Seed-borne Pathogens on Wheat (Particularly Smuts) in Turkey1

The important seed-borne diseases of wheat in Turkey are common bunt ( Tilletia caries and T. foetida ), loose smut ( Ustilago nuda tritici ), dwarf bunt ( T. contraversa ) and flag smut ( Urocystis tritici ). Seed treatment against common bunt is widely used in Turkey. The damage is about 10–15 %, sometimes 90 % in some fields where seeds are sown without treatment. About 10 % of wheat fields were infected with bunt during 1972–1974. Seed treatment with carboxin (Vitavax) is recommended against loose smut of wheat in Turkey, but has not yet been used. Some wheat varieties, especially Siirak (1593/51) wheat, are highly susceptible to loose smut. The proportion of smut-infected heads reached 30–40 % in this variety and about 32 % of wheat fields were infected with loose smut during 1972–1974. The damage was about 6 % in infected fields. Yield losses were at least 35,000 tons. Dwarf bunt is distributed at high altitude (1300–2000 m) in eastern Turkey; 2500 ha of wheat fields are infected with dwarf bunt. The disease causes 1–80 % losses in some fields. The wheat variety Yayla 305 is recommended for infected areas. Flag smut is present in some areas of Turkey, but yield losses are not important. Seed treatment is effective against seed-borne spores.     

中国条锈菌新小种条中30、31号的研究

本文报道了1991年以来对新小种条中30、31号鉴定与致病性的研究。继1991年发现对绵阳系成株小麦有致病力的、对Hybrid46有毒的新致病类型91—1,1993年又发现了新的致病类型93—1。根据它们对我国鉴别寄主的反应,命名为条中30、31号。与条中28、29号相比,新小种具有更宽毒性基因组成和更高的相对寄生适合度值,它们对我国生产品种、高代品系和重要抗源有更广的致病范围。证实两个新小种的出现和发展是绵阳系小麦抗条锈变异的主要因素,建议加强对新小种抗病育种和流行预测的研究。     

Wheat Diseases in Turkey1

Cereal crop production is one of the most important projects in the agricultural improvement programme for Turkey. Overall, wheat represents 61 % of the cereal crop. While wheat production was almost 4 million tons in 1950, this reached a limit of 10 million tons in 1970. A number of diseases continue to afflict the crop from time to time, causing heavy losses. The most important of these are: bunt ( Tilletia foetida and T. caries ), loose smut ( Ustilago nuda ), rusts ( Puccinia strilformis, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, P. recondita f. sp. tritici ), leaf blotch ( Septoria tritici ), root and foot rots ( Fusarium spp., Drechslera sorokiniana, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Alternarla alternate, Sclerotium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp.). The diseases appear all over the country. Average losses due to rusts in epidemics are estimated at about 30–35 % in the whole country. Annual losses from covered smut are about 15–20 %, and from loose smut from 0.1 % to almost 20 % depending on the weather conditions of the year, on variety and on locality. Root rots have gained importance in some places, especially in Thrace in the last few years. In addition to the above diseases, several others occur occasionally but are of minor importance: powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici ), dwarf smut ( Tilletia contraversa ), flag smut ( Urocystis tritici ), take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis ) and a wheat mosaic virus (recently observed in a province of Central Anatolia).     

小麦网腥黑穗病温室内人工接种方法的探索

小麦网腥黑穗病是由小麦网腥黑粉菌Tilletia caries引起,会导致小麦严重减产.为了获得小麦网腥黑穗病较高的发病率,本研究利用穗部接菌、土壤接菌、根部接菌3种方法进行温室内人工接种小麦.结果表明,利用穗部接菌及土壤接菌发病率分别为52.5％和10％,而根部接菌发病率仅有4％.利用穗部接菌可以获得更多的发病植株,...     

基于ISSR标记开发的一种用于小麦矮腥黑穗病菌的分子鉴定方法

 小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia controversa Kühn, 简称TCK)是小麦上的一种重要检疫性真菌。本研究利用内部简单重复序列(Inter-simple sequence repeat, ISSR)技术研究TCK及其近缘种的DNA多态性,开发了一种可靠而简单的方法用于TCK的分子鉴定。用ISSR引物P4从TCK中扩增出一条1 113 bp的特异性条带,据此设计了一对特异性引物TCKF/TCKR,在12个TCK菌株中均能扩增得到一条882 bp的特异性条带,而其他近缘种包括小麦网腥黑穗病菌(T. caries)和小麦光腥黑穗病菌(T. foetida)及相关黑粉菌的14个菌株均无扩增条带。用该特异性引物检测TCK的下限为25 μL反应体系中可检测到1 ng DNA模板。本研究开发的种特异性引物,可将TCK与其形态上相似的近缘种尤其是小麦网腥黑穗病菌准确区分开,本研究基于ISSR标记建立的小麦矮腥黑穗病菌的分子鉴定方法为腥黑粉菌的检疫提供了一种便捷的方法,是对现有分子鉴定方法的一个补充。     

小麦条锈菌生理小种条中32号及水源14致病类型在甘肃的流行与发展趋势

小麦条锈菌新毒性小种的产生与发展是造成条锈病大流行及品种抗锈性丧失的主导因素。1999～2004年采用条锈菌生理小种变异监测、致病性及寄生适合度测定、毒谱分析、哺育品种调查等方法,对条中32号及水源14致病类型的流行预测进行了系统研究。结果表明,条中32号及水源14致病类型已经成为甘肃省第一、二位优势小种,两小种毒性谱宽、致病力强、寄生适合度高、哺育品种面积大,其流行趋势已超过条中31号,将继31号后成为危害甘肃省小麦生产的流行小种。小麦条锈菌毒性群体结构已进入以条中32号和水源14致病类型为代表的Hybrid46和水源11致病类群占优势的新时期,这也对全国小麦条锈菌群体组成产生重要影响。     

Identification and Differentiation of Tilletia indica and T. walkeri Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction

ABSTRACT Karnal bunt of wheat, caused by Tilletia indica, was found in regions of the southwestern United States in 1996. Yield losses due to Karnal bunt are slight, and the greatest threat of Karnal bunt to the U.S. wheat industry is the loss of its export market. Many countries either prohibit or restrict wheat imports from countries with Karnal bunt. In 1997, teliospores morphologically resembling T. indica were isolated from bunted ryegrass seeds and wheat seed washes. Previously developed PCR assays failed to differentiate T. indica from the recently discovered ryegrass pathogen, T. walkeri. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.3 kb region of mitochondrial DNA, previously amplified by PCR only from T. indica, was determined for three isolates of T. indica and three isolates of T. walkeri. There was greater than 99% identity within either the T. indica group or the T. walkeri group of isolates, whereas there was =3% divergence between isolates of these two Tilletia species. Five sets of PCR primers were made specific to T. indica, and three sets were designed specifically for T. walkeri based upon nucleotide differences within the mitochondrial DNA region. In addition, a 212 bp amplicon was developed as a target sequence in a fluorogenic 5' nuclease PCR assay using the TaqMan system for the detection and discrimination of T. indica and T. walkeri.     

生物间遗传学在水稻品种与稻瘟病菌相互作用研究中的应用

 苗期鉴定了鉴别品种和33个品种对59个菌株的反应。用生物间遗传学的方法,探讨了稻瘟病菌致病力的变异和品种的抗病性及抗病品种的利用价值。结果表明,同一生理小种对鉴别品种以外的品种的致病力不完全一致,回接21个菌株有8个(38.9%)不能使来源品种感病;测定品种对多菌种反应的毒力频率比测定抗小种数更有意义。当家品种汕优63、汕优64,红突31等毒力频率均低于0.3,抗性较好。     

Incidence and pathogenicity of races and isolates of Verticillium dahliae in Crete, southern Greece

Classification of 32 Verticillium dahliae isolates originating from 19 plant species in eight different botanical families to races and determination of host range pathogenicity were carried out. The physiological races of isolates were identified using the two differential tomato cultivars ??Belladonna?? (susceptible to both races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae) and ??Ace 55VF?? (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2 of V. dahliae). Among these isolates, 14 were race 2 (43.8%), 12 race 1 (37.5%) and six nonpathogenic (18.7%) on tomato. The host range pathogenicity of isolates was determined using four differential hosts (eggplant, turnip, tomato (Ve ^? ) and sweet pepper). Among isolates, five were pathogenic to both eggplant and turnip (15.6%), 21 to eggplant, turnip and tomato (65.6%), five to eggplant, turnip, tomato and sweet pepper (15.6%) and one was pathogenic to eggplant, turnip and sweet pepper (3.2%). The pathogenicity of isolates on the aforementioned five hosts was investigated on the basis of external symptoms and by calculating the relative areas under disease progress curves (relative AUDPC). Results showed that eggplant was the most susceptible, followed by turnip and tomato cv. Belladonna, while sweet pepper and tomato cv. Ace 55VF were less susceptible to all the isolates used. The pathogenicity of isolates varied from highly to mildly virulent on eggplant and turnip while on Belladonna, Ace 55VF and sweet pepper it varied from highly virulent to nonpathogenic. Belladonna exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae, but was more susceptible than Ace 55VF to race 2. Interestingly, the isolates originating from eggplant were clearly more virulent than those originating from tomato and black nightshade on all solanaceous plants tested.     

Pathogenic and molecular diversity in highly virulent populations of the parasitic weed Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) from Europe

The parasitic weed Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) constrains sunflower production in eastern and southern Europe and in the Middle East. Although genetic resistance is the most effective control method, new parasite races evolve overcoming sunflower resistance. In this work, highly virulent populations of O. cumana were analysed for pathogenicity and genetic diversity. The virulence of 11 populations from Hungary, Romania, Spain and Turkey was assessed and compared after infection of sunflower inbred lines to differentiate races of the parasite under glasshouse conditions. Molecular diversity among and within 27 parasite populations was studied by RAPD‐PCR, UPGMA and amova analyses. Highly virulent race F was identified in Hungary, Spain and Turkey. The most virulent race (G) was also found in Turkey. The molecular analysis among highly virulent populations of O. cumana identified four molecular clusters, respectively, grouping populations from Central Spain, Hungary, South Spain and Turkey. The genetic homogeneity within parasite populations was confirmed, since no molecular divergences were found within them. This work constitutes the first geographical study of O. cumana together with pathogenicity and molecular traits inherent to each geographical group, and provides useful information for possible phylogenetic analyses of O. cumana. In addition, molecular markers associated with geographical origin could be developed and used as diagnostic tools to track new broomrape introductions into areas free of virulent races where they might represent a threat to sunflower production.     

小麦秆锈菌不同小种间竞争能力的研究

本试验首次在小麦成株期把我国致病力较弱的优势小种21C3和致病力较强的低频或稀有小种34C2、34C4及116的新鲜夏孢子等量混合后,在长江流域选出的8个感病品种上继代转接。试验结果表明:温室转接5代与田间重复侵染3代后,小种21C3出现频率显著上升,小种34C2频率明显下降,小种34C4和116则下降更快,甚至完全消失。小种21C3与34C2、34C4和116相比或小种34C2与34C4和116相比,其出现频率都表现极显著差异。而小种34C4和116之间则差异不明显。说明小种21C3致病力虽不强,但竞争能力最强,故在自然界能维持优势;34C2竞争能力弱于21C3,但强于34C4和116,而且致病力较强,故在自然界也能维持一定数量。小种34C4和116致病力虽强,但竞争能力极弱,因此在自然界数量极少。     

Susceptibility of European bread and durum wheat cultivars to Tilletia indica

Representative European wheat cultivars were tested under quarantine containment for their susceptibility to Tilletia indica, the cause of Karnal bunt of wheat. Fifteen winter and 15 spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and 11 durum wheat ( Triticum durum ) cultivars were inoculated by boot injection just prior to ear emergence to test their physiological susceptibility. Selected cultivars were then re-tested by spray inoculation after ear emergence to determine their morphological susceptibility, which is a better predictor of field susceptibility. At maturity, the ears and seeds were assessed for incidence and severity of disease. For the physiological susceptibility tests, 13/15 winter wheat cultivars were infected and the percentage of infected seeds ranged from 1 to 32%. For spring cultivars, 13/15 cultivars were infected and the percentage of infected seeds ranged from 1 to 48%. For the durum cultivars, 9/11 were infected and the percentage of infected seeds ranged from 2 to 95%. Across all cultivars, 35/41 were infected. Based on historical Karnal bunt susceptibility categories using coefficients of infection, one cultivar was classed as highly susceptible, three as susceptible, 11 as moderately susceptible, 20 as resistant and only six as highly resistant. The spray-inoculation morphological susceptibility tests broadly confirmed the physiological susceptibility results, although lower levels of infection were observed. Overall, the range of susceptibility was similar to that found in cultivars grown in Karnal bunt affected countries. The results demonstrate that European wheat cultivars are susceptible to T. indica and thus could potentially support the establishment of T. indica if introduced into Europe.     

Survival of Tilletia indica teliospores under European soil conditions

As part of developing a European Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for Tilletia indica , the causal agent of Karnal bunt of wheat, teliospore survival studies were done outside under quarantine containment at three European sites (Norway, UK, Italy). At each site, experiments were set up in three consecutive years (Experiments 1, 2 & 3) to determine teliospore survival over time (1–3 years) at 5, 10 and 20 cm depths. Experiments were sampled annually and survival assessed in relation to teliospore recovery and to germination at recovery (T0) and 3 months after recovery in case of burial-induced dormancy ( T3 ). Teliospores survived at all three sites at all depths over all the time periods studied. At each site, there was no evidence of a marked decline in teliospore recovery between sampling years, except in one set of years in one Norwegian experiment. There was no consistent effect of depth on recovery. In general there was little evidence for a marked decline in teliospore germination between sampling years. There was some evidence of a decrease in germination with increasing depth in the UK, and for some time-depth interactions. After 3 years' incubation (Experiment 1), mean teliospore recovery and mean germination were: UK: 61% recovery and 31% ( 33% ) germination for T0 (and T3 ); Italy: 30% recovery and 36% ( 29% ) germination; and Norway: 12% recovery and 19% ( 49% ) germination. Germination for laboratory controls ranged from 20–59% (UK), 18–41% (Italy) and 28–59% (Norway). There was no evidence for burial-induced dormancy except in Norway. Teliospores of T. indica can survive for at least three years in European soils. This prolonged period of survival could support establishment of the pathogen if it were introduced into areas of European cereal production.     

腥黑粉菌属3种检疫性真菌rDNA-IGS区的扩增及其序列分析

 为了发掘腥黑粉菌属检疫性真菌的特异性分子标记,本研究对来自不同地区的3种检疫性腥黑粉菌:小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia controversa)、小麦网腥黑穗病菌(T. caries)和小麦光腥黑穗病菌(T. foetida)的IGS区进行了PCR扩增和序列测定,其IGS1和IGS2区的长度分别为1 511~1 513bp和1 196~1 199bp,G+C含量分别为52.6%和49.0%。用DNA-MAN软件进行比对分析发现,这3种真菌在IGS1区存在不同程度的多态性,而IGS2区的保守性很强,没有特异性的碱基位点存在。依据它们在IGS1区序列的差异,设计了一对特异性引物,可用于T. foetida的分子检测,这是首次利用分子生物学技术对该菌进行鉴定。     

2006-2010年陕西省小麦条锈菌生理小种变化动态

为了系统监测陕西省小麦条锈菌生理小种变化动态,2006-2010年采用全国通用的19个鉴别寄主对采自陕西省8个市(区)27个县(区)的1 065份条锈菌标样以及甘肃省天水地区的100份标样进行了鉴定。共监测到已知生理小种(致病类型)30个,分别是条中17、20、21、22、23、27、28、29、30、31、32、33号,Hybrid46类群的HY-4、5、6、7、8、9,水源11类群的水11-1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、10、11、12和13。其中,条中33号和32号分布范围广,出现频率高,致病性强,为陕西省优势流行小种。其次为水11-4、水11-5、水11-7和条中31号。条中31号之前的小种出现频率低,而且年度间不稳定,已成为次要小种或稀有小种。因此,目前陕西省小麦抗条锈病育种应以条中33号和32号为主要对象,兼顾水11-4、水11-5、水11-7和条中31号。     

Prevalence and Control of Septoria Leaf Blotch in the Aegean Region1

While a number of common wheat diseases are well controlled in Turkey, Septoria leaf blotch (due to Septoria tritici ) has been gaining in importance in Turkey since 1967, when the Mexican wheat varieties were first imported. Surveys in six locations in the Aegean Region in April-May 1975–1977 showed that S. tritici was common throughout the region. In 1978, trials with four fungicides (mancozeb, benomyl, carbendazim in two formulations) in eight combinations showed that threefold treatment with benomyl was most effective. However, a better economic return was obtained with two applications of Derosan. The first application can usefully be combined with normal weed control.     

Soil-borne spores as a source of inoculum for wheat bunt (Tilletia caries)

Wheat bunt ( Tilletia caries ) has previously been controlled in the UK by routine seed treatment with organomercury. Recent examples are presented of unusual levels of infection due to soil-borne inoculum. The recent infections may be due to unusually dry weather, favouring the survival of spores in the soil, or to the presence of a more persistent strain of T. caries.     

Susceptibility of Wheat to Tilletia indica During Stages of Spike Development

ABSTRACT Karnal bunt of wheat is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica, which partially converts kernels into sori filled with teliospores. Despite minor overall yield and quality losses, the disease is of considerable international quarantine concern. Plant development stages reported susceptible to infection vary considerably. A study was designed to better define the susceptibility period by inoculating wheat spikes at different growth stages with naturally liberated secondary sporidia under optimal conditions for disease development. Spikes of a resistant and susceptible cultivar were inoculated at eight growth stages from awns emerging to soft dough. Spikes became susceptible only after emerging from the boot and continued to be susceptible up to soft dough stage at which low levels of disease occurred. Disease severity in both cultivars peaked when spikes were inoculated after complete emergence, but before the onset of anthesis. Disease levels tapered off gradually in spikes inoculated after anthesis. The results broaden the known susceptibility period of wheat to T. indica to include stages long after anthesis, and indicate that infection from airborne inoculum is not possible during boot or awns emerging stages, which are commonly referred to as the most susceptible stages.     

Physiologic races ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis in the southeastern anatolia region of turkey and varietal reactions to races of the pathogen

Thirty-four isolates ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (F.o.m.) obtained from 205 fields in melon-producing areas in the southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey were identified on the basis of colony morphology and pathogenicity by the root dip method. In this region the mean prevalence of wilt disease was 88.1% and the mean incidence of disease was 47.5%. Physiologic races 0, 1, 2, and 1,2 of the pathogen were determined by their reactions on differential melon cultivars ‘Charentais T,’ ‘Isoblon’, ‘Isovac’ and ‘Margot’ in the greenhouse. Race 1,2, representating 58.8% (20/34) of all isolates, was widely distributed. Of the other pathogenic isolates, eight were identified as race 0, five as race 1, and one as race 2. This is the first report of physiologic races ofF.o.m. in Turkey. Of 44 melon cultivars tested in the greenhouse for resistance toF.o.m. races, 36 were found to be moderately resistant to race 0, 17 were susceptible to race 1,2, 34.1% were highly resistant to race 1, and 52.2% had moderate resistance to race 2. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 16, 2002.