人工降雨条件下秸秆覆盖减少水土流失的效应研究

采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究秸秆不同用量对径流、入渗和土壤侵蚀的影响.结果表明:秸秆覆盖有增加入渗和减少水土流失的作用;覆盖率大于40%条件下能有效地控制水土流失,但当覆盖度低于40%时对控制水土流失的作用不明显.在土壤含水量10%,降雨强度120 mm/h的雨强条件下,秸秆覆盖能推迟起流时间1～15min,增加累积人渗量37%～113%,减少径流总量3%～40%,减少土壤侵蚀10%～80%.     

黄土高原典型地区不同植被覆盖下坡面土壤侵蚀阈值研究

为了分析植被覆盖对黄土高原坡面水土流失的影响，量化土壤侵蚀的植被覆盖阈值，基于模拟降雨数据分析了植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀的作用机制，利用绥德、西峰、天水等黄土高原高原典型地区的野外径流小区定位观测资料，探讨了不同覆被类型下植被覆盖控制径流和土壤侵蚀的有效性，确定了不同覆被类型下植被覆盖调控径流和防治土壤侵蚀的植被覆盖下限阈值和上限阈值。结果表明：(1)植被覆盖度的提高增加了土壤入渗、减少了径流量、延缓了径流流速、增加了土壤抵抗侵蚀的能力。(2)坡面径流量随植被覆盖度呈幂函数或指数函数下降，土壤侵蚀量随植被覆盖度呈指数函数、幂函数或者对数函数下降。(3)总体而言，不同地区植被控制土壤侵蚀的下限阈值在20%～30%,上限阈值在50%～70%。(4)土壤质地、植被类型、甚至植被的根系特征对植被控制径流和土壤侵蚀的效益有重要影响。研究结果为黄土高原水土保持工作提供研究依据。     

北方土石山区坡面水土流失特征研究

[目的]揭示北方土石山区坡面水土流失规律，为山区土壤侵蚀防治和生态建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用1988—1991年坡面径流小区观测数据，运用统计和相关分析等方法，对不同下垫面条件下坡面水土流失特征进行了分析，并探讨了坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数、土壤入渗率与有效降雨量、平均降雨强度、降雨历时、降雨等级的关系。[结果](1)在5°08′～24°08′坡度范围内，坡面径流深度随坡度增加逐渐减小，土壤侵蚀模数和土壤入渗率随坡度增加逐渐增大；(2)在2.18～33.19 m坡长范围内，坡面径流深度随坡长增加逐渐减小，土壤侵蚀模数和土壤入渗率随坡长增加呈现先增后减的变化趋势，存在临界坡长；(3)随着植被覆盖度增加，坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数迅速减小，土壤入渗率逐渐增加；裸地的坡面径流深度和土壤侵蚀模数显著高于30%植被覆盖度坡面，但植被覆盖度由30%增加到60%,90%时，坡面水土流失过程的影响差异并不明显，说明在水土流失治理中存在临界植被覆盖度；(4)坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数主要受到有效降雨量和平均降雨强度影响，且均呈显著正相关；而土壤入渗率主要受到平均降雨强度和降雨历时影响，与平均降雨强度...     

人工降雨条件下秸秆覆盖及留茬的水土保持效应

通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了秸秆覆盖及留茬的水土保持效应。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和留茬均可延缓径流产生,其中5 000和3 000 kg/hm2秸秆覆盖分别能使初始产流时间延后427%和19%,而30 cm高留茬及15 cm低留茬覆盖则可分别延后初始产流时间107%和76%。5 000 kg/hm2覆盖量下累积径流量较对照减少了61.72%,土壤侵蚀量减少了86.7%;3 000 kg/hm2覆盖量下累积径流量减少了6.26%,土壤侵蚀量减少了60.1%,实施覆盖能够有效抑制水土流失,且以高覆盖量的作用效果更为显著。30 cm高留茬的土壤侵蚀量较对照减少了62.9%,15 cm低留茬覆盖减少25.6%,留茬能够有效防止土壤侵蚀,但对径流量无明显影响。     

关于聚丙烯酰胺和秸秆覆盖控制水土流失的研究

为了确定聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM )和秸秆覆盖结合使用控制水土流失的效果 ,美国土壤学家R .D .Lentz等人做了此项对比试验。试验设 5个处理 ,每个处理进行 5次灌溉。与对照相比 ,5个处理在 5次灌溉中减少侵蚀程度均达 6 4 %～ 10 0 %。其结论为 :只需提高入渗率 ,而不考虑控制侵蚀时 ,可采取高秸杆覆盖量或较小的灌溉水入流量。若为了控制侵蚀 ,而不考虑入渗时 ,可采取低秸杆覆盖量。秸秆覆盖量 +PAM处理在增加入渗方面比秸杆覆盖处理作用显著。为减少灌溉费用 ,可在灌溉 1～ 2次后 ,停止施用PAM ,且取得同样控制侵蚀效果。在秸秆覆盖量 +PAM处理中 ,当秸秆覆盖量超过 10 g/m时 ,控制侵蚀的作用不显著。因此 ,秸秆覆盖量 +PAM方案中的秸秆覆盖量取秸秆覆盖处理的 1/ 3时 ,即能达到同样的减蚀目的。     

秸秆覆盖对黄土坡面矿质氮素径流流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨试验，研究了秸秆覆盖对坡面土壤矿质氮素径流流失和入渗的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖可使侵蚀量显著减少，减沙效应十分明显。由于秸秆覆盖使坡面径流流速减弱，增加了表层土壤与地表径流的作用强度，使溶解和解吸于径流中的矿质氮素含量增加，但由径流显著减少，矿质氮流失总量仍减少。与裸地相比，秸秆覆盖可显著地增加土壤水分和硝态氮的入渗深度和入渗量。     

秸秆覆盖对西南喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园产流产沙的影响

喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园人为扰动剧烈,容易发生土壤侵蚀。秸秆覆盖是坡地常用的水土保持措施,但其在喀斯特坡地橘园的水土保持效益还不清楚。通过人工土槽模拟降雨试验,研究了水稻秸秆覆盖对喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园产流产沙的影响,试验设置了2个雨强(60 mm/h和120 mm/h)和4种水稻秸秆覆盖度(0,20%,50%和80%)。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖减小地表径流的效果受降雨强度控制。在中雨强(60 mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖可以有效降低地表径流系数。在大雨强(120 mm/h)下,只有20%覆盖度可以减少地表径流系数;(2)在中雨强(60 mm/h)条件下,20%和50%的秸秆覆盖显著增加壤中流和地下径流量; 在大雨强(120 mm/h)条件下,20%的秸秆覆盖显著增加了壤中流量,50%和80%秸秆覆盖度对壤中流量影响不显著;(3)秸秆覆盖可以有效减少地表土壤侵蚀总量,地表土壤侵蚀总量与秸秆覆盖度呈负相关。(4)秸秆覆盖减弱了地表径流的携沙能力,在50%和80%秸秆覆盖度时地表径流的携沙能力得到显著减弱。结果可为喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园合理布设秸秆覆盖措施提供科学依据。     

秸秆覆盖对岩溶区坡耕地产流产沙的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究秸秆覆盖对西南岩溶区坡耕地产流产沙的影响。试验处理按照2个雨强(63,100mm/h)和5个秸秆覆盖度水平(0,20%,50%,80%和100%)进行。结果表明:在中雨强(63mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖减少了地表径流的径流系数和径流强度,增加了壤中流径流系数和径流强度,在较大秸秆覆盖度下(50%,80%和100%),秸秆覆盖能有效减少土壤流失量;但在大雨强(100mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖导致地表径流增加并同时显著减少了壤中流,地表径流的增加同时导致土壤流失量的增加。     

秸秆覆盖对夏玉米农田土壤水分与热量影响的模拟研究

利用试验实测资料确定作物根系吸水模型和水热运移模型的参数,分别利用有限差分法对水热运移模型进行离散和迭代法对模型进行求解,通过模拟研究秸秆覆盖对夏玉米农田土壤水分和热量的影响。研究表明该模型能描述不同覆盖率条件下夏玉米生育期农田土壤水分和热量的变化规律,土壤含水率在0～40 cm逐渐减少,在40～100 cm逐渐增大;土壤温度在0～20 cm逐渐减少。不同覆盖率下土壤含水率和土壤温度的变化规律均为覆盖率150%＞覆盖率100%＞覆盖率50%＞不覆盖。可见秸秆覆盖节水和控温效果明显,为节水条件下的作物高产提     

秸秆覆盖红壤径流养分流失效益及径流剪切力影响研究

采用模拟降雨试验的方法,研究秸秆覆盖条件下红壤侵蚀效益及动力影响因素。模拟降雨强度2.0mm/min,坡度20°,径流小区(长1.5m,宽0.5m,深0.3m)条件下,供试土壤为赤红壤。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖减流效益达到69.3%,减沙效益达到99.2%;明显提高土壤的入渗速率,渗透效益达到了32%,秸秆覆盖有较好的水土保持效益。(2)秸秆覆盖有效减少径流总氮、径流溶解态氮、径流颗粒态氮、径流总磷、径流溶解态磷、径流颗粒态磷的流失,减少径流中氮流失效益均达到74%以上,减少径流中磷流失效益均达到78%以上,径流中元素流失均以溶解态氮磷元素大于颗粒态氮磷元素,秸秆覆盖减少径流中磷养分流失的效益大于氮养分的流失效益。(3)建立单位面积单位时间径流剪切力和产沙率、径流总氮、径流溶解态氮、径流颗粒态氮和径流总磷、径流溶解态磷、径流颗粒态磷流失速率的模型,初步推断径流剪切力是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素。(4)秸秆覆盖和未覆盖的临界启动径流剪切力分别为2.8N/m2和1.5N/m2。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.