Rules for participation and negotiation and their possible influence on the content of a National Forest Programme

The participation of stakeholders in National Forest Programmes (NFPs) was internationally recommended by the IPF and IFF Proposals for Action. However, where rules for participation and negotiation are absent, unclear or unsuitable, substantive stakeholder involvement may be impeded. Starting from a survey of some relevant elements of rational choice, game, and negotiation theory, the paper outlines some of the problems associated with the concept of participation. Specifically, it discusses how NFP results may be influenced by the selection of participants, their self-organisation, their possible involvement in hierarchies, by co-ordination and decision rules within NFP discussion groups, and by the interrelation of these issues with participants’ bargaining power. The paper discusses how negotiations can be organised in order to surmount the obstacles to achieving a substantive participatory NFP.     

平和天马国有林场可持续经营的探讨

平和天马国有林场从场情出发 ,调整林种结构、产业结构 ,发展多种成份经济 ,增强了林场综合实力。并对国有林场可持续经营的途径、存在问题及对策进行探讨     

Do “stakeholders” represent citizen interests? An empirical inquiry into assessments of policy aims in the National Forest Programme for Germany

Participatory National Forest Programmes (NFPs) intend to democratise forest sector policy, but they may suffer from a fundamental democratic legitimisation deficit since the stakeholders involved are neither democratically authorised nor accountable to the population. In order to scrutinise the empirical relevance of this problem in the case of the German NFP, it is analysed how the German population on the one hand and the NFP participants on the other hand assess central forest policy aims of the NFP, and how far both assessments coincide. Two surveys based on identical questionnaires are used as the data base. The respondents assessed the importance of the respective aims as well as at their implementation. Results show that the population considers the majority of the NFP aims to be generally relevant, but assesses the majority of the aims significantly differently from the stakeholders. The formal legitimisation deficit of the German NFP therefore also matters in terms of content. Discussing the NFP among the elected representatives and in the public seems indispensable.Moreover, the differences in the assessment of some policy aims are significantly dependent on how people judge the image of forest enterprises between the opposing poles of profit orientation and nature protection. Public acceptance of those aims could be furthered more appropriately by adjusting the partly incorrect image of forestry rather than by providing more information about the particular aims and their background.     

腊洋林场森林资源可持续发展存在的问题和对策

在分析了腊洋林场森林资源可持续发展中存在的问题和原因的基础上,提出了保护森林、营林管理、调整发展战略、优化结构等可持续发展的思路和对策。     

天保地区森林资源保护与社会经济发展的冲突及其成因

天保工程的实施对天保地区的生态、经济与社会产生了综合影响，同时与利益相关者也产生了一些矛盾和冲突，主要表现在：天然林保护与森林经营者之间，天然林保护与林业管理体制之间，天然林保护与林区干部、职工、林农观念之间等。形成这些冲突的原因是错综复杂的。但从主要层面分析，天然林保护的外部性是冲突产生的客观原因，天然林保护理念的绝对化是冲突产生的根源，国家采取的强制性制度变迁是冲突产生的制度原因。此外，林业管理体制僵化和产权交易机制不健全则分别是国有和集体天然林地区冲突产生的关键。     

宁德市国有林场现状与可持续发展对策

论述了宁德市国有林场的现状、存在问题 ,并对其可持续发展对策进行初步探讨。     

Forest parks and sustainable development of ecotourism in China

IntfoduchonSinal 1935, the science of ecology has become animPOtent Subjed. With the rapid groWth of the internedon'al economy affer WOrld War 11 and increasedindusfoalhation, some west6rn countries raised the' slogeds of "eCOIOgy awake" and "back to nature" inthe 1960s. In keeping with that theme, many kinds ofeCOIOeyXiriented parks were estsblished (e.g., forestP8rks, natUre perks, and national parks, Deng 1997).By ac 19905, 6COtourism had grown so rapidly that ithad ~e the one of …     

森林认证与黑龙江森工林区的可持续发展

本文讨论了森林认证与森工林区可持续发展的关系，介绍了森林认证的基本情况，认为森林认证是市场经济下促进森工林区可持续发展的有效机制。研究、引入、创建符合森工林区可持续发展要求的森林认证体系意义重大。     

城市森林是赤峰市中心城市可持续发展最有生命力的基础建设

文章从推进城市可持续发展、建设宜居城市和提高城市综合竞争力等方面,论述了城市森林在城市基础建设中所具有的重要性,提出了城市森林建设应注重的问题。       

入世条件下林业可持续发展问题的探讨

世界贸易组织(简称WTO)，作为处理世界自由贸易机制的国际组织，允许为可持续发展和保护自由贸易和环境选择利用世界自然资源。中国作为世界贸易组织成员国，签定入世议定书，入世后中国在林业的可持续发展方面受到世界贸易组织的条约和原则的制约和挑战。中国的林业资源应当作为基础资源加以保护，政府的行政管理职能在世界贸易组织的原则下加以改革。因此，中国林业的可持续发展的目．标是优先处理环境保护和经济发展的关系。在入世条件下，按照世界惯例，中国林业资源可持续发展问题瞄准中国林业体制改革，以便适用中国天然林业战略，依靠科技进步依法保护中国环境，特别是在中国林业保护和处理环境和自然资源等关系方面。依据世界贸易组织的协议和规则，建立林业的生态化体系，尤其是GATT20条的规定，保护中国林业可持续发展，为中国林业创建国际环境。表1参21。     

塞罕坝国家森林公园生态旅游发展环境分析

森林公园发展生态旅游适应现代旅游的发展趋势。生态旅游发展环境决定着公园发展生态旅游质量。对塞罕坝国家森林公园生态旅游发展环境进行研究,客观面对环境优势和劣势,把握发展机遇,为实现公园又好又快发展提供理论基础。     

塞罕坝国家森林公园森林生态旅游发展策略的研究

从森林生态旅游发展趋势出发,结合塞罕坝国家森林公园森林旅游发展现状,分析了该公园森林生态旅游的内涵,提出了加快发展其生态旅游的策略。     

森林资源的保护、利用及其持续发展的研究

本论述了森林资源与环境的关系以及世界森林资源的利用现状；并通过阐述和解释可持续发展的科学内涵，构建了森林资源持续发展的可行性方案和树立可持续发展的资源观。     

德兴市国家重点生态公益林中幼林抚育及低效林改造探讨

国家重点生态公益林是以保护和改善人类环境、保护生态平衡、保存物种资源、科学实验、森林旅游、国土保安等需要为主要经营目标的森林,直接关系到国家安全,生态安全和广大人民群众的根本利益。     

论可持续发展下的森林资源保护与管理

可持续发展是一种科学、合理的发展思想,它要求在飞速发展经济的过程中,借助于生态环境以及资源实现可持续的最终目的.在资源较多、人口较多的国家,可持续发展可以帮助国家实现经济飞速发展以及生态环境整治.基于此,首先探讨了国内森林资源发展的具体现状,然后提出了有效的保护措施,这为保障生态环境改善与森林资源持续增长提供了参考借鉴...     

林业资源利用存在的冲突和缓解途径研究

本文阐述了林业可持续发展中林业资源利用容易产生的7种冲突类型，针对这些冲突类型，应用综合分析的方法，剖析了冲突产生的原因和冲突的形成过程，同时，指出林业可持续发展中缓解冲突的6种途径。     

Capacity building to advance the United Nations sustainable development goals: An overview of tools and approaches related to sustainable land management

The United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) provide an ambitious and comprehensive framework for addressing the development needs on a global, regional, and national scale. In order for the SDG targets to be obtainable, diverse stakeholders need the technical, institutional, and organizational capacity to implement the wide variety of initiatives covered under these goals. Inspired by a 2016 workshop, this article synthesizes capacity-building themes and strategies for the following approaches to sustainable development, specifically related to forestry, restoration, agriculture, and other forms of land management. Using three case studies from the authors’ experience, we present approaches to building local capacity for sustainable land management (SLM) in the tropics. These projects have taken different steps in order to build technical and leadership capacity as well as develop management or financial skills, and offer insight into various approaches that may be used in order to improve the effectiveness and long-term impact of SLM efforts. By presenting a range of tools and approaches to capacity building, the authors hope that this synthesis can serve as a valuable guide for the development of diverse capacity-building initiatives required to meet the SDGs.     

探索国有林场经营发展新模式

结合明溪国有林场的实际经营情况 ,分析了建场 4 0多年来国有林场的森林资源培育、经营管理状况 ,提出了发展新对策。     

上饶市国家公益林划分结果分析和经营措施探讨

结合当地的社会经济发展状况、国家公益林的生态区位、重点防护林和特种用途林的比重、林种结构等方面，综合分析了上饶市2001年国家公益林区划认定结果，并根据所划定的国家公益林的结果，提出了今后管理和保护好国家公益林的具体措施。     

塞罕坝国家森林公园旅游发展特征及发展战略的研究

森林旅游已经从传统的资源经济进入到了体验经济时代。近年来,塞罕坝国家森林公园的森林旅游业发展迅猛,经济效益和社会效益不断提高。但是,在经济转型期,我们需要对过去的发展历程进行认真的总结和分析,认识和解决制约经济转型发展中的瓶颈问题,使塞罕坝的森林旅游得到更快更好的发展。本文简要总结了塞罕坝国家森林公园发展的主要特征和市场反馈,分析了当前公园存在的主要问题,提出了加快公园建设的三项战略思想。