鸡眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗的点眼免疫应答 Ⅰ.局部体液免疫应答

本研究采用 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ、免疫组织化学方法、病理组织学方法对鸡眼区相关淋巴组织在鸡新城疫（ Ｎｅｗ ｃａｓｔｌｅ Ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ， Ｎ Ｄ）疫苗点眼免疫后的局部体液免疫应答进行了研究。研究发现， Ｌａｓｏｔａ 系 Ｎ Ｄ 疫苗点眼免疫后鸡眼区相关淋巴组织（ Ｈｅａｄａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ Ｌｙｍ ｐｈｏｉｄ Ｔｉｓｓｕｅ， Ｈ Ａ Ｌ Ｔ）对 Ｎ Ｄ 疫苗可产生高效的局部体液免疫应答：①免疫组泪液和血清中 Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ特异性 Ｉｇ Ａ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ 抗体及哈氏腺（ Ｈａｒｄｅｒｉａｎ Ｇｉａｎｄ， Ｈ Ｇ）中 Ｉｇ Ａ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ 型浆细胞出现较对照组早，且抗体滴度及浆细胞数量均极显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。免疫组泪液和血清中 Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ特异性 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体滴度及哈氏腺中 Ｉｇ Ｇ 型浆细胞数量也均极显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１），且哈氏腺中 Ｉｇ Ｇ 型浆细胞的出现早于对照组；②点眼免疫后泪液中 Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ特异性 Ｉｇ Ａ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ抗体出现较血清中的早，且抗体滴度也显著高于血清中（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）；③ Ｌａｓｏｔａ 系 Ｎ Ｄ苗点眼免疫后可使结膜相关淋巴组织的形成和发育明显提前，免疫组结膜相关淋巴组织中的淋巴滤泡数量极显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．     

鸡眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗点眼免疫频答：Ⅱ.眼区局部T淋巴细？…

本研究采用流式细胞仪技术对鸡眼区相关淋巴组织在鸡新城疫疫苗点眼免疫后的局部Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的变化进行了研究，研究发现，ＬａＳｏｔａ等疫苗点眼免疫后眼区相关淋巴组织对ＮＤ疫苗可产生良好的细胞免疫应答。免疫组结膜相关淋巴组织和哈氏腺中ＣＤ＾４＋和和ＣＮＨＮＸＬＥＱＯＶＪＧＧＦ ＵＴＨ ＱＫＱ ＲＧ ＮＦＧＫＴＡＫ ＹＭ 。ＱＫＵＭＡＤＷＥＵＪ ＃粒模? ＤＪ ＷＶ ＸＸ ＷＹＮＫＪＧ ＪＥＪＯＹＭ ＧＦ     

马立克氏病疫苗免疫后鸡免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

本实验分别用马立克氏病（ＭＤ）三价苗和ＨＶＴ疫苗肌肉注射免疫１日龄雏鸡，在１０、２０、４０、６０和９０日龄以兔抗鸡ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ重链抗血清为一抗，用彩色免疫金银染色法检测法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞的动态变化。结果发现：雏鸡ＭＤ疫苗免疫后，法氏囊和脾脏的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞较对照鸡显著增多，盲肠扁桃体以ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞为主、哈德尔腺以ＩｇＧ抗体生成细胞居多的三种抗体生成细胞数量均明显升高；三价苗免疫鸡的抗体生成细胞显著多于ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫鸡。说明ＭＤ疫苗免疫鸡全身免疫器官、呼吸道和消化道相关局部免疫组织的体液免疫反应显著增强，三价苗免疫鸡的体液免疫应答水平明显高于ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫鸡。     

鸡结膜结合淋巴组织的超微结构及其摄取抗原功能研究

１３２只２５日龄雏鸡的眼结膜结合淋巴组织（Ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖａ－ＡｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄＬｙｍｐｈｏｉｄＴｉｓｓｕｅ，ＣＡＬＴ），通过光镜、扫描电镜和透视电镜观察其组织细胞结构特征，使用不同示踪物（辣根过氧化物酶、碳和酵母菌）研究其摄取抗原功能．结果表明鸡ＣＡＬＴ主要位于下眼睑近侧端结膜穹窿处。扫描电镜下，覆盖淋巴组织表面的扁平上皮细胞呈多边形，表面积大，晶格状排列，微绒毛粗短而不规则，细胞之间连结紧密，偶见杯状细胞开日。透视电镜下，鸡ＣＡＬＴ上皮由浓染和淡染的两种扁平上皮细胞组成。浓染上皮细胞微绒毛多，胞浆多突，空泡丰富、胞核不规则。淡染上皮细胞微绒毛极少，表面多微褶，胞浆小有多量微丝，核圆形或椭圆形。上皮层内散见淋巴细胞。上皮基底膜下的淋巴组织中具有高内皮小静脉。手术封闭的结膜腔内注入示踪物试验证明，鸡ＣＡＬＴ具有摄取和传递抗原功能，示踪物均出现在ＣＡＬＴ内。辣根过氧化物酶可见于巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞中。研究结果表明：鸡ＣＡＬＴ是粘胶免疫系统的组成成分，是点眼免疫时抗原的摄取部位，在眼区粘膜免疫中起重要作用。     

鸡眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗点眼免疫应答Ⅱ.眼区局部T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

本研究采用流式细胞仪技术对鸡眼区相关淋巴组织(HALT)在鸡新城疫疫苗点眼免疫后的局部T淋巴细胞亚群的变化进行了研究。研究发现,LaSota 系ND疫苗点眼免疫后眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗可产生良好的细胞免疫应答。免疫组结膜相关淋巴组织(CALT)和哈氏腺(HG)中CD4 T及CD8 T淋巴细胞数量于首免后迅速升高。免疫期间其百分比含量明显高于非免疫组,到40 日龄时,有恢复到正常值的趋势。     

雏鸡感染马立克氏病病毒后免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

以马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）感染１日龄肉用雏鸡，在感染后５、２５、４５ｄ采取法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺，用彩色免疫金银染色法检查免疫器官组织中ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化。结果：ＭＤＶ感染雏鸡的法氏囊、脾脏和哈德尔腺中以ＩｇＧ抗体生成细胞居多，ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞均较正常对照鸡显著减少；盲肠扁桃体中以ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞居多，ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体生成细胞数量显著低于正常对照鸡。由此表明，ＭＤＶ感染鸡全身免疫器官和消化道、呼吸道局部粘膜体液免疫机能明显抑制。     

鸡马立克氏病免疫抑制机理的研究

用马立克氏病强毒（ｖＭＤＶ）感染１日龄健康ＡＡ雏鸡，在感染后５、２５、４５日检测其胸腺、脾脏Ｔ细胞白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）诱生活性、ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）表达及Ｔ细胞增殖功能，胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠、扁桃体、肺支气管粘膜淋巴组织及哈德尔腺中α－萘酚酯酶阳性Ｔ细胞、酸性磷酸酶阳性Ｔ细胞、抗体生成细胞数量，外周血液中Ｔ细胞数量、ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量及泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中ＩｇＡ．ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ含量的动态变化。揭示了感染鸡细胞因子ＩＬ－２的免疫调节发生障碍，中枢与外周免疫器官的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能呈现抑制，呼吸道与消化道的局部免疫防御功能明显降低。     

NDV单苗,NDV／IBV联苗对鸡头部相关淋巴组织的影响

本文选用１０株ＮＤＶ疫苗、１０株ＮＤＶ／ＩＢＶ联苗，察接种２周龄雏鸡后对头部相关淋巴组织（ＨＡＬＴ）的影响。通过对接种鸡进行一系列体内试验，检测了哈德氏腺（ＧＨ）对布氏杆菌灭活抗原滴眼的反应情况。根据这一结果，对ＨＡＬＴ的几个部位和支气管进行组织学检查，并见到有微观变化。本研究表明：３种ＮＤＶ／ＩＢＶ联苗（１株Ｂ１／Ｍａｓｓ＆Ｃｏｎｎ、２株ＬａＳｏｔａ／Ｍａｓｓ＆Ｃｏｎｎ）可干扰ＧＨ对布氏抗原的反     

