.768. As urine NH4+ concentration or excretion increased, urine anion gap became more negative. Before NH4Cl administration (no systemic acidemia), a weak, but statistically significant (P = 0.015) relationship was observed between urine NH4+ concentration and urine anion gap. Regression equation: urine [NH4+] = 65.2 - 0.141 x urine anion gap; r = -0.41. However, a relationship was not evident between urine NH4+ excretion and urine anion gap before NH4Cl administration. Hence, urine anion gap is a reliable index of urine NH4+ concentration and excretion only in dogs with metabolic acidosis. In human beings with distal renal tubular acidosis, NH4+ excretion is inappropriately low and results in a positive urine anion gap.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

高温胁迫下不同氮肥处理对凌志高羊茅耐热性的调控效果

通过盆栽试验,研究不同氮肥处理（NO3^-—N、NH4^＋-N、NH4NO3—N）对凌志高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea cv．Barlexas）在高温38℃／30℃（昼／夜）胁迫下部分生理生化指标的调控效果。结果表明：（1）NH4^＋-N和NO3^- —N处理根冠比、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量都持续下降,NH4^＋-N处理下降幅度大于NO3^- —N处理;NH4NO3-N处理先升后降。同等胁迫水平下,NH4NO3-N处理高于NO^3-—N和NH4^＋-N处理;（2）3种氮肥处理使叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量上升。且同等胁迫水平下,NH4NO3^-N处理可溶性蛋白,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均最高;（3）NH4^＋ -N和NO3^-N处理叶片过氧化氢和超氧阴离子含量上升,NO3^-—N处理的上升幅度小于NH4^＋-N处理;NH4NO^3-N处理先下降后上升,且同等胁迫水平下低于NH^＋-N和NO3^-—N处理;（4）NH4^＋-N和NO3^-—N处理叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量增加;NH4NO3^-N处理在胁迫前两天略微下降随后上升,且同等胁迫水平下,MDA含量最低。试验分析显示,3种氮肥处理相比较NH4NO3-N处理对提高凌志高羊茅耐热性的调控效果最好。     

Ammonia and urea transport across the rumen epithelium: a review

The transport of nitrogen across the rumen epithelium is characterized by absorption of ammonia from the rumen and by an influx of urea into the rumen. The transport rates of both compounds are large and exhibit wide variation. The transport of ammonia occurs in two forms: in the lipophilic form as NH3, the magnitude of which is linearly related to the pH in the ruminal fluid at pH values above 7, while at a physiological pH of 6.5 or lower, ammonia is predominantly absorbed as NH4+ via putative potassium channels in the apical membrane. The uptake of NH4+ depends on the potential difference of the apical membrane, Pda, and shows competition with K uptake. The pathway for basolateral exit of NH4+ is unknown. Hence, the relative transport rates of NH3 or NH4+ are determined by the ruminal pH according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Transport of ammonia interacts with the transport of Na and Mg mainly via changes of the intracellular pH. Urea recycling into the rumen has been known for many years and the transport across the rumen epithelium is mediated via urea transporters in the luminal and basolateral membrane of the epithelium. Transport of urea occurs by simple diffusion, but is highly variable. A significant increase of urea influx is caused by the fermentation products CO2 and short-chain fatty acids. Conversely, there is some evidence of inhibition of urea influx by ruminal ammonia. The underlying mechanisms of this modulation of urea transport are unknown, but of considerable nutritional importance, and future research should be directed to this aspect of ruminal transport.     

