以甜菜粕取代小麦的全混合颗粒饲料对羔羊瘤胃pH值的影响

本试验选用24只3-3.5月龄的波德代(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)和陶赛特(♂6)×蒙古羊(♀)杂交一代羔羊,按2×2×2因子设计,研究了两个营养水平下以高果胶的甜菜粕取代小麦的全混合颗粒饲料对两种羔羊瘤胃pH值的影响。结果表明,低营养水平组的pH值显著高于高营养水平组(P=0.015);食后4 h(P-0.019)、6 h(P=0.009)的pH值在营养水平和饲料间存在互作,高营养水平组,小麦组羔羊的瘤胃液pH高于甜菜粕组,而低营养水平组、甜菜粕组的pH高于小麦组;羊品种对pH值无影响。     

不同果胶含量的饲粮对羔羊瘤胃内环境的影响

选用32只3～3.5月龄的波德代(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)和陶赛特(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)的杂交一代羔羊,采用2×2×2三因子设计,研究了两个营养水平下(高,0.9 NRC;低,0.8 NRC),两种果胶含量的全混合饲粮(高果胶组甜菜渣组;低果胶组小麦组)对两种杂交组合的羔羊瘤胃液pH值、总氮、氨氮、尿素氮和蛋白氮含量的影响.试验表明羔羊的瘤胃液pH值和瘤胃液尿素氮含量在两营养水平间差异显著,低营养水平组的瘤胃液pH值(P＝0.024)和瘤胃液尿素氮(P＝0.024)显著较高;营养水平与果胶含量的互作显著影响瘤胃液pH值,其中0.9 NRC水平下低果胶较高,0.8 NRC水平下高果胶组较高;杂交组合对所有测定指标均无显著影响.结果说明,果胶对饲喂高淀粉饲粮动物的瘤胃液pH值的调控作用与果胶及淀粉间的数量关系有关.     

不同果胶含量的饲粮对羔羊瘤胃内环境的影响

选用32只3~3.5月龄的波德代(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)和陶赛特(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)的杂交一代羔羊,采用2×2×2三因子设计,研究了两个营养水平下(高,0.9 NRC;低,0.8 NRC),两种果胶含量的全混合饲粮(高果胶组:甜菜渣组;低果胶组:小麦组)对两种杂交组合的羔羊瘤胃液pH值、总氮、氨氮、尿素氮和蛋白氮含量的影响。试验表明:羔羊的瘤胃液pH值和瘤胃液尿素氮含量在两营养水平间差异显著,低营养水平组的瘤胃液pH值(P=0.024)和瘤胃液尿素氮(P=0.024)显著较高;营养水平与果胶含量的互作显著影响瘤胃液pH值,其中0.9NRC水平下低果胶较高,0.8 NRC水平下高果胶组较高;杂交组合对所有测定指标均无显著影响。结果说明,果胶对饲喂高淀粉饲粮动物的瘤胃液pH值的调控作用与果胶及淀粉间的数量关系有关。     

不同组合全饲粮颗粒饲料对肥育羔羊钙、磷消化代谢的影响

用40只4～4.5月龄的陶赛特(♂)×藏羊(♀)杂交一代羔羊进行在同一营养水平和相同类型饲粮中,改变部分能量饲料(A因子)和蛋白质饲料(B因子)对公羔和羯羔(C因子)钙、磷消化、代谢影响的研究.结果表明;A、B因子的交互作用对羔羊的钙存留率有显著影响(P<0.05),A、B、C(性别)各因子及其交互作用对磷的存留率均无显著影响(P>0.05),但甜菜渣组磷存留率有高于小麦组的趋势(P=0.116).综合钙、磷的利用效率,可认为小麦、豆粕组合和甜菜渣、菜籽饼组合的效果好.     

羔羊肥育试验

选用波德代羊(♂)蒙古羊(♀)F1和无角陶赛特羊(♂)蒙古羊(♀)F1中3、5月龄的公羔、羯羔和母羔各5只,以相同月龄的蒙古羊公羔为对照进行30天的短期肥育试验,试验采用放牧+补饲的肥育方式.结果表明5月龄组波德代和陶塞特杂种羔羊日增重最高达300 g/d和293 g/d,极显著(P＜0.01)高于对照组(203 g/d),饲料转化率分别是对照组的1.5和1.3倍,经济效益是对照组的3.9和3.8倍;3月龄组波德代和陶塞特杂种羔羊日增重最高达280 g/d和267 g/d,也极显著(P＜0.01)高于对照组(216 g/d),饲料转化率是对照组的1.3和1.5倍,经济效益是对照组的2.3和3.1倍.     