切除结膜结合淋巴组织鸡对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫反应Ⅱ.组织学与免疫组织化学研究

60只1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为A、B、C三组。A组于1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。A、B两组于12日龄时结扎鼻泪管，用新城疫克隆30苗点眼。C组为对照组。23日龄分别采取其CALT和哈德氏腺，比较观察其组织细胞。结果，1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜后造成鸡CALT缺失，点眼免疫后，哈氏腺的免疫细胞也较正常免疫鸡少，而正常接种ND克隆30（B组）后，CALT发生早，生长快，淋巴细胞数量多，故本实验证实CALT对哈氏腺免疫细胞的数量与成分有一定的调控作用。CALT缺失鸡是研究黏膜免疫系统比较理想的模型。     

鸡结膜结合淋巴组织（CALT）对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫应答

１８０只１日龄公雏平均分成Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组。Ａ组于１日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。Ａ、Ｂ两组于１０日龄和２０日龄用鸡新城疫Ⅱ系（ＮＤⅡ）弱毒疫苗点眼首免和二免，Ｃ组为对照组。定期收集泪液、血清、ＣＡＬＴ和哈德氏腺，比较观察其抗体ＨＩ效价消长规律与免疫组织细胞变化特点。结果，Ｃ组非免鸡泪液ＨＩ效价比血清ＨＩ效价稍低，１０至３４日龄均呈直线下降，３４至４８日龄维持在极低的水平上（１．２￣２Ｌｏｇ２）。Ｂ组点眼     

Immunoglobulin classes synthesised by the chicken Harderian gland after local immunisation.

The immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in tears and sera were compared after antigen administration (salmonella O antigen) by eyedrop and injection into the nictitating membrane, to determine the Ig classes synthesised by the plasma cells in the chicken Harderian gland. Samples of tears and sera were collected from immunised and control birds between 24 hours and 24 days after the antigen or sterile saline was administered. Samples were assayed for IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations using radial immunodiffusion. It is suggested that most of the IgG found in tears after local immunisation has an extraglandular origin.     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后局部粘膜免疫功能的变化

雏鸡1日龄感染鸡贫血病毒（CAV），8日龄接种Lasota疫苗，以未感染免疫雏鸡为对照，于免疫后7、14、28d检测其哈德尔腺和盲肠扁桃体T细胞及IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ 抗体生成细胞数量，泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中IgG、IgM、IgA含量以及泪液、胆汁HI抗体滴度的动态变化。揭示了感染CAV雏鸡接种ND疫苗免疫后哈德尔腺、盲肠扁桃体的T细胞和IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ 抗体生成细胞数量，泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量以及泪液、胆汁HI抗体滴度，均较未感染免疫雏鸡明显减少。表明眼部、呼吸道和消化道局部粘膜免疫防御能力减弱。     

Role of the harderian gland in immunoglobulin A production in chicken lacrimal fluid

The role of the Harderian gland (HG) in the production of immunoglobulin, especially IgA, was investigated. Lacrimal immunoglobulin almost disappeared after surgical removal of the HG and immunoglobulin produced by HG cells was detected in saliva but not in the trachea. Immunoglobulin production occurred in HG cell culture in vitro and it consisted mostly of IgA; the production of IgM and IgG was very low. These findings indicate that lacrimal IgA is produced locally in the HG and lacrimal IgG and IgM are mostly transported from the blood.     

Morphologic characterization of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in chickens.

Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in the eyelids of chickens was studied by gross, histologic, and electron microscopic techniques. Structural features were characterized at 1 day of age and at posthatching week (PHW) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16. Beginning at PHW 1, prominent lymphoid nodules containing a heterogenous population of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and macrophages were first observed within conjunctival folds and fissures of the lower eyelid. Nodules contained germinal centers by PHW 2 and plasma cells by PHW 4. The epithelium associated with these nodules was flat, had short, irregular microvilli, contained intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lacked goblet cells. High endothelial venules were located at the base of lymphoid nodules and contained lymphocytes within and below the cuboidal endothelium. In the upper eyelid, CALT was morphologically similar to lymphoid tissue in the lower eyelid, but nodules were smaller and more random, lacked association with epithelial folds and fissures, and were clustered around the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. By PHW 12, CALT was characterized by basal germinal centers outlined by collagenous stroma, suprafollicular plasma cells, columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and fewer intraepithelial lymphocytes. On the basis of these features, CALT in chickens has morphologic characteristics similar to other components of the mucosal immune system and, therefore, may have a role in mucosal immunity.     

Quantification of particle uptake by conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in chickens

Tracer particle uptake by conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) was quantified in the lower eyelids of 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-week-old broiler chickens. CALT was measured histologically by computerized image analysis in all birds and in additional 1-day-old and 16-week-old chickens not subjected to uptake assessment. Suspensions of carbon or iron oxide were placed in contact with CALT for 5, 15, or 30 minutes (contact time). After eyelid removal, tracer uptake was scored by light microscopy, CALT was measured, and a mathematically derived uptake index was evaluated statistically. At each age examined, computer-generated measurements showed a significant increase in the proportion of CALT lymphoepithelium within proximal eyelids. Within the conjunctival sites evaluated, tracer uptake was significantly greater in lymphoepithelium than in non-lymphoepithelium at all ages and at all contact times. Uptake increased significantly between 3 and 5 weeks of age and between 5 and 15 minutes of tracer contact. Based on these uptake data for CALT in chickens, a minimal age-specific maturity is suggested that may influence function in mucosal immunity.     

切除结膜结合淋巴组织鸡对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫反应 Ⅱ.组织学与免疫组织化学研究

60只 1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为 A、B、C三组。A组于 1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。A、B两组于 12日龄时结扎鼻泪管 ,用新城疫克隆 30苗点眼。C组为对照组。 2 3日龄分别采取其 CAL T和哈德氏腺 ,比较观察其组织细胞。结果 ,1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜后造成鸡 CAL T缺失 ,点眼免疫后 ,哈氏腺的免疫细胞也较正常免疫鸡少 ,而正常接种 ND克隆 30 (B组 )后 ,CAL T发生早 ,生长快 ,淋巴细胞数量多 ,故本实验证实 CAL T对哈氏腺免疫细胞的数量与成分有一定的调控作用。 CAL T缺失鸡是研究黏膜免疫系统比较理想的模型     

Relative deficiency in IgA production by duodenal explants from German shepherd dogs with small intestinal disease

Matched samples of serum, saliva and tears were collected from four groups of dogs; two of the groups were German shepherd dogs (GSDs) either with (Group 1) or without (Group 4) a variety of small intestinal disorders; the remaining two groups were dogs of other breeds, again with (Group 2) or without (Group 3) small intestinal disease. Capture ELISAs were used to measure IgG, IgM, IgA and albumin concentrations within these samples; intestinal humoral immune status of clinical cases was assessed by quantifying immunoglobulin production from duodenal explant cultures.There were no significant differences in IgG, IgM or IgA concentrations in serum, saliva or tears between the different groups of dog. Moreover, no significant differences were noted between groups for IgG, IgM and IgA salivary and tear secretory indices. IgA production by 24-h explant cultures was significantly lower in GSDs compared with non-GSDs with small intestinal disease (groups 1 and 2, respectively), but the numbers of lamina propria IgA(+) plasma cells in duodenal biopsies were not different between groups. These results suggest that there may be a relative deficiency in local IgA secretion in GSDs with small intestinal enteropathies, which is not reflected in either serum IgA concentrations, or in secretion at unaffected mucosal sites. It remains to be determined whether such a deficiency is a breed-related primary defect, or whether it arises secondary to the pathological processes within the intestinal mucosa.     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后免疫功能和免疫调节的变化