高温胁迫下不同氮肥处理对高羊茅氮代谢的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同氮肥（NO3--N、NH4+-N、NH4NO3-N）处理对高羊茅品种凌志Festuca arundinacea cv. Barlexas在高温38/30 ℃（昼/夜）胁迫下叶片内硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量以及参与氮同化和代谢过程的主要酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着胁迫时间的延长,经过不同氮肥处理的植株中硝态氮含量先升后降,而铵态氮含量呈上升趋势,其中NH4NO3-N处理株的硝态氮含量最高,铵态氮含量最低,NH4+-N处理株的铵态氮含量最高;不同处理株中的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性呈下降趋势,而谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性均呈先升后降的趋势,总体上,NH4NO3-N处理株的NR、GS和GOGAT活性最高;NH4NO3-N和NO3--N处理株的谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性均呈下降趋势,而NH4+-N处理株的GDH活性呈上升趋势。在试验条件下,经NH4NO3-N处理的高羊茅受氧化胁迫程度最小,耐热性最好,有利于高羊茅越夏和延长其绿期。     

The role of carbonic acid in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the animal body. 1. Effect of changes in CO2 concentration in tissues on the processes of NH+ metabolism in rabbits

In two groups of rabbits of 24 animals each the dependence of NH4+-utilisation on the level of carbonic acid in the organism was investigates. The rabbits of the second group received injections into the abdominal cavity of 8 ml/kg body weight of a 5% NaHCO3-solution (enriched with CO2, pH 7.35) for the purpose of increasing the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood (pCO2: HCO3) and for the purpose of decreasing it an amount of NaCl-solution, which, in its content of Na+, was equivalent to the NaHCO3-dose. The difference in the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood between the two groups under the conditions of the experiment was between 30 and 35%, the pH-value was approximately the same. In order to investigate the NH4+-metabolism the animals of both groups received injections of 2 ml/kg body weight of a 1% (NH4)2HPO4-solution, their protein metabolism was studied after the intravenous injection of 2-14C-glycine. Together with the increase or decrease resp. of the level of carbonic acid in the organism, the keto acid concentration increases or decreases simultaneously. Due to the NH4-load the keto acid concentration in all animals decreases. it remains, however, higher in the animals with a higher HCO-3-level than in the control animals. The alpha-ketoglutarate concentration in the liver tissue of the animals with a higher HCO-3-level is, despite the NH4+-load, 87%, p less than 0.05, higher than in the control animals. The intensity of a removal of an NH4+-excess from the animal organism is directly dependent on the concentration of carbonic acid in the tissues. One hour after the NH4+-load the NH4+-concentration in the blood of the rabbits with a higher level of carbonic acid is normal again, whereas it is still 36% (p less than 0.05) higher than the original value in the control animals. In the liver and kidney tissues of the animals with an increased HCO-3-concentration 30 minutes after the (NH4)2HPO4-injection is by 16 and 14.5% (p greater than 0,05) resp. lower than that of the control animals. This is caused by the increased supply with NH4+-fixing substrates which are either formed directly or through intermediate stages by CO2-fixing reactions: oxaloacetate (the pyruvate concentration in the liver and kidney tissues compared to the control group was by 58%, p less than 0.05 lower), alpha-ketoglutarate, aspartate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Compartmental modeling with nitrogen-15 to determine effects of degree of fat saturation on intraruminal N recycling

Two- and three-compartment models were developed to describe N kinetics within the rumen using three Holstein heifers and one nonlactating Holstein cow fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas. A 4 x 4 Latin square design included a control diet containing no supplemental fat and diets containing 4.85% of diet dry matter as partially hydrogenated tallow (iodine value = 13), tallow (iodine value = 51), or animal-vegetable fat (iodine value = 110). Effects of fat on intraruminal N recycling and relationships between intraruminal N recycling and ruminal protozoa concentration or the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were determined. A pulse dose of 15(NH4)2SO4 was introduced into the ruminal NH3 N pool, and samples were taken over time from the ruminal NH3 N and nonammonia N pools. For the three-compartment model, precipitates of nonammonia N after trichloroacetic acid and ethanol extraction were defined as slowly turning over nonammonia N; rapidly turning over nonammonia N was determined by difference. Curves of 15N enrichment were fit to models with two (NH3 N and nonammonia N) or three (NH3 N, rapidly turning over nonammonia N, and slowly turning over nonammonia N) compartments using the software SAAM II. Because the three-compartment model did not remove a small systematic bias or improve the fit of the data, the two-compartment model was used to provide measurements of intraruminal N recycling. Intraruminal NH3 N recycling (45% for control) decreased linearly as fat unsaturation increased (50.2, 43.0, and 41.7% for partially hydrogenated tallow, tallow, and animal-vegetable fat, respectively). Intraruminal nitrogen recycling was not correlated with efficiency of microbial protein synthesis or ruminal protozoa counts.     

两种形态氮素及其配比对颠茄生长和氮代谢的影响

本研究采用砂培、浇灌营养液方法种植颠茄(Atropa belladonna),研究不同铵硝配比(0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0)在不同处理时间(7、14、21、28d)对颠茄干重、叶绿素和主要含氮化合物含量以及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响,为颠茄的合理施肥、科学种植提供理论依据。结果表明,颠茄叶片叶绿素、游离氨基酸(FAA)及可溶性蛋白(SP)含量随铵态氮比例增加而升高,其中叶绿素、FAA含量在铵硝比75∶25时最高,SP含量在铵硝比50∶50时最高,但这种影响在不同处理时间表现并不相同;整个处理期内,全硝营养下颠茄地上部和地下部干重明显高于铵硝混合处理及全铵处理,且叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性较高,硝态氮含量也最高。综上,增加硝态氮含量能够促进颠茄干物质的积累以及NR和GS活性,合理补充铵态氮则能提高叶片叶绿素、FAA及SP含量,因此铵硝结合供氮且铵硝配比为25∶75更有利于颠茄的生长和氮素代谢。     

植物血凝素的不同提取方法及活性测定

将鸡子豆粉碎后,采用蒸馏水冷浸提取其中的植物血凝素（PHA）,浸提后的上清液经（NH4）2SO4沉淀,100KD分子量的中空纤维超滤膜超滤,然后取PHA上清液、（NH4）2SO4沉淀液、超滤液和浓缩液测定血凝活性,血凝效价依次为28、27、29、27。通过试验,笔者认为超滤法可作为PHA的初步纯化方法。     

Subclinical ammonia toxicity in steers: effects on blood metabolite and regulatory hormone concentrations

The effects of subclinical NH3 toxicity on circulating and regulatory hormone concentrations were investigated in seven Hereford steers. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was infused via a right jugular vein catheter at a rate of 12 mumol NH4Cl.kg BW-1.min-1 for 240 min. This was preceded (PRE) and followed (POST) by saline infusions of 120 and 180 min, respectively. Blood samples were taken at 20-min intervals via a left jugular vein catheter. Metabolite and hormone concentrations during NH4Cl and POST periods were compared to PRE values using the Student's t-test procedure. Plasma NH3 was elevated rapidly (P less than .001) and peaked at 503 micrograms/dl 220 min into NH4Cl infusion. Plasma urea-N and glucose increased (P less than .001) 39 and 12%, respectively, during NH4Cl infusion and remained elevated 180 min POST. Whole blood L-lactate concentrations peaked (P less than .05) at 18% above PRE between 160 and 240 min into the NH4Cl infusion and gradually returned to PRE values, whereas pyruvate levels were not altered (P greater than .10). Plasma nonesterified fatty acids peaked (P less than .001) at 94% above PRE levels 40 min into NH4Cl infusion, thereafter declining to PRE concentrations. Whole blood acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were not altered (P greater than .10) by NH4Cl administration. Plasma insulin concentration decreased (P less than .05) 26 to 46% during NH4Cl infusion and increased (P less than .05) 89 to 122% during POST. Plasma glucagon levels were not altered by NH4Cl infusion, so molar insulin:glucagon ratio changes resembled those of insulin. Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine did not vary (P greater than .10) with treatment. These results support the hypothesis that the hyperglycemia observed during hyperammonemia may result from an under-utilization of glucose by insulin-sensitive tissues.