Effect of Phosphatidylcholine and Beta-Carotene Supplementation on Growth and Immune Response of Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,in Cool Water

The effects of nutraceuticals in improving growth and immune response of Nile tilapia in cool water were investigated. Fish were reared in two different environments: warm water (28°C) and cool water (16°C). Fish reared in warm water (control) were provided with a basal commercial diet, while fish reared in cool water were provided with either the basal commercial diet (cool water control) or diets supplemented with nutraceuticals (either phosphatidylcholine or β-carotene). Experiments were conducted over an 8-week period. Fish held in warm water had significantly higher growth (p < 0.05), but condition factor, blood hematocrit, plasma glucose, and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells were similar to fish held in cool water. Within the cool water groups (basal vs. supplemented diet), fish did not show any significant difference in condition factor, blood hematocrit, and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in glucose levels until the eighth week. Collectively these data indicate that a nutraceutical supplementation to the basal diet was not significantly beneficial. Despite slower growth, fish reared in cool water remained generally healthy. The observation that phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells was not significantly different suggests that disease resistance of tilapia grown in cool water may be comparable to those reared in warm water. Thus, our experiments suggest the feasibility of stocking or rearing tilapia in water temperatures as low as 16°C during cool weather, without need for supplementation to basal commercial feed.     

Effects of a superoptimal temperature on aquacultured yellowtail <Emphasis Type="Italic">Seriola quinqueradiata</Emphasis>

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a superoptimal temperature on growth, body composition, body size heterogeneity, and relationships among these factors in juvenile yellowtail. Fish (mean body weight?=?24 g) were tagged individually and reared for 70 days under two different water temperature regimes [optimal (25 °C) and superoptimal (30 °C)]. After rearing, fish reared at 30 °C showed lower survival, less food, feed and protein utilization, significantly lower growth performance, and a lower hepatosomatic index than fish raised at 25 °C. Variations in body indices among individuals were larger for fish reared at 30 °C than for fish reared at 25 °C. Mean whole body protein content was significantly lower in fish reared at 30 °C than fish reared at 25 °C. In addition, several glucogenic and/or aromatic amino acids were lower in fish reared at 30 °C than in fish reared at 25 °C. Whole body lipid levels tended to be lower in fish with lower body weight reared at 30 °C. These results suggest that fish raised at 30 °C will have lower growth performance, and lower concentrations of specific amino acids. Moreover, heterogeneity in body size and body lipid content is expanded by a superoptimal temperature.     

Effects of high carbohydrate and high lipid diets on growth,body composition and glucose metabolism in southern catfish at two temperatures

The effects of high carbohydrate and high lipid diets on the growth, body composition and glucose metabolism in the southern catfish were determined at 17.5 °C and 27.5 °C. At each temperature, the feeding rate, specific growth rate and protein productive value decreased with increasing dietary carbohydrate (P<0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were lower in the fish fed a high dietary carbohydrate diet at 17.5 °C, but were not significantly different between diets at 27.5 °C. Plasma glucose and activities of pyruvate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase were higher in fish reared at 27.5 °C than those reared at 17.5 °C, and within each temperature, they were higher in fish fed the high‐carbohydrate diet. Hepatosomatic index was higher in fish fed the high‐carbohydrate diet than those fed the high‐lipid diet at 27.5 °C, but no significant difference was found at 17.5 °C. The results indicate that higher temperatures enhance glycogen deposition and lipogenous enzyme activities when fed with a high‐carbohydrate diet; thus, at higher temperatures, this fish uses carbohydrate more efficiently for protein sparing.     