雏鸡1日龄感染鸡贫血病毒，8日龄接种Lasota疫苗，以未感染免疫雏鸡为对照，于免疫后7、14、28d检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,在凝抑制抗体（HI）滴度；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ ,抗体生成细胞数量及T、B细胞增殖反应；胸腺、脾脏细胞因子IL－2、IFN活性的变化。结果发现，感染CAV雏鸡Lasota疫苗免疫后，其血清IgG、IgM、IgA免疫球蛋白含量明显减少，HI抗体滴度降低；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、抗体生成细胞数量降低及T、B细胞增殖反应减弱，胸腺、脾脏IL－2及TNF诱生活性降低，表明其细胞免疫和体流免疫功能以及细胞因子免疫调节作用均未感染免疫雏鸡明显减弱。     

Dynamics of Leishmania-specific immunoglobulin isotypes in dogs with clinical leishmaniasis before and after treatment

Concentrations of Leishmania-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotypes were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 23 dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum before and 1 year after initiating drug therapy. Results showed a high expression and prevalence of Leishmania-specific IgG (176.4 +/- 89 ELISA units [EU]), IgM (105.3 +/- 95.5 EU), and IgA (153.6 +/- 98 EU) in dogs before treatment (median +/- interquartile range EU). One year after treatment was started, dogs were classified as responsive dogs (RDs; n = 13) or unresponsive dogs (UDs; n = 10) based on clinicopathologic findings. Both groups of dogs experienced a statistically significant decrease (P < .05) in Leishmania-specific IgG (RDs = 27%, UDs = 41%), IgM (RDs = 42%, UDs = 29%), and IgA (RDs = 56%, UDs = 46%). Concentrations of specific IgG and IgM were not different at diagnosis or after treatment between the 2 groups. However, the median value for Leishmania-specific IgA 1 year after treatment was significantly lower (P < .05) in RDs (60.8 +/- 67 EU) than in UDs (117 +/- 54 EU). Examination of our data indicates that both the IgA isotype, which is mostly produced by mucosal plasma cells, and the IgM isotype are increased in infected symptomatic dogs, as previously reported for IgG. These 3 isotypes decreased significantly 1 year after initiation of medical treatment.     

噬菌体制剂对母猪生产性能、免疫指标及粪便微生物的影响

试验旨在研究噬菌体对母猪生产性能、免疫指标和粪便微生物数量的影响。试验选取96头健康长大二元母猪,随机分为4组,每组24头猪。空白对照组母猪饲喂基础日粮,试验组1、试验组2和试验组3分别在基础日粮中加入100、300、500 g/t的沙门氏菌噬菌体、大肠杆菌噬菌体和产气荚膜梭菌噬菌体组成的复合制剂,试验周期为35 d。结果显示:试验组2和试验组3相比空白对照组的窝产活仔数、断奶活仔数、平均奶均重和平均日增重均显著提高(P<0.05)。试验组1相比空白对照组的断奶活仔数、平均奶均重和平均日增重均显著提高(P<0.05)。在分娩当日,相比空白对照组,试验组3的免疫球蛋白A (IgA)含量显著提高(P<0.05)。试验组2和试验组3的免疫球蛋白M (IgM)和免疫球蛋白G (IgG)含量显著提高(P<0.05)。在断奶当日,相比空白对照组,3种剂量组的IgA、IgM和IgG含量均显著提高(P<0.05)。试验组2和试验组3的乳酸菌含量显著增加(P<0.05)。3种剂量组的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量均显著降低(P<0.05)。试验表明,添加复合噬菌体制剂能提高母猪生产性能,提高机体免疫力,改善肠道微生态环境,日粮中添加300 g/t复合噬菌体制剂比较合适。