Effect of porcine parvovirus vaccination on the development of PMWS in segregated early weaned pigs coinfected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus

The objectives of this study were to determine if coinfection of segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) induces an increase in the incidence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) compared to singular PCV2 infection, and to determine if vaccination against PPV protects pigs against PMWS associated with PCV2/PPV coinfection in SEW pigs. Seventy, 3-week-old, SEW pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five groups. Pigs in group 1 (n = 14) served as the negative controls, group 2 pigs (n = 14) were inoculated with PCV2, group 3 pigs (n = 12) were inoculated with PPV, groups 4 (n = 16) and 5 (n = 14) pigs were inoculated with both PCV2 and PPV. Pigs in groups 1-3 and 5 were vaccinated with two doses of a killed parvovirus-leptospira-erysipelothrix (PLE) vaccine prior to inoculation. The PCV2/PPV-coinfected pigs (groups 4 and 5) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher and more persistent fevers than the singular PCV2-infected pigs. One pig in each of the coinfected groups developed clinical disease (fever, respiratory disease, jaundice, weight loss) consistent with PMWS. Lymphoid depletion was significantly (P < 0.05) more severe in the dually-infected pigs at 42 days post-inoculation (DPI). Vaccinated, coinfected pigs (group 5) remained viremic significantly (P < 0.05) longer and had higher copy numbers of genomic PCV2 DNA in sera at 28, 35, and 42 DPI compared to the unvaccinated coinfected pigs (group 4). PPV-viremia was detected only in the unvaccinated group 4 pigs. PLE-vaccination prevented PPV-viremia but did not prevent clinical PMWS or reduce the severity of lymphoid depletion in PCV2/PPV-coinfected pigs. Evidence of increased incidence of clinical PMWS due to vaccination was not observed in this model.     

Simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever virus,porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Results from a previous study indicated that there are specific arena surface characteristics that are associated with an increased likelihood of lameness in dressage horses. It is important to understand what modifiable arena factors lead to these detrimental surface characteristics. The aim of this study was to describe the use of training surfaces and arenas for United Kingdom dressage horses and to investigate any relationships between arena/surface variables and detrimental surface characteristics. Data from a questionnaire returned by 22.5% of all 11,363 registered members of British Dressage were used for the study. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were developed with each of the previously identified surface characteristics as dependent variables. Respondents reported that the majority of arenas were privately owned, sized 20 × 40 m and had a sand and rubber surface. The results indicated that wax-coated and sand and rubber surfaces were associated with less detrimental surface properties than sand, sand and PVC, woodchips or grass. Woodchips were most strongly associated with the detrimental characteristic of slipping, and sand with tripping. The findings indicated that any arena surface should have a base, with limestone the recommended surface, and that crushed concrete was best avoided. This information supported previous studies in racehorses that indicated that surface maintenance is essential, especially when many horses are using an arena daily. Problems were less likely if an arena was privately owned.     

一步法多重RT-PCR检测猪圆环病毒2型和猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒

根据猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）的ORF2和猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒（PRRSV）ORF7相对保守区序列分别设计了两对引物PH1／PH2和PT1／PT2，将PCV2和PRRSV细胞毒按1：1混合，设为模拟样品，采用病毒基因组DNA／RNA提取试剂盒同时提取PCV2 DNA和PRRSVRNA核酸，利用2对引物进行一步法多重RT-PCR。结果同时得到与实验设计相符的560bp（PCV2）和398bp（PRRSV）特异性扩增条带，而对其他5种猪病原的扩增均为阴性。敏感性试验表明，建立的一步法多重RT-PCR方法可检测出10ngPCV2 DNA和5ngPRRSVRNA。     

Simultaneous detection and differentiation between porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus in boar semen by multiplex seminested polymerase chain reaction

A multiplex seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation among porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), PCV2, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) from boar semen. Primers of PCV1, PCV2 and PPV were specific and did not react with other viruses respectively. Twenty (20.4%) and 42 (42.9%) out of 98 whole semen samples were found to be positive for PCV and PPV using multiplex conventional and seminested PCR, respectively. When the separated fractions of PCV or PPV-contaminated semen were analyzed using multiplex seminested PCR, PCV and PPV DNA were found to be present mainly in the seminal fluid and nonsperm cell fractions. This multiplex seminested PCR assay was sensitive, rapid and a good alternative method for the detection and differentiation of these viruses in boar semen.     

Simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus in naturally and experimentally coinfected pigs by double in situ hybridization.

A technique for double in situ hybridization to simultaneously detect porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in the same tissue section was developed and applied to lymph node and spleen from 8 pigs experimentally coinfected with PCV2 and PPV and 20 pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. For double labeling studies, the tissue samples were processed sequentially, first for PPV in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled probe and then for PCV2 in situ hybridization using a biotinylated probe. Positive cells contained reaction products for PCV2 and PPV, respectively. Both PCV2 DNA and PPV DNA were observed mainly in the cytoplasm but occasionally in the nucleus. With double in situ hybridization, both PCV2 DNA and PPV DNA were simultaneously detected in lymph node and spleen. This double labeling technique for the detection of PCV2 and PPV is suitable both for pathogenesis studies and for diagnostic applications.     

猪伪狂犬病毒与猪圆环病毒2型二重SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

参照GenBank登录的相关基因序列,设计了2对引物分别用于扩增伪狂犬病毒(PRV)gH基因与猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF2基因的部分片段。将测序正确的PRV gH基因与PCV2ORF2基因片段克隆入pGEM-T Easy载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经测序鉴定后得到阳性重组质粒,作为标准品模板建立SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR标准曲线和熔解曲线,并对其灵敏性、特异性和重复性进行验证。结果显示,PCV2与PRV荧光定量PCR的标准曲线的Tm值分别为80.8℃和86.7℃,熔解曲线特异,灵敏度分别可达215拷贝/μL和180拷贝/μL,是普通PCR检测方法的100倍。结果表明,建立的PCV2与PRV荧光定量PCR检测方法实现了2种病毒的同时检测,能够对PRV、PCV2混合感染的临床病料进行快速诊断。     

猪伪狂犬病毒与猪圆环病毒2型二重SYBR Green I实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

参照GenBank登录的相关基因序列,设计了2对引物分别用于扩增伪狂犬病毒（PRV）gH基N与猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）ORF2基因的部分片段。将测序正确的PRVgH基因与PCV2ORF2基因片段克隆入pGEMTEasy载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5a,经测序鉴定后得到阳性重组质粒,作为标准品模板建立SYBRGreenI荧光定量PCR标准曲线和熔解曲线,并对其灵敏性、特异性和重复性进行验证。结果显示,PCV2与PRv荧光定量PCR的标准曲线的Tm值分别为80．8℃和86．7℃,熔解曲线特异,灵敏度分别可达215拷贝／μL和180拷贝μL,是普通PCR检测方法的100倍。结果表明,建立的PCV2与PRV荧光定量PCR检测方法实现了2种病毒的同时检测,能够对PRV、PCV2混合感染的临床病料进行快速诊断。     

Experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus

This report describes an experimental infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in combination with porcine parvovirus (PPV) in 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with maternal antibodies to both viruses. Two groups of four pigs each were inoculated with PCV2 and PPV. One of the groups received also a commercial inactivated vaccine against porcine pleuropneumonia to evaluate possible effects of the stimulation of the immune system of pigs on the infection. Another group of four pigs was kept as uninfected control. Clinical signs, rectal temperatures and body weights were recorded. Serum antibody titers to PCV2 and PPV were determined at weekly intervals. Pigs were killed 42 days after inoculation and tissue samples were examined for the presence of gross and microscopic lesions. Tissues were also analyzed for the presence of PCV2 and PPV DNA by PCR, and for the presence of PCV2 antigen by immunohistochemistry (IHC). All the pigs had serum antibodies to PCV2 and PPV at the beginning of the trial. None of them developed clinical symptoms or pathological lesions typical of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a disease associated to PCV2 infection. However, IHC and/or PCR analyses showed that clinically silent PCV2 infection developed in five of the eight inoculated pigs, regardless of the administration of the vaccine. In particular, PCV2 DNA and/or antigen were detected in most of the tissues examined in the two pigs with the lowest titer of maternal PCV2 antibodies at the beginning of the trial. PPV DNA was not detected in any of the samples examined. The five pigs with PCR and/or IHC evidence of PCV2 infection had a mean weight gain during the experiment lower than that of the inoculated PCR-negative pigs considered together and that of the control pigs. In conclusion, it would appear that passive immunity against PCV2 can play a role in preventing the development of PMWS, but is not able to prevent the establishing of clinically silent PCV2 infections. The dissemination and persistence of the virus in the tissues may depend on the level of PCV2 antibodies at the time of inoculation.     

Simultaneous detection of three porcine viruses by multiplex PCR

Specific oligonucleotide primers were selected and combined in a multiplex arrangement, in order to detect simultaneously three economically important porcine viruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The pathogen panel was comprised of viruses that cause reproductive failure in infected herds: Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV). In order to reduce the time required for the detection of the pathogens, the assay was optimised to a RapidCycler PCR instrument. The multiplex PCR assay was shown to be specific, sensitive and rapid, because the results were read in less than 60 min after sample preparation. Due to its speed, efficiency and sensitivity, the described rapid multiplex PCR assay serves as a useful novel tool in the veterinary diagnostic laboratories for the quick and complex detection of these important porcine pathogens.     

多重PCR／RT—PCR技术检测PRRSV、PPV、PRV和PCV-2

根椐GenBank中已发表的猪蓝耳病毒(PRRSV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、伪狂犬病毒(PRV)和猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV-2)等4种病毒基因序列,对各病毒基因区进行同源性分析,确定PRRSV M和N、PPV VP2、PRV gD、PCV-2ORF2基因的保守区为各病毒的诊断靶序列.在建立各病毒单项PCR技术的基础上,优化多重PCR反应条件,建立了4种病毒的四重PCR技术,可同时扩增PRRSV的660 bp(北美株),PPV的313 bp,PRV的217 bp,PCV-2的447 bp的特异性片段.用82份临床病料对本研究多重PCR技术和单项PCR/RT-PCR技术进行对比验证,结果显示,两者的总符合率为93%以上.表明建立的多重PCR检测方法,具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可用于对这4种病毒的同时检测和鉴别诊断.     

多重PCR同时检测猪圆环病毒2型,猪细小病毒,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪瘟病毒

本试验建立一种可同时检测猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2),猪细小病毒(PPV),猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV),猪瘟病毒(CSFV)4种病毒的多重PCR方法.对于每一种特定的病毒,用4对寡核苷酸引物均能特异扩增其目的片段.以含有病毒目的片段的质粒为模板,测定了多重PCR的检测灵敏度,PRRSV和CSFV检测最低限是48 pg,而PPV和PCV-2为0.48 pg.利用建立的多重PCR方法对具有产自有繁殖障碍母猪的仔猪或具有呼吸障碍症状的76个仔猪样本进行检测.检出了4种病毒的存在,其中26个样本(34.2%)同时感染了2种以上病毒.结果表明多重PCR方法检测猪混合感染的病毒,是一种快速、灵敏、低成本、高效率的病原学诊断工具.     

猪细小病毒与猪伪狂犬病毒二重SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR方法的建立与检测

本研究旨在建立一种能快速、灵敏、同时检测出猪细小病毒与猪伪狂犬病毒的基于SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法。参照GenBank中登录的相关基因序列,设计了2对引物分别用于扩增PRV gH基因与PPV NS1基因的部分片段。将测序正确的PRV gH基因与PPV NS1基因片段克隆入pGEM-T Easy载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经测序鉴定后得到阳性重组质粒,作为标准品模板建立SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR标准曲线和熔解曲线,并对其灵敏性、特异性和重复性进行验证。结果表明,猪细小病毒与猪伪狂犬病毒荧光定量PCR的标准曲线的Tm值分别为80.9℃和86.5℃,熔解曲线特异,灵敏度分别可达248拷贝/μL和160拷贝/μL,是普通PCR检测方法的100倍。本次建立的猪细小病毒与猪伪狂犬病毒荧光定量PCR检测方法实现了2种病毒的同时检测,能够对PRV、PPV混合感染的临床病料进行快速诊断。     

实时定量PCR对猪圆环病毒2型感染猪体内病毒分布规律的研究

根据发表的猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）ORF2基因序列设计了一对特异引物,并以克隆重组质粒作为阳性标准品,采用SYBR-GreenⅠ嵌合荧光染料建立了一种用于检测PCV2的实时定量PCR方法。该方法在10^7～10^1范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为R2=0．997,扩增效率为E=0．920;对质粒标准品检测下限值为8．2拷贝／μL,检测变异系数低于2．0％。该方法与常规PCR及过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（IPMA）比较,其敏感性提高10^3倍以上。采用该法对PCV2人工感染猪的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、腹股沟淋巴结等组织中病毒核酸载量检测结果表明,在多种脏器中均可检9n,4到病毒,其中腹股沟淋巴结、扁桃体和脾脏中病毒含量较高（为3．4&#215;10^9拷贝儋～1．7&#215;10^10拷贝／g）,这表明病毒主要在免疫器官增殖,导致淋巴细胞耗损。对来自国内不同地区的28份临床发病猪病料进行病毒DNA定量检测,有半数以上病料的病毒载量达到10^9-10拷贝／g。实验表明,实时定量PCR可用于PCV2核酸定量检测,为该病毒体内外定量检测提供了一种技术手段。     

应用套式PCR方法检测猪圆环病毒2型

根据Genbank中发表的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)全基因序列,设计2对PCV2特异性引物,建立套式PCR检测方法。外测引物p1、p2扩增片段长度为647bp(92-738),内测引物p3、p4扩增长度为219bp(319-537)。其中用外部引物可扩增DNA含量到10-5mg/mL,而套式PCR则比普通PCR灵敏性还要提高103倍。用该方法对山东、安徽和河北10省的899份临床发病猪的肺脏和淋巴结样品进行检测,结果有329份样品检测出阳性,平均阳性检测率达36.6%。由此可见,PCV2感染在全国范围内的发病猪群中普遍存在。     

PRRSV、PCV2与CSFV多重SYBRGreenⅠ实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

旨在建立一种能快速、灵敏、同时检测出猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)3种病毒的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法。参照GenBank中登录的相关基因序列,设计了3对引物分别用于扩增PRRSV ORF7基因、PCV2ORF2基因与CSFV 5′端保守序列的部分片段。将测序正确的3段基因片段分别克隆入pGEM-T Easy载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经测序鉴定后得到阳性重组质粒,作为标准品模板建立SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR标准曲线和溶解曲线,并对其灵敏性、特异性和重复性进行验证。结果表明,PCV2、PRRSV与CSFV荧光定量PCR的标准曲线的Tm值分别为84.6、86.7、89.3℃,溶解曲线特异,灵敏度分别可达181、202、177拷贝/μL,是普通PCR检测方法的100倍。本试验建立的PRRSV、PCV2与CSFV的荧光定量PCR检测方法实现了3种病毒的同时检测,能够对PRRSV、PCV2、CSFV混合感染的临床病料进行快速诊断。     

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs in Croatia: detection and characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

The objective of this study was to characterise porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Croatia, and to determine the epizootiological, clinical and pathomorphological features of the disease. During a systematic health monitoring programme conducted in the period from January 2002 to June 2003, PMWS was suspected on eight different pig-producing farms in Croatia. The diagnosis of PMWS met all three key criteria: the presence of compatible clinical signs, the presence of the characteristic microscopic lymphoid lesions, and the detection of PCV2 within the lesions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by in situ hybridisation (ISH). Moreover, PCV2 DNA from swine tissues was extracted and sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis of 4 Croatian PCV2 strains showed close relationship to PCV2 strains isolated in Slovenia, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, China and Hungary. PCV2 was also demonstrated by electron microscopy in the lymph node of an affected animal. This is the first demonstration of PMWS in Croatia based on all scientifically accepted diagnostic criteria.