沼液与氮肥配施对小麦产量及品质的影响

为给小麦高产优质生产中沼液利用提供依据,在大田条件下,研究了沼液与氮肥配施对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,在全生育期总施氮量240 kg·hm-2条件下,在基施化肥氮基础上追施沼液,尤其基施75％化肥氮和追施25％沼液氮配合处理(3/4U+1/4B)显著提高了淀粉糊化特性参数(峰值黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值和反弹值)、粉质参数(形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数)和拉伸参数(拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比).籽粒蛋白组分(总蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白)含量以基施50％化肥氮和追施50％沼液氮配合处理(1/2U+1/2B)最高,3/4U+1/4B处理次之.籽粒蛋白组分、粉质与拉伸参数均以单施沼液处理(1/2B+1/2B)最低,单施化肥氮的处理(1/2U+1/2U)次之,而淀粉糊化特性参数以1/2U+1/2U处理最差,施用沼液的处理较1/2U+1/2U处理提高2.0％～6.5％.与1/2U十1/2U处理相比,基施沼液与追施化肥氮配合处理产量提高,而基施化肥氮与追施沼液氮处理的产量降低.可见在基施沼液的基础上追施化肥氮可提高小麦产量,其中1/2B+1/2U处理能够高产和优质兼顾,单施沼液效果低下.     

橡胶树红根病病原菌的鉴定

海南岛橡胶树红根病病原菌的种与国外报道的橡胶树红根病菌是相同的。但子实体的外部形态、内部的微观结构－担孢子、管孔间隔膜等特征存在差异，对十三吗啉农药的反应、培养菌的生长速度和担孢子萌芽等也有所不同。初步认为，海南岛橡胶树红根病菌可能有２个不同的变种。     

Comparison of the volatile profiles of the crumb of gluten-free breads by DHE-GC/MS

The aroma of gluten-free bread has been considered of lower quality than that of the common wheat bread. With the aim of improving the aroma of gluten-free bread, the volatile profiles of the crumb of gluten-free breads made from rice, teff, buckwheat, amaranth and quinoa flours as well as corn starch, respectively, were evaluated. Wheat bread was used as a reference and dynamic headspace extraction together with GC/MS was employed. It was found that the whole grain breads, made with teff, quinoa and amaranth flours, presented a stronger aroma with higher number of important aroma contributors. Rice bread was characterised by the highest levels in nonanal and 2,4-decadienal and corn starch bread by 2,3-pentanedione and 2-furaldehyde. Teff presented the highest abundance of ethyl hexanoate and ethyl nonanoate, but also of alcohols and aldehydes from lipid oxidation. Quinoa and amaranth were classified by the highest content in Strecker and Ehrlich aldehydes as well as 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol or 3-hydroxy-2-butanone from fermentation. Corn starch bread was the closest to wheat bread in the PCA due to the highest content mainly in 2,3-butanedione and furfural as well as the lowest contents in 1-propanol, 1-hexanol and pentanal.     

Biological utilization of vegetable peas: Effect of cooking and varietal differences

The flour of raw as well as cooked vegetable pea cultivars (Arkal and Bonneville) was used for biological evaluation of their protein quality. Cooking did not have a significant influence on the food intake. There were some differences in the food as well as protein intake and gain in body weights of rats when fed uncooked or cooked pea flour diets. Varietal differences did not seem to influence on apparent digestibility, true digestibility, biological value, net protein utilization and utilisable protein but cooking brought a significant (p<0.05) improvement in all of above mentioned parameters. Varietal differences as well as cooking exhibited no influence or serum protein concentration.     

A study of rationality of slopeland use in view of land preservation

In recent years, frequent attacks of heavy rain and typhoon have severely devastated the vulnerable mountains of Taiwan; slopelands are artificially disturbed by improper development and utilization. People are getting more aware of the importance of slopeland preservation as well as disaster prevention and mitigation. The government, realizing the criticality of gradually worsened land safety issues, has also set forth the “Draft of National Land Planning Act” and the “Draft of Regulations on Land Preservation Act” in the purposes of rehabilitating the excessively explored ecosystems and diminishing the development extent of environmentally susceptible areas, so as to effectively preserve soil, water, and organism resources and to achieve perpetual development of national lands. “Classification of Slopeland Utilization Limitations” is a critical link to national land preservation. The classification is based on four factors, namely average slope, effective soil depth, soil erosion, and parent rock, with different utilization zones defined as bases of landuse planning. However, current classification results of the environmentally susceptible and disaster-prone mountain lands are mostly defined as suitable for forestry or husbandry. Scattered allocation of these lands results in critical issues such as segmented landuse and impaired landscape and ecotype. It is necessary to re-adjust land resources planning and usage management. Therefore a review of the current standards for classifying slopeland utilization limitations is proposed to facilitate rational allocation of slopeland use. Jhuoshuei River is selected as the scope of the case study, with data of debris flows induced by the typhoon Toraji in 2001 as the training data. Eight susceptibility factors, which include form factor of watershed, integral hypsometric, slope of main stream, density of stream network, density of road network, area ratio of historical landslide, and area ratio of triggered landslide, together with the total rainfall of the storm event as the triggering factor, are selected for creating the debris flow susceptibility model by employing the logistic regression within the multivariate geostatistics analysis. This model interprets the curve of success ratio of debris flows triggered by typhoon Toraji, of which the area under the curve is as high as 74.3%. The debris flow susceptibility model created in the study takes the Feng-Chiu section of Sinyi Township, Nantou County, Taiwan within the Jhuoshuei River as the scope of research. GIS technology has been applied in the feasibility study of classification standards. New concepts have been further proposed in view of national land preservation addressing the medium and high elevation disaster-prone areas that are not suitable for agricultural use, for standard revision reference.     

Rheology of Mixtures of Glutenin Subfractions

The dynamic rheological behaviours of mixtures of glutenin fractions extracted from wheat cultivar Hereward were investigated as a function of the relative concentration of high to low molecular weight glutenin concatenations. Time-temperature superposition could be applied to both the mixtures and to the total gluten, as long as heat-treated samples were distinguished from unheated samples. The ratio of high to low molecular weight concatenations was found to be very important for the rheological behaviour of the network. High molecular weight fractions promoted the network properties of the mixture, as could be seen from the presence of a plateau in the rheological spectrum. Low molecular weight fractions gave rise to a plasticizing effect as indicated by their narrowing effect on the width of the plateau region in the rheological spectrum. Upon heating, the modulus increased over the full range of frequencies, as for single fractions. This increase indicated that a thermal association occurred in the concatenations at temperatures around 40 °C. As a result of heating, the transition zone became apparent in the spectrum at high frequencies. The slopes of the loss modulus G” in the transition zone were found to be higher for mixtures rich in low molecular weight concatenations. The effect of the relative abundance of each fraction on the rheological characteristics of the mixtures was summarized in a number of simple rheological blending rules for the small-deformation rheological properties of glutenin.     

福州市居住区植物造景现状浅析与展望

通过对福州市融侨花园I期、日出东方、公园道一号、江南水都、融侨水乡等小区的现场调研,并根据福州市居住区植物造景现状与发展特点,提出了居住区植物配置的发展趋势。     

Efficacy of soil fumigants for control of Verticillium wilt of potatoes

Soil fumigation with materials containing methyl isothiocyanate, 1, 3-dichloropropene, or trichloronitromethane, alone or in combination, delayed “early maturity disease” symptoms caused byVerticillium dahliae Kleb, in potatoes and increased yields. Soil fumigation increased the crop value as much as $818 per acre, depending on the material and rate, used when potatoes were grown for two consecutive years following fumigation. With the exception of trichloronitromethane, fall fumigation was as effective or more effective than spring fumigation.     

秋水仙素处理对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

为了解秋水仙素对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响，以黑麦根尖为材料，在不同浓度秋水仙素（0．01％、0．05％、0．10％、0．15％、0．20％）和不同处理时间（12、24、36、48、60、72h）条件下测定了根尖细胞中期分裂指数和细胞加倍指数。结果表明，随着秋水仙素浓度的升高，细胞加倍指数增加，当秋水仙素浓度为0．15％时细胞加倍指数达到最大值（0．0362％），以后迅速下降。随着处理时间的延长，中期分裂指数逐渐下降，而细胞加倍指数在处理36h时达到最大值（0．0208％）。在浓度与时间的互作方面，0．15％的秋水仙素处理24h，细胞的中期分裂指数最高，达到0．202％；而0．15％的秋水仙素处理36h，细胞加倍指数最高，达到0．096％。     

茶树扦插生根机理研究进展

茶树扦插的关键是不定根的形成过程,受到多种因素的共同调控,研究茶树生根机理对了解不定根形成及控制具有重要意义.本文介绍了国内外关于茶树不定根形成机理的解剖学、生理生化(植物激素、酶、营养物质)、分子生物学3个方面的研究进展.通过对茶树生根机理的综合研究,可以为加快茶树扦插生根速率和提高其成活率提供理论参考和技术支持.     

新型天然胶乳保存剂的应用研究

新型天然胶乳保存剂（或称天然橡胶防凝保鲜剂）是以亚硫酸氢钠、苯甲酸钠、碳酸钠、柠檬酸、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯及五水合硅酸钠为主要原料,经连续化合反应生成无机盐混合物,再配以高活性海藻酸钠生产而成的生物制剂,采用此种新型天然胶乳保存剂保存鲜胶乳。结果表明：浓度0.30％的保鲜效果、保证污水处理工艺正常运行等方面综合作用最明显,加工成本降低11.7％,并且在改善胶乳原料的后加工条件、改善产品质量方面均有积极作用。本试验结果为解决保鲜胶乳生产加工上大量使用氨水和甲酸带来的环境污染问题提供研究方向。     

Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to potato virus A in various types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Summary A panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was prepared against potato virus A (PVA) and their reactivity was tested in various types of ELISA. The type of ELISA as well as the methods of MAbs purification played an essential role. All monoclonal antibodies reacted with PVA antigen in IDAS-ELISA but MAbs used in DAS₁-ELISA and in DAS₂-ELISA, in combination with polyclonal antibodies, showed different reactivity. The reactivity of MAbs in DAS-ELISA was dependent on the individual MAb used as a coating or as a conjugate. Two MAbs showed highest reactivity as coating antibodies but only one of them as a conjugate. The results demonstrate the importance of using different type of ELISA in selecting MAbs for routine diagnosis.     

树仔菜嫩梢和叶片中多种元素含量变化的生理分析

分别测定了树仔菜嫩梢和叶片样品中钾、钙、镁、铜、锰、锌、铁、镍、铅、铬、镉等元素的含量,探讨各个元素含量变化的生理规律,以及对植物生长和产品质量的影响。结果表明：钾元素含量的分布规律表现为嫩梢＞嫩叶片＞老叶片,钙、镁、锰、铁、镉元素含量分布规律表现为嫩梢＜嫩叶片＜老叶片,铜、锌、铅、铬、镍元素含量则变化不大。在产品质量安全方面,所测试的铅、镉、铬、镍重金属元素的含量均未超过相关的国家标准或文献报告值。此外,研究发现,树仔菜嫩梢样品中元素含量的测定结果较为稳定,随机抽样可以体现出良好的样品代表性,因此建议将     

红掌细菌性叶枯病的症状和病原菌鉴定

描述了近年来海南省琼山、儋州等市红掌栽培地发生的一种细菌性叶枯病的症状，测定了病原菌的形态、染色反应、培养性状、生理生化特性、寄主范围以及血清学反应，将病原菌鉴定为菇假单胞菌红掌致病变种（Pseudomonas agarici Young pv.anthurii）。     

西瓜细菌性果斑病症状描述和病原菌鉴定

描述了近年来海南省乐东、东方等县西瓜种植区发生的一种细菌性病害在西瓜果实和叶片上的危害症状,测定了病原菌的形态、染色反应、培养性状、生理生化特性和寄主范围,将病原菌鉴定为Ａｃｉｄｏｖｏｒａｘ ａｖｅｎａｅ ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｃｉｔｒｕｌｌｉ（ｓｃｈａａｄ,ｅｔ ａｌ．）ｗｉｌｌｅｍｓ,ｅｔ ａｌ．     

Nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress of single large dose or two divided doses of gentamicin in rats

Gentamicin (GS) is a potent antimicrobial exhibiting concentration dependent bacterial killing. A high dose ofgentamicin (10 mg kg(-1)) is required to reach sufficient concentrations in specific fluids as cerebrospinal fluid and to be effective on antibiotics resistant bacteria as well as treatment of acute and dangerous illness. Using a rat model, the renal toxicity and oxidative stress of administering gentamicin (10 mg kg(-1) daily for 7 days) either in a single dose or divided into 2 doses was investigated. The safety of dose regimens was assessed through oxidant-antioxidant parameters as well as renal function tests. Typical renal damage and high oxidative stress were evident in the control group receiving 100 mg kg(-1) gentamicin daily for 7 days. This was verified by high serum urea, uric acid, creatinine as well as increase in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers as malondialdehyde, NO, total antioxidant capacity and decrease in reduced glutathione level. At any of the used regimen, 10 mg kg(-1) gentamicin did not provide high compromise for renal functions nor significantly increased the oxidative stress and tissue damage. Based on microscopic lesions scores and biochemical analysis, there were no significant differences between single or two divided dosages of gentamicin at dose rate of 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1). Further studies are required for applications in other animals of human subjects.     

不同玉米品种在攀西地区的适应性研究

实验通过登海605、正红311、成单30等15个不同玉米品种在盐源的栽培,在生育时期方面,川单418、凉单4号、登海605较早熟。性状和产量对比上,神珠7号、登海605、川单418、先玉508均在15 000 kg/hm2以上,适应性好,可以在攀西地区进一步实验示范推广;对于产量达13 500 kg/hm2以上的品种成单30、正红311、临奥9号、民玉米1号可以进一步实验。除中单9409和京单28两品种外,其余所有品种产量均超过对照凉单4号。     

超级杂交稻两优培九的广适性分析

水稻广适性的内涵目前尚不明确,其筛选指标和鉴定方法也未见详细报道。两系法超级杂交稻两优培九已在南方稻区广范围、大面积种植近二十年,是2002年以来种植面积遥居首位的杂交稻。在总结和分析与其广适性密切相关农艺特性的研究和生产实践的基础上,提出杂交水稻广适性的内涵应包括两个方面:一是生态适应性广,即适宜生长的地域特别是纬度范围较大,这需要品种感光性不强,并且对不同生态稻区主要病害有一定的抗性或耐性,另外还要求在不同生态稻区生长的株高、叶角等植株形态和稻米品质等重要性状(变幅)能符合当地农业生态和农业经济的要求;二是环境适应性好,即对各生态区的环境因子(光照强度、温度和土壤水分、主要养分、盐度、pH)及其变化都能较好适应,对强弱光、高低温、水分胁迫、酸碱盐土等主要逆境有一定的耐受力,因播期、密度和肥料管理带来环境差异而造成的影响也不大。     

Effects of Application of Alfalfa Pellet on Germination and Growth of Weeds

Summary

Allelopathy is well known as an interaction among plants (including microbes) through chemicals produced by plants. Recently, many investigations have evaluated the possibility of the use of allelo-pathic substances as a natural herbicide. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is reported to contain allelopathic chemicals that inhibit the growth of weeds. Experiments were conducted in Laboratory of Crop Science, Experimental Farm of Miyazaki University and Kobayashi city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan to determine the allelopathic impact of alfalfa pellet (commercial forage fodder) on germination and growth of lowland weeds, and its potential as a natural herbicide in paddy field. The results indicated that alfalfa pellet significantly inhibited germination and growth of 4 weed species, viz., Echinochloa orygicola, Digitaria ciliaris, Cyperus difformis and Monocholia vaginalis in rice paddies. Among the 4 tested weeds, the maximum inhibitory effect of alfalfa pellet was seen against Cyperus difformis. The degree of inhibition of weed growth by alfalfa pellet became stronger as the application of concentration increased. The results showed that alfalfa pellet might be used as a natural herbicide in rice paddies and might reduce the amount of herbicide used in paddy fields.