不同杂交组合羔羊生产性能比较研究

本试验以小尾寒羊为母本,以无角陶赛特、德克塞尔和萨福克3个引进肉用型品种为父本,研究了无角陶赛特(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀),德克塞尔(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀),萨福克(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀),德克塞尔(♂)×[无角陶赛特(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀)](♀)和萨福克(♂)×[无角陶赛特(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀)](♀)等5个杂交组合公羔羊的生产性能、产肉性能和饲料转化率。结果表明:①3个二元杂交组合中,F1代母羊的产羔率以无角陶赛特(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀)组为最高,极显著(P<0.01)高于其他两组;②与二元杂交相比,三元杂交显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高羔羊哺乳期日增重、断奶后日增重和饲料转化率;③三元杂交羔羊的屠宰率、胴体净肉率和眼肌厚度都极显著高于二元杂交(P<0.01),或呈现增加的趋势;④5个杂交组合中,以萨福克(♂)×[无角陶赛特(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀)](♀)组的羔羊生产性能、产肉能力和饲料转化率为最高。     

不同组合的全饲粮颗粒饲料肥育羔羊的效果—Ⅱ．产肉力、肉质和肉营养成分分析

按同质原则将40只无角陶塞特(♂)与藏羊(♀)的杂交一代(4～4.5月龄)分为4个饲粮处理组，采用3因子(2×2×2)设计，研究了同一营养水平和在精料为主类型饲粮中，改变部分能量饲料(A因子)和蛋白质饲料(B因子)育肥公羔和羯羔(C因子)的效果。结果表明，A、B因子及其交互作用和A、B、C因子的交互作用对羔羊产肉力和肉质的影响均不显著(P＞0.05)。A、B、C因子及其交互作用对羔羊股二头肌和背最长肌干物质、粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量的影响均不显著(P＞0.05)。公羔的屠宰率显著低于羯羔(P＜0.05)，骨重和肉的pH值显著高于羯羔(P＜0.05)。     

22～25日龄羔羊对两种不同营养水平代乳粉消化性的研究

将18只滩羊(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀)的杂交F1代羔羊随机分为3组,A组哺喂1号代乳粉(低营养水平),B组哺喂2号代乳粉(高营养水平),C组随母羊自然哺乳,进行了60d的饲养试验。羔羊22～25日龄采用全收粪法收集粪样,测定代乳粉的表观消化率。结果表明:1号、2号两种不同营养水平的代乳粉干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙和磷的表观消化率中除粗脂肪分别是74.20%、80.99%,差异显著(P<0.05),无氮浸出物分别是63.57%、50.44%,差异极显著(P<0.01)外,其余项目差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

营养补添对草原放牧育肥期羔羊采食量及增重的影响

选择4月龄羔羊100只,随机分为5组,研究不同营养补添方式对杂交羔羊[德国美利奴(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)]和当地土种羔羊[蒙古羊(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)]的育肥效果.试验结果表明:补饲精料对放牧羔羊的增重效果明显,杂种后代的生产性能和经济效益均优于当地土种羊;酸不溶灰分法测定放牧采食量和消化率的结果偏高.     

鸡与鹌鹑生殖道对异种精子运行和存活时间的影响

鸡和鹌鹑同属于鸟纲,鸡形目,雉科,但分别属于鸡属和鹌鹑属,它们形态上有很大差异,且鹌鹑精液在体外的存活时间很短,大约12±4min。本试验通过观察,鸡(♂)×鹌鹑(♀)正交和鹌鹑(♂)×鸡(♀)反交人工授精试验,对输入精液后每隔1、4、7、9h解剖观察其生殖道结构、电导及其内分泌的酸碱度。结果表明,鸡和鹌鹑生殖道分泌物pH、电导、长度都有很大差异。通过显微镜观察,鸡(♂)×鹌鹑(♀)正交及鹌鹑(♂)×鸡(♀)反交后,其精子在体内的存活时间长于1h,鹌鹑精液大大长于在体外的存活时间,精子能在1h后到达漏斗部。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …