新疆塔城地区绵羊细粒棘球蚴流行株基因分型研究

为了探明新疆塔城地区绵羊细粒棘球蚴流行株基因型,根据GenBank公布的12S rRNA基因和CO1基因分别设计特异性引物,对58个绵羊细粒棘球蚴包囊进行PCR检测,再通过CO1特异性引物对检测阳性病料进行PCR扩增、测序及基因分型。通过12SrRNA基因检测发现58份样品均为阳性;对所测得的58条CO1基因序列分析,发现新疆塔城地区绵羊细粒棘球蚴流行株基因型均为G1型,且CO1基因序列存在多态性,为塔城地区绵羊细粒棘球蚴病的防控提供了科学依据。     

新疆和静县绵羊细粒棘球蚴流行株基因分型研究

为了解新疆和静县绵羊细粒棘球蚴病的感染情况及流行株基因分型,对和静县屠宰场的1 115只1岁以上绵羊的细粒棘球蚴病感染情况进行调查和统计,并利用PCR技术对包囊病灶进行了基因分型鉴定。结果表明:有88只绵羊脏器表面发现棘球蚴包囊,感染率为7.89%(88/1115),其中来自农区的感染率为3%(10/331),来自牧区的感染率为9.9%(78/784)。通过线粒体细胞色素氧化酶基因1(mtCO1)特异性引物对剖检的感染病料进行PCR扩增、克隆、测序和NCBI中的Blast比对,发现新疆和静县绵羊细粒棘球蚴流行株基因型均为G1型。本研究为和静县绵羊细粒棘球蚴病的防控提供了科学依据。     

西藏牦牛、绵羊棘球蚴病病原的分子鉴定

本研究旨在对西藏自治区那曲地区和拉萨市牦牛、绵羊体内棘球蚴病原进行分子生物学鉴定并分析其遗传变异规律。对2016年11月底采自西藏拉萨市当雄县和那曲地区嘉黎县的5只绵羊体内的5个棘球蚴包囊、15头牦牛体内的18个棘球蚴包囊分别分离棘球蚴原头蚴或生发层组织，提取基因组DNA，应用PCR方法扩增nad1基因，通过测序获得nad1全基因序列。运用DNAStar MegAlign软件对序列进行同源性分析。以GenBank中已公布的棘球属的nad1全基因序列为比对对象，采用最大似然法（ML）构建系统发育树。结果显示，所测定的牦牛和绵羊的23个棘球蚴病原nad1基因序列与GenBank登录的细粒棘球蚴狭义种（G1基因型）nad1基因序列高度同源，同源性为99.6%~99.8%，23条nad1基因的遗传距离为0~0.0022447。同源基因的碱基变异率为0.2%~0.4%；与棘球属其他棘球绦虫同源基因的碱基变异率为14.9%~19.8%。有5个样本的nad1基因在不同位点发生碱基突变，变异位点发生序列转换。以上结果表明，本研究所采集牦牛和绵羊的棘球蚴为细粒棘球绦虫G1基因型，其nad1基因变异小，序列一致性高。     

西藏牦牛、绵羊棘球蚴病病原的分子鉴定

本研究旨在对西藏自治区那曲地区和拉萨市牦牛、绵羊体内棘球蚴病原进行分子生物学鉴定并分析其遗传变异规律。对2016年11月底采自西藏拉萨市当雄县和那曲地区嘉黎县的5只绵羊体内的5个棘球蚴包囊、15头牦牛体内的18个棘球蚴包囊分别分离棘球蚴原头蚴或生发层组织,提取基因组DNA,应用PCR方法扩增nad1基因,通过测序获得nad1全基因序列。运用DNAStar MegAlign软件对序列进行同源性分析。以GenBank中已公布的棘球属的nad1全基因序列为比对对象,采用最大似然法(ML)构建系统发育树。结果显示,所测定的牦牛和绵羊的23个棘球蚴病原nad1基因序列与GenBank登录的细粒棘球蚴狭义种(G1基因型)nad1基因序列高度同源,同源性为99.6%～99.8%,23条nad1基因的遗传距离为0～0.0022447。同源基因的碱基变异率为0.2%～0.4%;与棘球属其他棘球绦虫同源基因的碱基变异率为14.9%～19.8%。有5个样本的nad1基因在不同位点发生碱基突变,变异位点发生序列转换。以上结果表明,本研究所采集牦牛和绵羊的棘球蚴为细粒棘球绦虫G1基因型,其nad1基因变异小,序列一致性高。     