Metabolic fitness and growth performance in tropical freshwater fish Labeo rohita are modulated in response to dietary starch type (gelatinized versus non‐gelatinized) and water temperature

This study investigated the modulating effect of temperature variation on the metabolic status and growth performance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, when reared with starch‐based gelatinized (G) or non‐gelatinized (NG) diet. Fish were either maintained at ambient water temperature (26 °C) or exposed to 32 °C for 1 week, and then subjected to 26 °C for 4 weeks. Both groups were fed with isoproteinous (300 g kg^?1) diets containing G or NG starch. A significant interaction was evident between increased metabolic activity due to the short‐term exposure to higher temperature and starch type on growth performance, feed efficiency and protein retention. Dietary starch type and water temperature interactions were more effective in modulating the hepatic glucokinase and pyruvate kinase responses than that of hexokinase. Hepatic aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activities were augmented at low temperature in NG starch fed group. Overall, our findings indicate that enzyme activities are enhanced due to the short‐term exposure to higher temperature (32 °C). This elevated temperature lasted for 3 weeks after exposure during which NG starch tended to support the growth.     

Muscle cellularity in relation to somatic growth in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)

Sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), juveniles (1.32 g) grew at a rate of 4.2% per day, when fish were fed ad libitum and reared at optimal thermal conditions (ambient sea water temperature, 20-26°C). At 13°C, feeding and spontaneous activity were severely restricted and somatic growth was reduced to 0.6% per day. Over a period of 6 weeks, both muscle fibre hyperplasia and nuclear division were higher in the ambient-temperature group compared with the fish reared at 13°C. Despite the differences in growth rate and spontaneous activity, muscle fibre hyperplasia was paralleled by nuclear division in the lateral axial muscle in both temperature groups and the number of nuclei per myofibre did not differ significantly between the two temperature groups. It is concluded that at optimal thermal and feeding conditions, somatic growth of sea bass juveniles is mediated through an increase in the number of nuclei and muscle fibres.     

Effect of rearing temperatures on the growth and maturation of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) during juvenile and on‐growing periods

The effect of rearing temperature on the growth and maturation of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) was investigated. Arctic charr juveniles were reared for 6 months (phase I, October–April, size range 20–500 g) at constant temperatures of 9, 12 and 15 °C and according to two temperature‐step groups (T_step) i.e. fish transferred from 15 to 12 °C or from 12 to 9 °C. All the previous treatments were then reared either at 7 °C or at 12 °C for an additional 4 months (phase II, size range 300–1000 g) and then slaughtered in August 2008. The overall growth rate was the highest at a constant temperature of 15 °C for the first 6 months of the trial, with the fish in this group being 44% and 78% heavier than the fish reared at a constant temperature of 12 or 9 °C respectively. Arctic charr showed a negative response in terms of the growth rate when transferred from higher to lower temperatures, especially for groups previously reared at 15 °C. There was a trend for higher gonadosomatic index values at the end of the experiment for groups of fish that were exposed to higher rearing temperatures during the juvenile phase i.e. 4.18% (±0.79) and 7.29% (±0.89), for the temperature groups of 12 and 15 °C, respectively, compared with 2.49% (±0.74) for the 9 °C group. Our results suggest that for the production of fish >1000 g, moderate or low temperatures (here 9 °C) should be applied during the juvenile phase in order to reduce the negative effects arising from maturation. Farmers with access to heat sources should accordingly choose more moderate rearing temperatures during the juvenile stage, especially if the fish is to be moved down in the temperature regime during the on‐growing period.     

Effects of chronic upper temperature regimes on growth of two geographical strains of channel and hybrid catfish

Climate change is a growing concern for pond culture of catfish, due to possible exacerbation of temperature fluctuations and increased maximum daily temperatures. Because channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) have a broad natural distribution from Canada to Mexico, it was hypothesized that natural differences in thermal tolerance and seasonal growth may be attributed to different geographical strains. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that these differences would be observed in hybrid catfish (I. punctatus x [blue catfish] I. furcatus). Chronic thermal tolerance and growth rate were quantified in two geographically distinct strains of channel catfish and a corresponding hybrid catfish from one of these strains with a cross to an industry standard blue catfish strain. In a 6‐week growth experiment, catfish were subjected to daily cycling temperatures of either 27–31°C or 32–36°C, mimicking pond fluctuations. Hybrid catfish had the highest survival at both temperatures, and both strains of channel catfish had greater growth in weight or length at 27–31°C than at 32–36°C. Therefore, these results indicate that physiological performance, in terms of growth, decreases in channel catfish at temperatures greater than 27–31°C regardless of geographical origin of strain, whereas hybrid catfish did not show a decrease in weight under the same temperature conditions.     

