铅胁迫下不同品种水稻对铅与微量元素的吸收分配差异

通过盆栽试验研究两个水稻品种汕优63和扬粳9538对不同土壤Pb浓度的吸收分配差异及Pb对水稻3种矿质元素(Fe、Cu、Zn)吸收的影响.结果表明,在相同Pb浓度处理条件下,两个水稻品种根系对Pb吸收差异不显著(P>0.05),而地上部差异显著(P<0.05),汕优63地上部Pb浓度显著高于扬粳9538;根系活力与根系吸收Pb的能力没有必然联系.Pb对水稻分蘖的影响主要表现在分蘖早期,对水稻成穗数无影响.低浓度Pb处理对水稻矿质元素的吸收无显著影响;高浓度Pb(3 115 mg/kg)处理均增加两个水稻品种根系Fe含量,降低汕优63地上部Fe含量及降低汕优63根系Cu、Zn含量.     

Root Morphology and Anatomy Affect Cadmium Translocation and Accumulation in Rice

Paddy fields contaminated with cadmium (Cd) present decreased grain yield and produce Cd-contaminated grains. Screening for low-Cd-accumulating cultivars is a useful method to reduce the amount of Cd in the grains. The present study aimed to examine the roles of the root morphology and anatomy in Cd translocation and accumulation in rice plants. Twenty-two rice cultivars were used in the first experiment, after which two cultivars [Zixiangnuo (ZXN) and Jinyou T36 (JYT36)] were selected and used in subsequent experiments under hydroponic conditions. The results showed that there were significant differences in Cd concentrations in the shoots (ranging from 4 to 100 mg/kg) and the Cd translocation rates (shoot/root) (from 7% to 102%) among the 22 cultivars, and the shoot Cd concentration was significantly correlated with the Cd translocation rate of the 22 cultivars under 0.1 mg/L Cd treatment. Compared with cultivar ZXN, JYT36 had greater root Cd uptake and accumulation but lower shoot Cd accumulation and Cd translocation rate. The number of root tips per surface area of cultivar ZXN was greater than that of JYT36, while the average root diameter was lower than that of JYT36. Compared with ZXN, JYT36 had stronger apoplastic barriers, and the Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the root endodermis and exodermis were closer to the root apex in both the control and Cd treatments, especially for suberin lamellae in the root exodermis with Cd treatments, with a difference of 25 mm. The results also showed that, compared with ZXN, JYT36 had greater percentages of Cd bound in cell walls and intracellular Cd but lower Cd concentrations in the apoplastic fluid under the Cd treatment. The results suggested that Cd translocation, rather than root Cd uptake, is a key process that determines Cd accumulation in the rice shoots. The root morphological and anatomical characteristics evidently affect Cd accumulation in the shoots by inhibiting Cd translocation, especially via the apoplastic pathway. It was possible to pre-screen low-Cd-accumulating rice cultivars on the basis of their root morphology, anatomical characteristics and Cd translocation rate at the seedling stage.     

两种籽粒镉含量不同水稻的镉吸收转运及其生理效应差异初探

以籽粒镉(Cd)含量不同的两个水稻品种为材料,采用水培和盆栽试验,研究了水稻不同生育期Cd吸收转运,生理效应对籽粒Cd浓度的影响.盆栽试验结果表明,在Cd含量为1.57 mg/kg的上壤中,中香1号(A16,低Cd 品种)和IR65610-38-2-4-2-6-3(A54,高Cd品种)糙米中Cd含量分别为0.88和0....     

Genotypic Variation in Biomass Production at the Early Vegetative Stage among Rice Cultivars Subjected to Deficient Soil Moisture Regimes and Its Association with Water Uptake Capacity

