鸡眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗的点眼免疫应答 Ⅰ.局部体液免疫应答

本研究采用 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ、免疫组织化学方法、病理组织学方法对鸡眼区相关淋巴组织在鸡新城疫（ Ｎｅｗ ｃａｓｔｌｅ Ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ, Ｎ Ｄ）疫苗点眼免疫后的局部体液免疫应答进行了研究。研究发现, Ｌａｓｏｔａ 系 Ｎ Ｄ 疫苗点眼免疫后鸡眼区相关淋巴组织（ Ｈｅａｄａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ Ｌｙｍ ｐｈｏｉｄ Ｔｉｓｓｕｅ, Ｈ Ａ Ｌ Ｔ）对 Ｎ Ｄ 疫苗可产生高效的局部体液免疫应答：①免疫组泪液和血清中 Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ特异性 Ｉｇ Ａ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ 抗体及哈氏腺（ Ｈａｒｄｅｒｉａｎ Ｇｉａｎｄ, Ｈ Ｇ）中 Ｉｇ Ａ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ 型浆细胞出现较对照组早,且抗体滴度及浆细胞数量均极显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。免疫组泪液和血清中 Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ特异性 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体滴度及哈氏腺中 Ｉｇ Ｇ 型浆细胞数量也均极显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,且哈氏腺中 Ｉｇ Ｇ 型浆细胞的出现早于对照组;②点眼免疫后泪液中 Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ特异性 Ｉｇ Ａ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ抗体出现较血清中的早,且抗体滴度也显著高于血清中（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）;③ Ｌａｓｏｔａ 系 Ｎ Ｄ苗点眼免疫后可使结膜相关淋巴组织的形成和发育明显提前,免疫组结膜相关淋巴组织中的淋巴滤泡数量极显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．     

切除结膜结合淋巴组织鸡对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫反应Ⅱ.组织学与免疫组织化学研究

60只1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为A、B、C三组。A组于1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。A、B两组于12日龄时结扎鼻泪管，用新城疫克隆30苗点眼。C组为对照组。23日龄分别采取其CALT和哈德氏腺，比较观察其组织细胞。结果，1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜后造成鸡CALT缺失，点眼免疫后，哈氏腺的免疫细胞也较正常免疫鸡少，而正常接种ND克隆30（B组）后，CALT发生早，生长快，淋巴细胞数量多，故本实验证实CALT对哈氏腺免疫细胞的数量与成分有一定的调控作用。CALT缺失鸡是研究黏膜免疫系统比较理想的模型。     

鸡结膜结合淋巴组织（CALT）对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫应答

１８０只１日龄公雏平均分成Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组。Ａ组于１日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。Ａ、Ｂ两组于１０日龄和２０日龄用鸡新城疫Ⅱ系（ＮＤⅡ）弱毒疫苗点眼首免和二免，Ｃ组为对照组。定期收集泪液、血清、ＣＡＬＴ和哈德氏腺，比较观察其抗体ＨＩ效价消长规律与免疫组织细胞变化特点。结果，Ｃ组非免鸡泪液ＨＩ效价比血清ＨＩ效价稍低，１０至３４日龄均呈直线下降，３４至４８日龄维持在极低的水平上（１．２￣２Ｌｏｇ２）。Ｂ组点眼     

鸡眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗点眼免疫应答Ⅱ.眼区局部T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

本研究采用流式细胞仪技术对鸡眼区相关淋巴组织(HALT)在鸡新城疫疫苗点眼免疫后的局部T淋巴细胞亚群的变化进行了研究。研究发现,LaSota 系ND疫苗点眼免疫后眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗可产生良好的细胞免疫应答。免疫组结膜相关淋巴组织(CALT)和哈氏腺(HG)中CD4 T及CD8 T淋巴细胞数量于首免后迅速升高。免疫期间其百分比含量明显高于非免疫组,到40 日龄时,有恢复到正常值的趋势。     

鸡眼区相关淋巴组织ND疫苗点眼免疫应答 Ⅱ.局部T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

本研究采用流式细胞仪技术对鸡眼区相关淋巴组织在鸡新城疫疫苗点眼免疫后的局部 Ｔ 淋巴细胞亚群的变化进行了研究。研究发现, Ｌａｓｏｔａ 系 Ｎ Ｄ 疫苗点眼免疫后眼区相关淋巴组织对 Ｎ Ｄ 疫苗可 产生良好的细胞免疫应答,免疫组 Ｃ Ｄ＋４ Ｔ及 Ｃ Ｄ＋８ Ｔ 淋巴细胞数量于点眼免疫后迅速升高,其百分比含量明显高于非免疫组。     

鸡新城疫疫苗点眼免疫后哈氏腺中IgA、IgM、IgG型浆细胞的数量变化及分布特点

用Lasota系ND疫苗分别于10、20日龄进行点眼免疫后采用SLAB免疫组织化学对鸡哈氏腺在新新城疫（Newcastle Disease,ND)疫苗点眼免疫后IgA、IgM、IgG型浆细胞的数量变化及分布特征进行了研究。研究发现，Lasota系ND疫苗点眼免疫后鸡哈氏腺中（Harderian Gland,HG)中IgA、IgM、IgG型浆细胞的出现较对照组早，并于48日龄达到峰值，一免及二免后三种类型的浆细胞数量均极高于对照组（P＜0．01），其中IgA浆细胞的数量最多，IgM型浆细胞次之，IgG型浆细胞的数量最少。IgA、IgM、IgG三种浆细胞均散在分布于哈氏腺的间质中，且主要围绕各级管腔上皮及腺上皮分布，其中成熟的浆细胞紧贴腺上皮及管腔上皮分布。表明Lasonta系ND疫苗点眼免疫后可促进哈氏腺中的IgA、IgM、IgG型浆细胞的分化、成熟，这些浆细胞分泌的抗体成分可通过上皮而被分泌到管腔中去，最后到达泪液中，在眼区及上呼吸道起到保护作用。     

切除结膜结合淋巴组织鸡对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫反应 Ⅱ.组织学与免疫组织化学研究

60只 1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为 A、B、C三组。A组于 1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。A、B两组于 12日龄时结扎鼻泪管 ,用新城疫克隆 30苗点眼。C组为对照组。 2 3日龄分别采取其 CAL T和哈德氏腺 ,比较观察其组织细胞。结果 ,1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜后造成鸡 CAL T缺失 ,点眼免疫后 ,哈氏腺的免疫细胞也较正常免疫鸡少 ,而正常接种 ND克隆 30 (B组 )后 ,CAL T发生早 ,生长快 ,淋巴细胞数量多 ,故本实验证实 CAL T对哈氏腺免疫细胞的数量与成分有一定的调控作用。 CAL T缺失鸡是研究黏膜免疫系统比较理想的模型     

鸡眼区相关淋巴组织对ND疫苗点眼免疫频答：Ⅱ.眼区局部T淋巴细？…

本研究采用流式细胞仪技术对鸡眼区相关淋巴组织在鸡新城疫疫苗点眼免疫后的局部Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的变化进行了研究,研究发现,ＬａＳｏｔａ等疫苗点眼免疫后眼区相关淋巴组织对ＮＤ疫苗可产生良好的细胞免疫应答。免疫组结膜相关淋巴组织和哈氏腺中ＣＤ＾４＋和和ＣＮＨＮＸＬＥＱＯＶＪＧＧＦ ＵＴＨ ＱＫＱ ＲＧ ＮＦＧＫＴＡＫ ＹＭ 。ＱＫＵＭＡＤＷＥＵＪ ＃粒模? ＤＪ ＷＶ ＸＸ ＷＹＮＫＪＧ ＪＥＪＯＹＭ ＧＦ     

鸡结膜结合淋巴组织的超微结构及其摄取抗原功能研究

１３２只２５日龄雏鸡的眼结膜结合淋巴组织（Ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖａ－ＡｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄＬｙｍｐｈｏｉｄＴｉｓｓｕｅ，ＣＡＬＴ），通过光镜、扫描电镜和透视电镜观察其组织细胞结构特征，使用不同示踪物（辣根过氧化物酶、碳和酵母菌）研究其摄取抗原功能．结果表明鸡ＣＡＬＴ主要位于下眼睑近侧端结膜穹窿处。扫描电镜下，覆盖淋巴组织表面的扁平上皮细胞呈多边形，表面积大，晶格状排列，微绒毛粗短而不规则，细胞之间连结紧密，偶见杯状细胞开日。透视电镜下，鸡ＣＡＬＴ上皮由浓染和淡染的两种扁平上皮细胞组成。浓染上皮细胞微绒毛多，胞浆多突，空泡丰富、胞核不规则。淡染上皮细胞微绒毛极少，表面多微褶，胞浆小有多量微丝，核圆形或椭圆形。上皮层内散见淋巴细胞。上皮基底膜下的淋巴组织中具有高内皮小静脉。手术封闭的结膜腔内注入示踪物试验证明，鸡ＣＡＬＴ具有摄取和传递抗原功能，示踪物均出现在ＣＡＬＴ内。辣根过氧化物酶可见于巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞中。研究结果表明：鸡ＣＡＬＴ是粘胶免疫系统的组成成分，是点眼免疫时抗原的摄取部位，在眼区粘膜免疫中起重要作用。     

黄芪多糖佐剂对鸡禽流感-新城疫重组二联苗免疫效果的影响

将1日龄健康罗曼雏鸡80只随机分为4组,每组20只。分别于1日龄皮下注射生理盐水以及不同剂量的黄芪多糖,连续7d,于7、14、21、28、35、42、49、56日龄采血,检测AI和ND抗体效价,探讨黄芪多糖的免疫佐剂效果。试验结果表明,各组黄芪多糖均能提高AI—HI和ND-HI抗体效价。其中中剂量组抗体高峰期持续时间长。免疫后期有较高延长抗体存在的趋势,具有较好的免疫辅助效果。     

切除结膜结合淋巴组织鸡对新城疫疫苗的免疫反应Ⅰ.局部与循环抗体检测

实验将 60只 1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为A、B、C 3组。A组为CALT缺失组 ,B组为免疫组 ,C组为非免疫对照组。A组于 1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜 ,A、B两组于 1 2日龄结扎鼻泪管后进行点眼免疫接种新城疫克隆 30疫苗。2 3日龄时 ,收集A、B、C各实验组鸡的血清和泪液 ,做红细胞凝集抑制试验 (HI试验 )、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)。比较观察各实验组雏鸡血清和泪液抗体HI效价与IgA、IgG、IgM含量的变化特点。结果 ,1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜后造成鸡CALT缺失 ,CALT缺失鸡点眼免疫后 ,泪液抗体HI效价与IgA、IgG、IgM含量比免疫组雏鸡低。但对雏鸡的抗体生成的规律并不产影响。故实验证实了CALT对眼区局部抗体的产生及其种类有重要的调控作用 ,协同哈氏腺完成局部免疫的功能     

Effect of difference doses of Newcastle disease vaccine immunization on growth performance,plasma variables and immune response of broilers

Background

As a member of the Paramyxoviridae group, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the key causative agent of Newcastle disease (ND) that attacks chickens, turkeys and other avian birds. Surviving birds showed lower feed utilization, growth performance or egg production, which results in severe economic losses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of NDV immunization on growth performance, plasma variables and immune response of broiler chickens.

Methods

A total of 480 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly administrated with 0, 4, 6 or 8 doses of NDV at 12 d and 28 d, respectively. Each group consisted of ten replicates with 12 birds each. Growth performance and organ weight were recorded. Plasma concentration of glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acid was determined using commercial kits. The concentration of plasma corticosterone and insulin was measured using commercially available radio immune assay kits. Serum antibody titer and peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation were also recorded.

Results

The results showed that NDV decreased body weight gain (BWG), and increased Feed:Gain ratio at 1–21 d at all doses (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin concentration was lower in all immunization groups after the first immunization at 12 d (P < 0.01). The rest of the plasma indexes were not affected by NDV immunization, including glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acid, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, as well as the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocyte (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, NDV treatment elevated NDV antibody titer at 10 d after the first inoculation (P < 0.05), and at d 5, 9 and 13 after the second inoculation (P < 0.05). Repeated NDV inoculation had no deleterious impacts on body composition at 42 d, and nutrient accretion rates at 8–42 d (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, NDV challenge decreased BWG and feed efficiency in earlier stage of growth. However, NDV treatment at 6 doses down-regulated the Feed:Gain ratio by 6.36 % throughout the whole growing period. These data suggest that appropriate lower doses of NDV inoculation increase feed efficiency of broiler chickens.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-015-0019-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

黄芪多糖和白花蛇舌草多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征灭活疫苗免疫猪T细胞亚群及抗体水平的影响

为探讨黄芪多糖和白花蛇舌草多糖对猪高致病性繁殖与呼吸综合征灭活疫苗免疫猪T细胞亚群及抗体的影响,以黄芪多糖和白花蛇舌草多糖作为免疫增强剂联合猪高致病性繁殖与呼吸综合征灭活疫苗免疫仔猪,通过流式细胞仪检测猪外周血CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋细胞百分比,并用ELISA法检测猪血清中抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体水平。结果表明,黄芪多糖和白花蛇舌草多糖均能显著提高仔猪的CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋淋巴细胞的百分比和特异性抗体滴度,即黄芪多糖和白花蛇舌草多糖均能提高猪高致病性繁殖与呼吸综合征灭活疫苗的免疫水平,且白花蛇舌草多糖提高免疫的效力与剂量有关。     

Effect of infections with swine fever virus on immune functions I. Response of lymphocytes from blood and lymphoid organs from infected and normal pigs to anti-immunoglobulin serum and protein A

Pigs exposed to a low-virulent strain of swine fever virus (SFV) developed an inapparent infection. At times when a transient leucopenia occurred, the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were unresponsive to the mitogenic stimulus of anti-immunoglobulin serum (anti-Ig) and protein A.Pigs lethally infected with a virulent SFV showed leucopenia and unresponsiveness of PBL to anti-Ig and protein A from 2 days post infection until death.This suggests a defect in B lymphocyte function in pigs infected with SFV. The unresponsiveness to anti-Ig appeared not to be caused by a reduced ability of lymphocytes to redistribute their receptors into caps, the presence of suppressor cells or absence of surface immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. A direct action of the virus itself also seemed unlikely.Lymphocytes from spleen reacted as PBL. However, lymph node cells did not lose their capability to respond to anti-Ig.These data suggest that a change in the migration pattern of anti-Ig responsive lymphocytes could account for the observed unresponsiveness of PBL and spleen lymphocytes to anti-Ig.     

Effect of short-term water restriction in hot season on some blood parameters and immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine of local and commercial layers in the late phase of production

Forty-five Hisex commercial layers and forty-five local Saudi breed layers were used to compare and assess the effect of water restriction under hot conditions on blood constituents and immune response to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. The trial was divided into three periods: control (7 day), water restriction (14 day) and rehydration (7 day). During water restriction, layers from each breed were divided into three groups that received 0%, 20% and 40% restriction of drinking water relative to the control period. The immune response against ND was affected by breed; it also declined significantly with 40% water restriction 10 days post-restriction. Water restriction did not affect haematocrit value, plasma total protein, albumin, glucose or osmolality, which may not suggest a reduction in plasma volume. However, plasma creatinine increased in both breeds because of water restriction that remained elevated during rehydration. Water restriction increased plasma urea in the local group, while it decreased in the commercial group. Irrespective of rate of water restriction, it can be concluded that the two breeds can withstand up to 40% water restriction during high environmental temperature. However, the local breed may be superior in water conservation in relation to the commercial layers.