Effect of water temperature on energy budget of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

A 21‐day growth trial was undertaken to investigate the effect of water temperature (25, 28, 31, 34, 37 °C) on growth, feed utilization and energy budget of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (initial body weight around 12 g) with four replicates at each temperature. Feed intake energy (IE), recovered energy (RE), faecal energy (FE), excretory energy (UE + ZE) and heat energy (HE) were calculated to obtain the energy budget. The results showed that feeding rate and ammonia excretion were not significantly affected by water temperature. Specific growth rate in wet weight (SGRw) and FE was significantly lower in the fish reared at 37 °C while no significant difference was observed between the fish reared at 25–34 °C. Protein retention efficiency was highest at 28 °C and lowest at 37 °C. The proportion of IE channelled into RE and UE + ZE was lower while those lost in HE was higher in the fish reared at 37 °C. The optimal growth temperature was estimated as 30.1 °C based on the regression of SGR and water temperature. Energy budget at maximum growth (34 °C) was: 100 IE = 27.0 RE + 1.1 (ZE + UE) + 10.6 FE + 59.2 HE. HE accounted for 69.3% and RE for 30.7% of metabolizable energy.     

The role of dietary methionine concentrations on growth,metabolism and N‐retention in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) at elevated water temperatures

This study determined impacts of dietary methionine concentrations at two temperatures on growth, feeding efficiency and N‐metabolites in juvenile cobia. Methionine concentrations of the experimental diets were deficient (M9; 9 g/kg), sufficient (M12; 12 g/kg) and surplus (M16, 16 g/kg). Water temperature was normal (30°C) or elevated (34°C). Twenty cobia in triplicate tanks were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Both methionine and temperature affected cobia's growth and feeding efficiency. Cobia fed M9 performed lower than the fish fed M12 and M16 diets. Additionally, cobia reared at 34°C performed poorer than at 30°C, probably due to lower voluntary feed intake in the fish reared at 34°C. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value in cobia fed M9 diet were less than M12 or M16 diets. This was confirmed with the improved retentions of indispensable amino acids (AAs). No interactions between methionine and temperature were observed in growth and protein accretion. At 30°C, CF improved, while HSI and VSI declined upon methionine supplementation levels. Of which an interaction between temperature and methionine was present. Plasma, muscle and liver free AA and N‐metabolites were affected by methionine and temperature. Furthermore, temperature affected cobia's lipid class composition, resulting in increased phospholipids and cholesterol at 34°C.     

Effect of Diets Supplemented with Soybean,Flaxseed, or Menhaden Fish Oil on the Growth,Feed Utilization,Immune Status,and Sensory Properties of Channel Catfish in a Recirculating System at 22°C

Channel catfish feed intake and growth decline with temperature, but different dietary lipids might sustain performance during cool weather. Catfish at a suboptimal temperature (22°C) were fed 32% protein commercial floating pellets supplemented with 2% soybean oil (SBO), menhaden oil (MFO), or flaxseed oil (FLX). After 12 weeks, fish were counted and weighed, then health assays and proximate and fatty acid analysis of fillets were conducted. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival were similar among treatments, indicating limited potential of different lipids to improve growth at low temperatures. However, the favorable feed conversion ratios (FCRs; ≤1.6) indicated that feeding at 22°C was worthwhile to maintain good condition of catfish. Across diets, the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle lipids increased. The FLX and MFO both increased the n-3 HUFA in the fillet, but FLX was less effective. Unfortunately, both FLX and MFO reduced sensory properties of the fillet relative to the SBO control.     

Temperature and dissolved oxygen influence growth and digestive enzyme activities of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833)

A 5 week experiment was carried out with juvenile yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi to investigate the interactive effects of water temperature (21, 24, or 27°C) and dissolved oxygen regime (normoxic vs. hypoxic) on the growth rate, feed intake and digestive enzyme activity of this species. Specific growth rate (SGR) was highest at 24°C, regardless of oxygen regime, but the SGRs of the fish exposed to hypoxia at 21, 24 and 27°C were 13%, 20% and 17% lower, respectively, than the SGRs recorded for the fish reared under normoxic conditions. The digestive enzyme activities (i.e. trypsin, lipase and α‐amylase) were influenced by temperature but did not appear to be affected by dissolved oxygen concentration. Information about the effects of water temperature and dissolved oxygen on feeding, growth and digestive capacity of juvenile yellowtail kingfish could contribute to improving feed management decisions for production of this fish species under different environmental conditions.     

The effect of water temperature on growth parameters of intensively reared juvenile peled Coregonus peled

The effect of water temperature on growth and food intake of juvenile peled Coregonus peled was tested with specimens of initial age 75 days and 230 days posthatching (dph). The 75‐day group (initial body weight 0.6 ± 0.04 g) were reared for 63 days and 230‐day group (initial body weight 13.75 ± 2.93 g) for 42 days at temperatures of 13, 16, 19, 22 and 25°C under 12:12 L:D photoperiod. The optimal temperature range for the 75 dph fish was found to be 19–22°C. The fish reached final mean weight of 9.7 ± 2.5 g at 19°C and 9.0 ± 2.7 g at 22°C. Final mean weight of 230 dph fish did not differ significantly among temperature groups. Mortality increased at higher temperatures, with the critical temperature of 25°C for both age groups. Maximum food intake (19.0 ± 4.7, 18.8 ± 5.2, 18.6 ± 4.6 g kg^?1biomass) was observed in groups reared at temperatures of 19, 22 and 25°C with no significant differences among groups.     

The Validation of Effect of Neutraceuticals on Growth and Immune Response of Nile Tilapia in Cool Water Using a Cluster-Based Approach

This interdisciplinary study investigated computational analytic methods used for biological hypothesis testing and applied the methods for the validation of the effects of nutraceuticals on growth and immune response of Nile tilapia in cool water. Farmers in cooler regions face problems with cultivating tilapia, one of the most popular cultivated fish species, due to poor survival rates at suboptimal temperatures. We hypothesized that two nutraceuticals, phosphatidylcholine and β-carotene, help tilapia adapt to cooler water temperatures and benefit tilapia's growth and immune response. Fish were reared in two different environments: warm water (28°C) and cool water (16°C). Fish reared in warm water (control) were provided with a basal commercial diet, while fish reared in cool water were provided with either the basal commercial diet (cool water control) or diets supplemented with nutraceuticals (either phosphatidylcholine or β-carotene). Experiments were conducted over an eight-week period. The effects of the nutraceuticals were tested using an unsupervised learning technique in data mining and statistics called cluster analysis. An external index used for cluster validation was adopted for testing our hypothesis by formulating the level of agreement between two different partitions of samples: experimental groups and clusters based on the similarity of their features. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, which showed the beneficial effects of phosphatidylcholine and β-carotene supplementation in a range of fish including tilapias, our test results show no significant difference among the fish reared in cool water and fed with either the basal diet or diets supplemented with the nutraceutical. Despite slower growth compared with fish held in warm waters, our study suggests the feasibility of stocking or rearing tilapia in water temperatures as low as 16°C during cool weather, without need for supplementation to basal commercial feed.     

Influence of temperature on growth and survival of juvenile winter flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) reared under continuous light

Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, has emerged as a promising candidate flatfish for cold‐water aquaculture and restocking. Here, juveniles were reared for 8 weeks at three temperatures: 10, 15, and 20°C under 24‐hr light. All fish were imaged at stocking and at 2‐week intervals, where growth was measured as changes in standard length (S_L) and body area (B_A). By week 2, fish reared at 15 and 20°C were larger than those grown at 10°C. At weeks 4 to 6, fish at 15°C were larger than fish at 20°C. Linear regressions were used to model growth dynamics over time at each temperature. Highly significant linear growth trajectories were detected over time for S_L and B_A. S_L and B_A regressions also showed a significant difference among the slopes across temperatures, where comparing slopes showed the best temperature to rear the flounder was 15°C. Weights of fish held at 15°C and 20°C were greater than at 10°C at the termination of the experiment. Within each temperature, the growth rate of malpigmented fish was not different from that of the normally pigmented fish. Overall, growth of winter flounder was comparable to that of other commercially produced flatfish species, providing strong evidence for this flatfish species as a potential species for aquaculture.     

Influence of lipid level and supplemental lecithin in diet on growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in suboptimal water temperatures

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary lipid level and supplemental soy lecithin on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile flounder reared at two suboptimal water temperatures, 12 and 17 °C. Three isonitrogenous (CP 50%) diets containing 1% squid liver oil (S7), 7% squid liver oil (S14), and a mixture of 2% soy lecithin and 5% squid liver oil (SL14) were formulated to obtain 7% and 14% of crude lipid. Triplicate groups of fish (6.3 ± 0.2 g) were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 60 days. Weight gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for fish reared at 17 °C than at 12 °C. Daily feed intake was significantly decreased with the increase of dietary lipid level at the same water temperature, but weight gain was not affected by dietary lipid composition. At 12 °C, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for fish fed the S14 and SL14 diets than those of fish fed the S7 diet, while at 17 °C feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the S14 diet, which were not significantly different from those of fish fed the SL14 diet, were significantly higher than those of fish fed the S7 diet. There were no significant effects of dietary lipid composition or temperature range on the whole body contents of moisture, crude protein, lipid or ash. Dietary lipid composition and temperature affected the fatty acid content of the polar lipid from the liver; and the n-3HUFA contents such as 20:5n-3 and 20:6n-3 were higher at 12 °C than at 17 °C. The results of this study indicate that an increase of dietary lipid level from 7% to 14% has beneficial effects on feed utilization of flounder when reared in suboptimal water temperatures. The increase of water temperature from 12 to 17 °C improved growth and feed utilization, but 2% soy lecithin had no substantial effect on growth and feed efficiency of juvenile flounder.     

Influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> in suboptimal water temperatures

This study was carried out to investigate the influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder (initial mean weight 6.3 g) in sub optimal water temperatures. A 2 (diets: extruded pellet and moist pellet)×2 (feeding frequencies: two and three times daily)×2 (water temperatures: 12 and 17°C) factorial design with three replications was used. After 60 days of feeding, the feeding frequency did not significantly affect growth performance of fish. Weight gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish reared at the higher water temperature. At the same water temperature, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish fed the extruded pellet than moist pellet. The results of this study indicate that feeding frequency of two times daily is sufficient for optimal growth of juvenile flounder when reared in suboptimal water temperatures, and an increase in water temperature from 12 to 17°C improved growth and feed efficiency.     

An experimental study on the compensatory growth of tongue sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis (Günther, 1873), following lower temperature manipulation

The compensatory growth, body composition and energy budget of juvenile tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis (Günther, 1873), subjected to an unfavourable temperature were investigated during 56 days experiment. Fish were divided into four groups including three groups, which were reared at 16°C for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, then returned to 22°C (recorded as A1, A2 and A3) and a control group (continuously reared at 22°C, C). At the end of the experiment, the body mass was significantly higher in A1 than that in the control (P < 0.05), which indicated over compensatory growth occurred in A1 fish. No significant difference was found in body mass among A2, A3 and C fish (P > 0.05), which indicated complete compensatory growth occurred in A2 and A3 fish. The underlying mechanisms for compensatory growth could be attributed to an improved energetic efficiency resulting from reduced metabolic expenditure and higher feed efficiency during the period of recovery. Furthermore, the fish exposed to lower temperature for 3 weeks showed hyperphagia. The results suggested that the juvenile C. semilaevis exposed to lower temperature for a suitable period (1–3 weeks) used feed more efficiently. This approach may be a useful rearing strategy for indoor culture of C. semilaevis.     