References

Genetic improvement in water uptake ability and/or water use efficiency (WUE) of rice cultivars is one option to enhance productivity under water-limited conditions. We examined the genotypic variation in biomass production among 70 rice cultivars (69 cultivars of NIAS global rice core collection and Azucena) under different soil moisture conditions, and to identify whether water uptake ability or WUE is responsible for the variation, if any. Two-week-old seedlings were transplanted into pots and grown for three weeks in an environmentally-regulated growth chamber under three soil moisture regimes: flooded (?0.02 MPa soil water potential) and two unflooded (?0.10 and ?0.52 MPa) conditions. Substantial genotypic variations in total dry weight (TDW) were observed under all three regimes. Among all the cultivars tested, TDW was significantly correlated with water uptake ability, but not with WUE. However, several cultivars exhibited comparably higher WUE while showing superior biomass production under the ?0.52 MPa regime. The amount of water uptake was significantly correlated with root dry weight among cultivars regardless of moisture regimes, while substantial genotypic difference in the amount of water uptake per unit root dry weight was observed. These results indicate that a marked genotypic difference exists in biomass production at the early vegetative growth under water-deficient conditions, and that this difference appears to be ascribed primarily to greater water uptake capacity, and additionally to higher WUE in drought-tolerant cultivars.     

低硒土壤中不同主栽大豆品种积累硒的差异及其原因

通过大田和盆栽试验研究了低硒土壤中主栽大豆品种积累硒的品种差异并对其机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明 ,无论施硒与不施硒 ,不同大豆品种子粒对硒的积累均存在显著的差异。供试品种中 ,通矮 4 0 5积累土壤硒的能力较强 ,启东绿皮黄豆硒肥的肥效较高。盆栽试验结果表明 ,两品种子粒积累硒的差异是由于植株对土壤有效硒利用率的不同造成的。在硒酸钠依时间和浓度的吸收动态试验中 ,通矮 4 0 5幼苗含硒量均高于启东绿皮黄豆 ,但硒从根部向地上部的运输则无差异。说明通矮 4 0 5植株对土壤溶液中Se6 +较强的吸收能力导致了其对低硒土壤中有效硒有较高的利用率 ,是其子粒积累硒能力较强的根本原因。     

镉胁迫下水稻SOD活性和MDA含量的变化及其基因型差异

以4个水稻品种为材料,采用土培试验,研究了不同土壤镉浓度对水稻超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响,水稻叶片SOD活性和MDA含量在生育进程中的变化,以及SOD活性和植株镉含量的关系。结果表明： 1）轻度镉胁迫有利于提高水稻的SOD活性,而高浓度镉胁迫对水稻的SOD活性有抑制作用;MDA含量与SOD活性存在负相关关系,随着土壤镉浓度的增加,MDA含量先下降后上升。2）在水稻生育过程中,SOD活性分蘖期>乳熟期>齐穗期;MDA含量随生育期一直增加。3）镉胁迫对水稻叶片SOD活性的影响存在基因型差异,分蘖期不同水稻基因型间SOD活性的差异最大。4）水稻的SOD活性与植株和稻米的镉含量呈负相关,齐穗期的SOD活性与镉含量的相关性达显著水平。     

杂交水稻不同器官镉浓度与累积量

以生长于盆钵中的两系杂交稻两优培九、扬两优6号和103S/郑粳2号及三系杂交稻丰优香占、K优818和汕优63为材料,移栽前盆土内加入镉（Cd）,使土壤Cd浓度为100 mg/kg,研究水稻植株不同器官Cd的浓度和累积量。与未加Cd的对照相比,Cd处理降低了两优培九和103S/郑粳2号的产量,其主要原因是每穗粒数减少,而对其余组合的产量无显著影响。水稻植株对Cd吸收及分配存在着基因型差异,以汕优63累积量最多,K优818累积量最少。水稻植株不同器官Cd的浓度和累积量的大小顺序为根>茎鞘>叶片。籽粒不同部位Cd的浓度大小顺序为糠层>颖壳>精米。精米中Cd累积量仅为谷粒Cd累积量的30%左右。在抽穗期和成熟期,同一器官Cd浓度及累积量呈显著或极显著正相关,但不同器官之间的相关不显著。在6个供试的杂交稻组合中,精米中Cd的浓度以扬两优6号最高,K优818最低。对不同杂交稻组合植株中Cd浓度和累积量差异的原因进行了讨论。     

Effect of Soil Compaction on Dry Matter Production and Water Use of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Water Deficit Stress during the Reproductive Stage