基于cox1基因对中国青藏高原地区细粒棘球绦虫遗传多态性的研究

通过对中国青藏高原地区细粒棘球绦虫的遗传多态性分析,了解该地区细粒棘球绦虫的遗传变异情况,为细粒棘球蚴病的防治提供基础材料。基于线粒体cox1基因全序列(1 609bp)分析中国青藏高原地区47个细粒棘球绦虫分离株的序列变异情况,并结合NCBI数据库中已公布的中国青藏高原和中东地区所有细粒棘球绦虫cox1基因全长序列,对比分析两个种群的遗传多态性特征。结果显示,47个样品均被确定为G1基因型,分为10个单倍型(C1~C10),其中优势单倍型C1与中东优势单倍型相同,且该单倍型呈世界性分布。中国青藏高原地区细粒棘球绦虫的单倍型多样性(Hd)与核苷酸多样性(π)较低,明显低于中东种群,两个地区Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs检验值均为负值,遗传结构差异不显著。研究结果表明:中国青藏高原细粒棘球绦虫可能是由一个起源于中东的有效种群进入该地区后,经历了近期群体扩张或遗传瓶颈,在高原地区天然的地理隔离作用下,逐渐发展成了现在的种群。     

新疆部分地区屠宰场羊源细粒棘球蚴分子鉴定及其遗传多样性分析

[目的]了解新疆维吾尔自治区部分规模化屠宰场羊的细粒棘球蚴感染情况及其分子遗传特征。[方法]收集屠宰场羊肝脏组织内经肉眼观察鉴定为细粒棘球蚴的包囊样本96份,全部提取基因组DNA后,基于细粒棘球绦虫cox1基因位点和nad1基因位点进行PCR扩增和测序。通过序列比对数据鉴定其基因型,构建遗传进化树解析其分子遗传特征。[结果]在cox1基因位点上,有81份样本呈PCR扩增阳性（84.37%,81/96）,经序列分析鉴定,所有阳性样本均为细粒棘球蚴G1基因型（n=81）,存在15个单倍型（Hap＿1～15）;在nad1基因位点上,有67份样本呈PCR扩增阳性69.79%(67/96),经序列分析鉴定出2种基因型,分别为细粒棘球蚴G1基因型（n=66）和G3基因型（n=1）,存在19个单倍型（Hap＿1～19）。种系发育分析显示,获得的细粒棘球蚴G1基因型和G3基因型序列,与国内外已报道的多种宿主源的G1基因型和G3基因型序列均处于同一个进化支。[结论]新疆部分地区羊源细粒棘球蚴呈现遗传多样性分布特征,研究结果为该地区羊包虫病的防治提供了基础数据。     

共和县牦牛棘球蚴感染情况调查

棘球蚴病(echinococcusis)俗称包虫病(hydatidosis),是由寄生于犬、狼、狐等肉食动物小肠内的细粒棘球绦虫(E.granulosus)和多房棘球绦虫(E.oligathrus)的中绦期幼虫─棘球蚴感染中间宿主而引起的一种严重的人畜共患病.     

我国三省区细粒棘球绦虫基因的变异分析

对从青海省、甘肃省和新疆维吾尔族自治区采集的24株细粒棘球蚴，用线粒体DNA的CO1基因和ND1基因结合rDNA的ITS2测序，调查了不同地区分离株基因型的变异情况。结果显示，所有分离株均为普通羊株(G1基因型)；CO1基因序列的变异率为0～0．8％，ND1基因的变异率为0．1％～0．7％；青海分离株ITS2序列的变异率为0．4％～3．1％；2株青海省西宁市和1株甘肃省武威市分离株分剐在C01基因和ND1基因序列不同位点发生的1处核苷酸非同义替换，导致1个编码的氨基酸替代。研究表明，我国上述3省、区部分区域存在的细粒棘球蚴属于同一株(G1基因型)。     

棘球蚴病的免疫学研究进展

包虫病又称棘球蚴病，是一种呈世界性分布的严重影响人畜健康的人兽共患寄生虫病。属扁形动物门，圆叶目带科，棘球属，有4种：细粒棘球绦虫(Echinococcus granulosus)，多房棘球绦虫(E．multilocularis)，少节棘球绦虫(E．oligarthtus)和福氏棘球绦虫(E．vogeli)。我国主要以细粒棘球绦虫     

基于线粒体12S基因全序列分析我国绵羊痒螨(兔亚种)的遗传多样性

为了探讨我国绵羊痒螨(兔亚种)的遗传变异情况及群体遗传结构,采用PCR测序技术测定我国5个地区(华北、华东、华中、西北、西南)绵羊痒螨(兔亚种)线粒体12S基因的全序列,并进行遗传多样性分析。结果共获得89条序列,长度均为657bp,核苷酸变异位点76个,单倍型50个(H1～H50),单倍型多样性(Hd)与核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.931 05和0.005 59。进一步分析发现5个地理种群遗传分化程度较弱(Fst=0.042 322),基因交流非常频繁(Nm=5.657 372)。中性检验结果均为负值(Tajima’s D=-0.928 31,Fu’s Fs=-7.066 71),并且差异性不显著(P0.05)。构建的NJ树和单倍型网络图均显示绵羊痒螨(兔亚种)5个地理种群的50个单倍型散在分布于不同的支系内,未形成明显的地理分布格局。我国绵羊痒螨(兔亚种)具有较高的遗传多样性,且有一定的遗传分化,基因交流频繁,但未形成以兔品种、温度带和地域来源划分的种群遗传结构。     

Molecular discrimination of sheep and cattle isolates of Echinococcus granulosus by SSCP and conventional PCR in Turkey

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by hydatid cysts, is a widespread and hazardous disease in humans and animals worldwide. The aim of the current study was to investigate the genetic characteristics of sheep and cattle isolates of Echinococcus granulosus obtained from eastern Turkey using Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and conventional PCR method. A total of 54 isolates collected from Erzurum and Elazig provinces of east-Turkey were examined. The 31 of these were obtained from liver of sheep while 23 cattle isolates (12 of liver and 11 of lung) were tested. After the total genomic DNA isolation 12S rRNA gene of all isolates were examined by PCR for the aim of genetic characterization by conventional PCR and mitochondrial CO1 gene for SSCP analysis. The 12S rRNA-PCR yielded 254 bp of amplification product with all samples analyzed. Thus, these samples were identified as G1-G3 cluster (E. granulosus sensu stricto). At least two major single stranded bands were resolved for G1-G3 cluster and G5 in SSCP analysis. While the resolution of more than two additional single stranded bands in SSCP indicated the existence of G7 genotype. The SSCP analysis was identified the G5 and G7 while failed to G1 and G3. The present SSCP analysis classified all 54 cyst isolates from sheep and cattle as E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3 cluster). However, some sequenced samples for G1 and G3 showed the same band patterns by SSCP.     

Detection of polymorphism in AgB1 gene from sheep, cattle and human isolates of echinococcus granulosus by SSCP

Antigen B (AgB) is a major protein produced by the metacestode cyst of Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease. E. granulosus AgB is a gene family of at least five gene loci (B1-B5), each one consisting of several minor variants. We used PCR-SSCP followed by DNA sequencing to evaluate sequence variation and polymorphism of AgB1 in 99 isolates which the 43 were from cattle, 25 of sheep and 31 of human. All samples were analyzed with 12S rRNA-PCR for the strain detection and all of were identified as G1-G3 cluster (E. granulosus sensu stricto). The 16 human, 35 cattle and 25 sheep isolates were yielded the 102 bp band by PCR and these samples were tested by SSCP. As results of the SSCP, different band profiles were detected one each of cattle and human isolates while the other 74 isolates showed same band patterns. The DNA sequence analysis was performed for these two isolates and the other selected 4 isolates and polymorphism was confirmed.     

Variability in the Echinococcus granulosus cytochrome C oxidase 1 mitochondrial gene sequence from livestock in Turkey and a re-appraisal of the G1-3 genotype cluster

Investigations into the genetic strains of Echinococcus granulosus parasites occurring in sheep and cattle in Turkey were undertaken. A total of 112 hydatid cysts were investigated from sheep (100 isolates) derived from widely distributed sites within Turkey as well as from cattle (12 isolates) from the Turkish province of Kars. The parasite genotypes in these isolates were determined by DNA sequencing of part of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Haplotypes were identified which corresponded clearly to the previously described strain G1 in a total of 107 isolates, including 98 isolates from sheep and 9 isolates from cattle. Five isolates, including 2 sheep and 3 cattle, were determined to belong to the G3 genotype. Parasites of the G3 genotype were identified only in isolates derived from animals in the eastern regions of Turkey. While the majority of the isolates described here had haplotypes corresponding to the G1 genotype, none matched exactly the G1 sequence that was defined in previous studies. Analysis of all GenBank entries for E. granulosus cox1 sequences representing G1, G2 and G3 genotypes identified substantial microsequence variability. G1 and G3 could be distinguished as separate strains, however, the existence of G2 as a separate strain could not be supported. Rather, this can be regarded as a microsequence variation of G3.     

Infection of humans and animals with Echinococcus granulosus (G1 and G3 strains) and E. ortleppi in Southern Brazil

The Rio Grande do Sul state, in Southern Brazil, is one of the foci of human cystic echinococcosis (CE). The sheep strain (G1) of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus ortleppi (also known as cattle strain G5) have been reported before to infect livestock. However, up to the present, no molecular data are available on isolates of the E. granulosus complex from humans and dogs. The present study analyzed hydatid cysts from 6 CE patients and adult worms from 12 dogs. Sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 and 12S rRNA genes detected the E. granulosus G1 genotype from four human cases, the G3 genotype (or buffalo strain) from one human case and E. ortleppi from another human case, respectively. Ten of the twelve dogs were found infected with the G1 genotype, and one dog each harbored worms of the G3 genotype and E. ortleppi. Obvious morphological differences were recognized between the G1 and E. ortleppi adult worms from dogs in this region. The buffalo strain (G3) is for the first time reported from South America.     

Detection of patent infections of Echinococcus granulosus ("sheep-strain", G1) in naturally infected dogs in Kosovo

A survey was carried out to assess the occurrence of canine echinococcosis in naturally infected dogs in Kosovo. Using the flotation-ovassay technique, taeniid eggs were found in 23 (7.5%) out of a total of 305 dogs. Eggs from other helminths were detected as well: hookworms 139 (45.5%), Trichuris sp. 87 (28.5%), Toxocara sp. 42 (13.7%), Toxascaris leonina 21 (6.8%) and Dipylidium caninum eight (2.6%). From 21 of the 305 samples (6.9%), taeniids eggs could be collected. Using PCR primers specific for Echinococcus granulosus ("sheep strain", G1), four of these samples (1.3%) resulted positive. The E. granulosus isolates originated from each one stray dog, hunting dog, sheepdog and pet dog. A semi-quantitative analysis showed low to moderate egg counts (2-10 per 1 g faeces) in dogs positive for E. granulosus ("sheep strain", G1) whereas specimens with high (11-20) or very high numbers (> 20) of taeniid eggs were negative in the E. granulosus PCR. Using specific primers for the detection of E. multilocularis, all samples containing taeniid eggs were negative. This is the first report on identification of E. granulosus in dogs from Kosovo where human cystic echinococcosis is a significant medical problem.     

Molecular update on cystic echinococcosis in cattle and water buffaloes of southern Italy

Cystic echinococcosis (CE)--caused by the larval stage (hydatid cyst) of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus--is one of the most widespread zoonoses of veterinary and medical importance. Molecular techniques have allowed the identification of 10 different genotypes (G1-G10) of the parasite. The present paper is an update regarding the E. granulosus genotypes infecting water buffaloes and cattle bred in the Campania region of southern Italy. The molecular study was performed on 30 hydatid cysts (11 from water buffaloes and 19 from cattle). Two different mitochondrial DNA genes, namely the cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and the 12S ribosomal DNA (12S rDNA) were used as genetic markers. Three different genotypes of E. granulosus were unequivocally identified, i.e. the G1 (common sheep), G2 (Tasmanian sheep) and G3 (buffalo) genotypes, as well as some G1 and G2 variants. It should be noted that the present study demonstrated for the first time: (i) the presence of the G2 genotype in water buffaloes from a Mediterranean area; and (ii) the fact that the analysed portion of the 12S rDNA gene can not discriminate between the G2 and G3 genotypes of E. granulosus. The finding of the G1, G2 and G3 genotypes in large ruminants from southern Italy is of epidemiological relevance and immediate public health importance because of their recognized infectivity in humans.     