Effect of temperature on growth performance of greater amberjack (SERIOLA DUMERILI Risso 1810) Juveniles

In order to successfully diversify Mediterranean aquaculture, it is necessary to determine optimum culture conditions of potential candidate species such as greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Among culture conditions, rearing temperature is a key factor for achieving optimum growth and maintaining fish welfare. However, little is known about the optimum culture conditions of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of three different rearing temperatures (17, 22 and 26°C) during 120 days on growth performance, body morphometry, biochemical composition, gut transit and liver morphology of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles. After 120 days of rearing, fish raised at 26°C showed higher (p < .05) body weight and specific growth rate than fish held at lower temperatures, as well as improved feed utilization, protein efficiency and nutrient retention percentages. Fish stomach emptying was faster (p < .05) in fish raised at 26°C than in fish held at 22°C and 17°C. Similar results were obtained for gut transit time, being gut emptying faster (p < .05) in fish reared at 26°C than in fish cultured at lower temperatures. Rearing temperature also induced changes in fish morphology which resulted in a higher (p < .05) caudal propulsion efficiency index for fish reared at 26°C. Based on these results, we conclude that greater amberjack fingerlings perform better at 26°C than at 22°C or 17°C.     

Effect of Dietary Vitamin C on Tissue Vitamin C Concentration in Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,and Clearance Rate at Two Temperatures-A Preliminary Investigation

Four trials were conducted with channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, under controlled laboratory conditions or in earthen ponds, to evaluate effects of dietary vitamin C concentration and feeding period on liver and anterior kidney vitamin C concentration. Clearance rate of vitamin C in liver and anterior kidney was also evaluated in unfed fish or fish fed a vitamin C-free diet. Results indicated that tissue vitamin C concentration is generally proportional to deitary vitamin C concentration, and that it may reach a maximum concentration within 2 weeks in fish fed diets containing vitamin C. Tissue vitamin C may be reduced to a minimum concentration within 2 weeks when fish were not fed or fed with a vitamin C-free diet at a high temprerature (31°). As temperature was reduced from 31 to 10°C there was a 44% and 13.6% drop in liver and anterior kidney vitamin C concentrations, respectively. At 10°C tissue vitamin C remained relatively constant (100 to 120 mg/g for liver, and 200 to 250 mg/g for anterior kidney) for at least 12 weeks if tissue vitamin C was saturated prior to reducing water temperature. Liver vitamin C appeared to be affected more dramatically by dietary vitamin C concentration and cleared more rapidly than anterior kidney during times of vitamin C deficiency.     

Choice preference of diets with different protein levels depending on water temperature in Nile tilapia

This study tested a choice feeding model for Nile tilapia that allowed the selection of a higher or lower protein content in the diet depending on water temperature. Nile tilapia were reared in twelve 200-L tanks for 63 days with 12 fish (body weight 38 g/fish at start) per tank. Two temperatures (22 or 30°C) and two color combinations (yellow and red each) for a two-component diet containing 30% (low) and a 38% (high) crude protein content based on dry matter were used. High water temperature (30 vs. 22°C) resulted in a significantly higher feed rate (1.93 ± 0.123 and 1.26 ± 0.100%, respectively), body weight gain (39.3 ± 4.29 and 4.75 ± 0.66 g, respectively), final body weight (70.3 ± 9.31 and 43.0 ± 7.49 g, respectively), and feed efficiency (55.4 ± 6.09 and 14.6 ± 2.86%, respectively), as well as protein efficiency ratio (1.687 ± 0.186 and 0.450 ± 0.087, respectively), regardless of color codes. No significant differences of color codes on growth parameters, body composition, and fatty acid profile were seen. Higher water temperature (30 vs. 22°C) only had an effect on percentage-specific fatty acids of total fatty acids of the whole body (biggest difference: C16:0, 20.5 ± 1.00 and 17.4 ± 1.11%, respectively). Therefore, water temperature clearly influences growth and fatty acid composition of the body.