Abstract

The effect of a long term of soil compaction on dry matter production (DMP) and water use in rice cultivated under limited water supply during the reproductive stage is unknown. Our objectives were to determine which of the transpiration (Tr) or water use efficiency (WUE) is dominant in determining DMP under compacted and desiccated soil conditions. When irrigation in the period around the reproductive stage was terminated in artificially compacted and non-compacted fields, the rate of suppression of DMP by soil compaction was similar in the three rice cultivars, but DMP was higher in drought resistant cultivars having deep root density at the heading stage. Six cultivars were grown in pots of 1.0 m in depth containing the soils of three levels of soil bulk density (SBD). Water supply was restricted by keeping the water table in the pot deep without irrigation during the reproductive stage. DMP and Tr in all cultivars decreased with increasing SBD, and a close relationship was seen between DMP and Tr. WUE was thus a fairly stable factor for all cultivars examined. Tr was positively correlated with root length density and was relatively maintained at a high SBD in drought-resistant cultivars having a higher root length density. We concluded that water shortage under compacted soil conditions during reproductive stage suppressed the DMP, and DMP suppression accompanied a reduction of Tr due to poor root development rather than the reduction of WUE. In the drought-resistant cultivars reduction of DMP was relatively small due to their highly developed root systems that allowed high water absorption from the deep layers in the compacted soil.     

硅和磷配合施入对水稻植株体内Cd含量的影响

以水稻为供试作物,通过盆栽试验研究硅和磷单独及配合施用对外源Cd污染土壤的改良作用。试验结果表明:向土壤中添加硅酸钠和磷酸二氢钠后,随单一改良剂用量的增加,水稻各部位镉含量呈现降低的趋势,且水稻对镉的吸收主要集中在根部,而向地上部位迁移降低。硅和磷单独及配合施用对水稻吸收Cd具有一定的抑制作用,降低水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量。     

外部条件对水稻镉吸收的影响研究进展

综述了土壤环境、土壤酸碱度和氧化还原电位、水稻根系分泌物、水分管理模式、温度对水稻镉吸收积累的影响,提出可以从农田镉生物修复技术的系统研究、降镉综合栽培技术研究、Cd胁迫对水稻生长发育、生理生化及品质的影响机理等方面开展进一步研究.     

不同水平Cd胁迫下低累积Cd水稻品种筛选

通过盆栽试验,研究了10个水稻品种在不同水平Cd胁迫下稻米对Cd的吸收累积情况.结果表明,水稻对Cd具有很强的吸收累积能力,但不同品种对Cd的吸收存在显著差异,相同条件下不同水稻品种稻米的Cd最高与最低含量差异值高达7.36 mg/kg;通过测定叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)发现,随着添加的外源Cd浓度增加,水稻SPAD...     

镉对水稻产量和品质的影响

采用土培盆栽方法,以3个水稻品种为材料,研究土壤Cd处理对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,当土壤Cd浓度为60或90mg/kg时,扬稻6号和扬粳9538的产量与对照(土壤未加Cd处理)无显著差异。这2个品种在Cd浓度为120或180mg/kg下以及武运粳7号在Cd浓度60或120mg/kg下的产量均较对照显著降低。在Cd胁迫下产量降低的原因主要在于穗数或每穗颖花数的减少,Cd对结实率和千粒重无显著影响。Cd对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质以及蛋白质含量无显著影响。随土壤Cd浓度的增加,稻米醇溶蛋白含量增加,清蛋白和球蛋白含量则降低。当土壤Cd浓度为60和90mg/kg时,稻米淀粉谱的最高粘度、热浆粘度、最终粘度、崩解值和消减值与对照无显著差异;当土壤Cd浓度为120和180mg/kg时,稻米淀粉谱的最高粘度和崩解值显著降低,热浆粘度、最终粘度和消减值显著增加。在相同土壤Cd浓度下,同一器官的Cd浓度在品种间无显著差异,但扬稻6号Cd累积量高于扬粳9538。表明Cd对水稻产量的影响以及Cd在稻株的累积量在品种间存在差异,高浓度Cd可降低稻米的营养品质和食味性。     

Characterization of the morphological and physiological traits of rice cultivars with adaptation to unflooded condition during early vegetative growth

This study aimed to characterize the physiological and morphological traits that are associated with adaptation to unflooded soil conditions in rice. Four indica rice cultivars (Puluik Arang, Badari Dhan, Shwe Nang Gyi, and Ratul), which were previously identified as highly or less adaptable to unflooded soil conditions, were grown under flooded and unflooded (soil water potential; －0.10 MPa) soil conditions. Water uptake was measured every day for three weeks, and then the leaf water potential, the stomatal conductance, the dry matter weight, shoot and root morphological traits were measured. Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited greater leaf area expansion and higher maintenance of root development under the unflooded condition than that by other cultivars. The leaf water potential and stomatal conductance of fully expanded highest leaf in Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan were not affected by unflooded soil regime. Leaf area and root morphological traits were significantly correlated with water uptake regardless of soil moisture regimes. These results suggested that Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited great water uptake capacity through physiological and morphological adaptation of shoot and root traits to unflooded condition, resulting in great biomass productivity under the condition.     

不同氮素吸收类型粳稻品种吸氮能力的差异及原因分析

 2008-2009年,在群体水培条件下,以国内外不同年代育成的94个常规粳稻品种为供试材料,测定植株各器官干物质量和含氮率、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按吸氮量的大小从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 等6类,以探明影响氮素高效吸收型粳稻品种吸氮能力的主要原因。结果吸收型品种抽穗前后吸氮量显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,抽穗前吸氮量对总吸氮量影响显著大于抽穗后吸氮量;3）氮素高效吸收型品种单穗吸氮量显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,但单位面积穗数无优势,单穗吸氮量对总吸氮量的影响显著大于单位面积穗数;4）氮素高效吸收型品种播抽历期、全生育期较长,群体与个体吸氮强度大,吸氮强度对吸氮量的影响显著大于生育期;5）氮素高效吸收型品种干物质生产量显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,但植株含氮率无优势,干物质生产量对总吸氮量的影响显著大于植株含氮率,干物质生产量大是氮素高效吸收型品种吸氮能力强的一个重要因素;6）氮素高效吸收型品种各器官（根、茎鞘叶、穗）吸氮量均显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,抽穗前茎鞘叶吸氮量大,抽穗后氮从茎鞘叶向穗部转移多,成熟期穗部吸氮量大,有利于提高氮高效吸收型品种氮素累积量。表明：1）供试品种间吸氮量的差异很大,总吸氮量最大品种为最小品种的2.44倍,氮素高效吸收型品种平均产量极显著高于氮素低效吸收型品种;2）氮素高效     

Causes for soil sickness affecting early plant growth in aerobic rice

In aerobic rice, adapted varieties are grown in non-flooded and non-saturated soil. In the Philippines, occasional poor crop growth and yield failures have been reported. To investigate the underlying causes, we conducted 3 pot experiments using the aerobic rice variety Apo and so-called “sick soil” from a field where aerobic rice failed in four successive dry seasons. The (experimental) aerobic rice crop replaced the farmer's practice of wet-season lowland rice and dry season sweet potato cropping. We hypothesized that abiotic factors, especially the inter-relationship between high soil pH and impaired micronutrient uptake, restrict plant growth, and that ammonium sulfate has an ameliorating effect. Experiment 1 used “sick soil” collected from around yellowing and dying plants in a field experiment with aerobic rice yield failure, and “healthy soil” collected from around well-growing plants in the same field. We used three N fertilizer treatments (ammonium sulfate, urea, no application) and two soil water conditions (well drained and water-logged). In experiment 2, the treatments were a combination of sick and healthy soil, N fertilizer, soil acidification, and foliar application of Fe. Experiment 3 compared the irrigation water used at the experimental field site with reverse-osmosis water. Irrigation with water from the field site increased soil pH, impaired plant growth, and induced chlorosis. The application of ammonium sulfate reduced soil pH to values below 6 and increased plant micronutrient (Fe, Mn and Zn) contents and plant growth. In early vegetative plant growth, the high soil pH appeared to be the key determinant of “sick soil”, while root knot nematodes were most likely secondary causes for poor plant growth.     

Root growth dynamics and stomatal behaviour of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under aerobic and flooded conditions

Aerobic rice culture is a new technology designed to reduce water use, but the vulnerability of rice to aerobic condition has limited its development. The objective of this study was to characterize the root growth and stomatal behaviour of four rice cultivars grown in flooded and aerobic culture for 2 years. In aerobic culture, where the soil water potential at 20-cm depth averaged between −15 and −30 kPa, total root biomass was significantly lower than in flooded culture for the whole growth period, owing to a reduction in root biomass in the surface layer. Dry-matter partitioning to roots decreased, but the ratio of deep root biomass to total root biomass tended to be higher in aerobic culture than in flooded culture. The low root-to-shoot ratio and poor root growth in the surface layer in aerobic culture are attributable to the considerable reduction in adventitious root number. As a result, the varietal difference in total root biomass was due largely to individual root growth in aerobic culture. Stomatal closure was distinct at the vegetative stage in aerobic culture, even when the soil water potential was near field capacity, partly because of the poor rooting vigour. When the soil water potential at 20-cm depth was below −50 kPa, the stomatal behaviour reflected the root growth in the subsurface layer. These results suggest the role of vigorous root growth in soil water uptake and hence, in maintaining transpiration in aerobic rice culture.     

不同硒水平下两种大豆对土壤中硒吸收积累的生育期动态

采用盆栽实验研究了不同硒水平两大豆品种对土壤中硒吸收累积的生育期动态。结果表明，大豆植株硒累积量与干物质累积量是同步的。大豆植株硒含量在生育早期高于生育后期。植株硒含量主要受土壤硒水平影响，品种间差异不明显。低硒水平下土壤硒的吸收利用程度较高，而高硒水平下植株吸收的土壤硒向生殖器官的迁移程度较高。因此，土壤硒对于大豆的生物有效性与植株硒水平是土壤—作物相互作用的结果。在大豆营养生长时期，根吸收的硒向地上部转移后仍主要分布在叶片中；而生殖生长时期则不同，在高硒水平下植株硒主要向子粒富集，低硒土壤中则主要集中于营养体。不过，以同一硒水平土壤的大豆根的吸收能力和硒的累积量没有差异，但子粒总硒累积量来说，两种大豆在低硒土壤中差异明显，而高硒土壤中没有差异，这可能涉及不同品种硒转运机制的差异。     

水稻镉吸收及其在各器官间转运积累的研究进展

随着土壤和大气沉降物中重金属污染的问题日益严峻,农作物重金属超标时有发生.土壤中的重金属难以降解,容易被植物根部吸收,在作物中积累;大气中的重金属沉降到叶片上,通过叶片吸收进入作物中,最终通过食物链被人类食用,危害人体健康.水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,大米中存在镉超标问题.镉(Cd)是水稻的非必需元素,主要借助其他金属...     

OsNramp5基因变异影响水稻重要农艺性状的研究进展

筛选和培育镉(Cd)低积累水稻品种是解决稻米镉污染问题最经济、有效的办法。现有研究表明Os Nramp5是介导水稻Cd吸收最重要的基因,其功能缺失后,水稻籽粒Cd含量极显著下降,但同时会影响水稻必需元素锰(Mn)的吸收,而在前人关于Os Nramp5变异影响水稻生长发育的研究中,结论并不一致。系统了解Os Nramp5基因变异对水稻重要农艺性状的影响有助于推动低Cd优质水稻新品种的培育。本文重点对Os Nramp5基因变异对水稻中金属离子的含量,水稻的生长发育、产量性状及米质的影响进行了综述,以期为利用Os Nramp5基因突变选育低Cd积累水稻品种提供参考。     

Cadmium Accumulation and Its Toxicity in Brittle Culm 1 （bcl）, a Fragile Rice Mutant

Cadmium （Cd） accumulation and toxicity in rice plants were characterized and identified by using brittle culm 1 （bcl）, a fragile rice mutant and its wild type （Shuangkezao, an indica rice） as materials by hydroponics. The low Cd level didn＇t obviously affect the growth parameters in both rice genotypes, but under high Cd levels （1.0 and 5.0 μmol/L）, the growth of both rice plants were substantially inhibited. Moreover, bcl tended to suffer more seriously from Cd toxicity than Shuangkezao. Cd accumulation in both rice plants increased with the increase of Cd levels. There was a significant difference in Cd accumulation between the two rice genotypes with constantly higher Cd concentration in bcl, which also accumulated more Cd at 0, 0.1, and 1.0 μmol/L Cd levels. The same case was found in the two rice plants grown on Cd-contaminated soil. This suggested that cell wall might play an important role in Cd accumulation in rice plants by the physiological mechanisms. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities in rice plants were affected differently under Cd treatments, and which implied that POD might play the main role in detoxifying active oxygen free radical. A significant difference in antioxidative system between the two rice genotypes was found with constantly higher MDA content, SOD and POD activities in bcl. In summary, bcl accumulated more Cd and appeared to be more sensitive to Cd stress compared with its wild type.