Genetic variation within and between G1 and G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in Italy revealed by multilocus DNA sequencing

Numerous studies have provided evidence that Echinococcus granulosus exists as a complex of different strains, that differ in a wide variety of criteria that have an impact on the epidemiology, pathology and control of cystic hydatid disease (CHD) and, to date, 10 distinct genotypes (G1-G10) have been identified. In Italy, sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes showed the occurrence of the G1 genotype, the common sheep strain, the G3 genotype, the buffalo strain and of one isolate identified as G2 genotype, the Tasmanian sheep strain. In the present work, we have analysed E. granulosus strains in Italy, by genotyping a large sample of isolates and by checking out the genetic differentiation within and among the G1 and G3 genotypes using an additional mitochondrial gene as marker, the rrnS gene. Sequencing of the rrnS gene revealed a significant genetic differentiation between isolates identified as belonging to the G1 and G3 genotypes, with fixed nucleotide substitutions. This study provides further evidence of the occurrence of the E. granulosus G3 buffalo strain in Italy, a strain previously thought to be confined to the Indian region.     

副猪嗜血杆菌血清型和外膜蛋白P5基因型多样性的研究

副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,Hps)的血清型及基因型具有复杂多样性。本研究用间接血凝试验对某一猪场分离的Hps进行血清分型鉴定,并对部分菌株的外膜蛋白P5基因进行克隆测序和进化发育分析。试验结果显示,在21头病死猪不同部位共分离了42株Hps,其中 Hps血清5型17株(40.7%)、血清14型12株(28.5%)、血清4型1株(2.3%)和未定型12株(28.5%)。本试验中有5头猪同时感染2种不同血清型的Hps。21株Hps临床分离株分属5个不同基因序列型(STA～STE),其中STA有12株(12/21)为优势基因型;相同血清型的Hps分离株具有不同的STs型,来自同一头猪的Hps血清型和STs型也不相同。以上结果表明,同一猪群感染的Hps血清型和基因型存在明显的多样性,同一头猪感染Hps的血清型和基因型也存在多样性。本研究为进一步揭示猪群感染Hps的复杂性,研究该病的感染与流行机制提供了有价值的参考。     

Characterization of the diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates by use of serotyping and genotyping

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the genetic diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates with regard to serovar, herd of origin, and site of isolation. SAMPLE POPULATION: Isolates of H parasuis obtained from pigs in 15 North American herds and multi-farm systems. PROCEDURE: 98 H parasuis isolates were genotyped with the enterobacterial repetitive intergeneic consensus based-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique and serotyped via agar gel precipitation test. Genomic fingerprints were analyzed and dendrograms were constructed to identify strains from the same serovar group, herd of origin, or isolation site and to evaluate the genetic variability within these categories. RESULTS: Serovar 4 (39%) and nontypeable (NT) isolates (27%) were most prevalent. Thirty-four distinct strains were identified among the 98 isolates, using a 90% similarity cutoff. Strains from serovar 4 and NT isolates had high genetic diversity (12 and 18 strains, respectively). One to 3 major clusters of prevalent strains could be identified in most of the evaluated herds. Haemophilus parasuis strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract were either serovar 3 or NT isolates. Potentially virulent strains (isolated from systemic sites) were either serovars 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13, or 14, or NT isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although H parasuis had high genetic diversity overall, only a few strains caused disease in these herds. The ERIC-PCR technique was more discriminative than serotyping, and a broad genetic variety was observed within particular serovar groups.     

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre-weaned calves in Western Australia and New South Wales

A total of 364 fecal specimens from randomly selected pre-weaned calves, aged up to 4 months, from 5 different farms in the south of Western Australia and 1 farm from New South Wales were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia using PCR. There were substantial differences in prevalence between the farms and the overall prevalence was 22.3% (81/364) and 26.9% (98/364) respectively for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. For Cryptosporidium, 70 positives were identified at the 18S locus. At a unique diagnostic locus, an additional 12 C. parvum positives were identified. Sequence analysis at the 18S ribosomal RNA locus was successful for 59 of the 70 positive isolates; of these 14 were C. parvum, 28 were C. bovis, 15 were C. ryanae, 1 was pig genotype II and 1 was a mixed C. ryanae/C. parvum infection. Sub-typing analysis at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus for 24 C. parvum isolates identified all as IIa; 17 were A17G2R1, 1 was A18G3R1 and 6 were A20G3R1. For Giardia, 75 positives were identified at the 18S locus and an additional 23 positives were identified at the gdh locus. The majority of the isolates sequenced were assemblage E, however assemblage A and B and mixed A and E and A, B and E infections as well as the quenda genotype were identified. The findings of the present study indicate that pre-weaned calves are not an important source of zoonotic Giardia species in Australia but may be an important source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium.