大蒜微繁技术研究现状与展望

本文将大蒜微繁技术途径归纳为：愈伤组织增殖、芽的直接诱导和试管鳞茎微繁三条主要途径。并从这三个方面对大蒜微繁的研究成就和存在问题进行了文献分析。     

观赏多花相思光自养生根培养研究

以多花相思组培苗为试材,研究了不同生根培养基组合、不同光自氧微繁殖培养环境组合、光自氧微繁殖不同培养液组合对多花相思生根率的影响;并在此基础上以组培生根培养为对照,比较分析了传统组培技术与光自养微繁殖技术对多花相思组培苗生根幼苗的影响.结果表明:光自养微繁殖技术是适合多花相思生根培养较佳途径,生根率达92.10％,生根苗移栽成活率达87.35％.     

植物组织培养技术应用研究进展

文章对植物组织培养技术在育种、工厂化育苗、种质资源保存、次生代谢物生产、光自养型培养以及高新技术在组培生产上的应用等方面的发展现状进行了简要的概述。     

接种AMF对葡萄微繁苗生长效应的研究

以葡萄为试验材料,在练苗期间接种AMF孢子菌剂,研究微繁苗移栽过程中AMF侵染过程,分析菌根化进程中微繁苗根系活力的变化以及AM共生体对微繁苗生长发育的促进效应。结果表明:AMF对葡萄微繁苗的生长发育具有重要促进作用,能够促进根系活力,微繁苗根系磷酸酶活性与AMF侵染率存在显著相关性。接种AMF可增强幼苗根系活力,促进根系对N、P等矿质养分的吸收和积累,并促进植株的光合作用,提高幼苗的生长势。     

植物无糖组织培养技术

植物无糖组织培养技术,又称为光自养微繁殖技术,是指在植物组织培养中改变植株所需碳的来源,使用不含糖的培养基,以CO2代替糖作为植物体的碳源,通过控制影响试管苗生长发育的环境因子,促进植株光合速率,使试管苗由兼养型转变为自养型,以更接近植物自然生长状态、成本相对较低的方式生产     

丛枝状真菌菌根引起微繁石榴小苗的硬化

据（Scientia Horticulturae）（2012年）的～篇研究报告，来自印度石榴国家研究中心的研究人员研究了丛枝状真菌菌根对微繁石榴小苗硬化的影响。不适当的硬化会造成组培苗移栽到大田后高死亡率和生长不良，是组培繁殖石榴的一大障碍。在该研究中，     

香蕉快繁技术体系计算机辅助决策和管理系统的建立与应用

植物快繁技术即基于植物组织培养的无性快速繁殖技术（又称微繁技术）,不仅是农业高新技术中最重要、最活跃的领域之一,也是农业生物技术中应用最广、最具现实意义和最成功的领域：1970年至今,通过组织培养再生植株获得成功的已有1000多个属的近3000种植物,能进行快繁的也有数百种,但真正能进行规模化和商品化生产的还不到100种。     

“生物技术在蔬菜、粮食作物种质保存鉴定 和纯度检测中的应用研究”成果通过鉴定

山东省农业科学院蔬菜研究研究所和作物研究所完成的“生物技术在蔬菜、粮食作物种质保存鉴定和纯度检测中的应用研究”成果于 2000年 12月 18日通过山东省科技厅组织的专家鉴定。 该项成果提出了大蒜、白菜、萝卜、玉米和小麦的基因组 DNA提取技术，建立起稳定性强，可靠性高的 RAPD反应体系和程序。获得了一批大蒜、白菜、玉米和小麦种质的 RAPD带谱。用于蔬菜、作物种质的遗传鉴定，纯度检测，填补了国内空白。 用 5种病毒抗血清和 dot ELISA及电镜技术，对来自国内主要产区的一批大蒜和洋葱种质进行了较全面的检测。首次检测出侵染我国大蒜、洋葱种质的洋葱螨传潜隐病毒。明确了侵染我国大蒜、洋葱主要病毒发生和分布状况，为抗病毒育种，抗病品种 (系 )的布局、推广提供了论据。 提出综合应用组培脱毒、微繁，包衣，低温保存和 RAPD技术离体保存大蒜种质的技术体系。建立起无病种质库和种质生物信息数据库。筛选出专用品种 (系 )，培育出系列脱毒大蒜品种。为植物资源的长期无病保存和利用奠定了技术基础。 该项成果将生物技术、信息技术综合应用于蔬菜、作物种质的保存、利用。起点高，创新点多，具有很强的应用推广价值和很高的学术意义。总体研究达到国内领先水平，部分研究达国际先进水平。 徐培文 (山东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所 250100)     

药用裸花紫珠微繁技术增殖培养基筛选研究

以裸花紫珠丛生芽为外植体,在光照时间9h/d,光照强度1 500lx,温度(26±2)℃,pH 5.8的培养条件下,研究比较了不同无机盐量MS培养基、不同植物生长调节剂种类及配比、蔗糖浓度、培养周期等因素对裸花紫珠生长状况的影响,以期筛选出裸花紫珠微繁技术最佳增殖培养基。结果表明:丛生芽继代增殖的最佳配方为:MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.05mg/L+蔗糖30g/L,30d的增殖系数达到10以上,丛生芽长势好。     

光环境调控技术在蔬菜工厂化育苗中的应用及前景

幼苗的健壮程度直接影响定植后蔬菜植株的生长发育,并与蔬菜的产量和品质密切相关。研究开发安全环保、经济有效的育苗技术是现代设施农业发展所面临的重要课题,而通过光环境调控技术培育壮苗是一项节能环保、经济有效且简便易行的新方法,具有突出优势。本文从光强、光质和光周期3 个
方面总结了光环境调控技术在蔬菜育苗中的研究进展及应用,并对LED 光源在蔬菜工厂化育苗中的应用前景进行了展望。     

生物技术在果树研究中的应用

现代生物技术近些年来发展速度及其迅猛,显示了其巨大的潜力,尤其在果树上的研究进展很快,它不仅可以定向改良果树遗传性状,而且扩展了育种范围,提高了育种效率.现从微繁技术、单倍体技术、胚培养技术、原生质体培养技术及分子生物技术的优点和应用原理以及在果树上的进展方面作了简要概述.     

Imposed starvation for in vitro maintenance and high regeneration of elite key lime (Citrus aurantifolia)

Preservation of elite key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) genotypes using efficient micropropagation and regeneration protocols is very important for new breeding programmes. The objective of the present study was to develop an efficient protocol for micropropagation and maintenance of elite genotypes of key lime based on slow growth and starvation strategy. To do this, regenerated shoots were starved, and the growth was compromised via avoiding subcultures for 4, 8, 12 and 24 months. The numbers of responsive explants and adventitious shoots per each explant were evaluated in the presence of benzylaminopurine (BAP). The results showed that the 12- and 24-month starved explants treated with 1 mg/l BAP were able to produce four times more shoots than the control. In addition, the influences of horizontal or vertical layering explants over medium were evaluated. The results indicated that all horizontally layered explants significantly produced 25% adventitious shoots more than vertical explants, most likely owing to more contact with the surface medium. Finally, it could be concluded that application of slow growth, starvation strategy and also horizontally layering of the explants could efficiently enhance micropropagation and maintenance of threatened elite key lime genotypes with a low cost.     

兰花新品种‘君豪兰’

 ‘君豪兰’是以‘大凤兰’为母本,‘企剑白墨’墨兰为父本杂交育成的兰花新品种。易组织培养快速繁殖和分株繁殖。单花序平均着花10朵。花橙色,平均横径6.8 cm,纵径5.4 cm,有香气。温室栽培2月中旬始花,花期35 ~ 45 d。     

白花败酱组织培养及快速繁殖研究

选取长势较好、无病害野生白花败酱植株的茎尖及茎段作为外植体进行组织培养,以MS为基本培养基,设计不同激素浓度配比试验,筛选最佳培养基配方。结果表明:采用0.1%HgCl2对外植体进行消毒,茎尖最佳消毒时间为10 min,茎段为15 min;最佳诱导培养基配方是MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,诱导率100%,增殖培养基MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L,增殖倍数7.8;生根壮苗培养基是MS+NAA 1 mg/L+马铃薯5%。     

甘蔗品种“粤糖55号”的离体快速繁殖

以甘蔗品种＂粤糖55号＂为材料,对其离体快繁技术进行了研究。结果表明,用带腋芽的甘蔗茎段作为外植体,经0.1%HgCl2消毒7min后,接种到MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L的培养基上进行启动培养,能够诱导丛生芽。丛生芽继代和生根最优的培养基分别为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L和MS＋NAA 2.0mg/L。甘蔗组培苗生根炼苗后,移到木糠中进行假植,成活率为90%~95%。     

Nursery performance of ‘Cox’ apple trees with rootstocks of M.9 from either micropropagation or improved conventional propagation from micropropagated plants

Rootstocks of M.9 were produced either directly by micropropagation, by improved conventional propagation from apparently rejuvenated micropropagated plants or by conventional propagation throughout. These rootstocks were grown in the field for one year and then grafted with scions of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’. Performances of the composite trees were evaluated one year following grafting. Trees with rootstocks which came directly from micropropagation had many suckers and burrknots and usually had poorly developed scions. Trees with rootstocks from improved conventional propagation from micropropagated plants were similar to trees with rootstocks from conventional propagation throughout in being almost devoid of suckers and burrknots and having well developed scions.     

兰花新品种‘小凤兰’

‘小凤兰’是以‘大凤’杂交兰为母本,‘企剑白墨’墨兰为父本杂交育成的兰花新品种。株形似‘企剑白墨’,易组织培养快速繁殖和分株繁殖。单枝平均着花9朵,花径7.4 cm,花橙色,有香气。温室栽培1月下旬始花,花期35 ~ 45 d。     

国兰新品种‘玉香兰’

 ‘玉香兰’是以‘小香墨兰’为母本,兔耳兰为父本种间杂交育成的国兰新品种。株形小巧,可采用组织培养快速繁殖和分株繁殖,叶倒披针形,花出架,单枝平均着花6.9朵,花横径5.0 cm,紫红色,有香气。温室栽培1月上中旬始花,花期20 ~ 30 d。     

In vitro propagation of ‘Arka Ravi’ chrysanthemum on growth regulator-free medium harbouring endophytic bacteria

Summary

To develop a micropropagation protocol for the elite chrysanthemum cultivar, ‘Arka Ravi’, in vitro cultures were established using surface-sterilised nodal microcuttings (1.0 – 1.2 cm) on semi-solid MS medium. Microbial contamination was observed in 22% of cultures during the initiation phase. Cultures that were devoid of obvious contamination were transferred to culture bottles containing MS medium supplemented with 30 g l^–1 sucrose, 2.5 g l^–1 Phytagel^® and either benzyl adenine (BA) or kinetin (KIN) supplied at 0, 1, 5, 10, or 20 µM, and were monitored, over eight in vitro passages, for their growth and microbial association. Shoot-tip and nodal microcuttings yielded a single shoot, coupled with rooting, in medium devoid of BA or KIN which was the best medium for continuous micropropagation. Rooting was inhibited with increasing concentrations of BA or KIN, and one or more shorter shoots with condensed internodes were induced, resulting in low rates of propagation. Culture indexing (i.e., testing the medium and tissue from visibly clean cultures using enriched bacteriological media) revealed quiescent endophytic bacteria associated with 80 – 100% of such cultures. Three distinct colony morphotypes were isolated and were identified as Ralstonia, Enterobacter, and Methylobacterium spp., based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. These endophytes did not interfere with normal micropropagation, but tended to grow actively and outgrow older cultures, especially at higher cytokinin concentrations. Stable micropropagation of ‘Arka Ravi’ chrysanthemum for ≥ 2 years, with their resident endophytic bacteria in a covert form, was achieved on basal MS medium with > 90% shoot growth and rooting, a four-to-five-fold propagation rate at each 2 – 3 week sub-culture cycle, and with > 90% establishment of rooted plantlets ex vitro. These results suggest that in vitro cultures of chrysanthemum often harbour endophytes with no obvious indications of their presence or with possible hidden effects during micropropagation.     

Conservation of veteran trees within historical gardens (COVE): a case study applied to Platanus orientalis L. in central Italy

Many veteran trees characterize the landscape of Mediterranean historical parks and gardens, representing unique values from ecological, cultural, social and historical points of view. The absence of natural regeneration is one of the main limits for their conservation. The main purpose of this research was to combine theoretical reasoning and practical solutions to maintain this rich tree heritage. A protocol based on an interdisciplinary approach was developed and applied to the plane trees (Platanus spp.) within the formal garden of Villa Lante of Bagnaia (Viterbo, Italy). The COVE analysis consisted of the following four phases: i) selection of veteran tree species after gathering and comparing historical information; ii) taxonomic identification based on morphological and molecular analyses; iii) tree inventory in GIS environment; and iv) vegetative propagation by woody cuttings and micropropagation.The plane trees surveyed grow on three level terraces and significantly differ in size and phytosanitary conditions according to their topographic position. Molecular analyses indicated a genetic uniformity for the plane trees studied and their memberships to P. orientalis species. This evidence suggests that all specimens belong to the original planting dating back to 1576. All individuals showed a high susceptibility to the pathogen Ceratocystis platani even though so far there is no evidence of canker stain attack. Woody cuttings from the most vigorous individual showed 80% rooting rates. In vitro micropropagation using node culture approach provided healthy plants, maintaining the genetic fidelity respect to mother plant after three years of culture. The obtained results represent a successful example of integrated research for germplasm conservation and management of veteran trees within historical villas in Central Italy.