青海省都兰县草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估初探

对青海省都兰县不同草地类型的生态系统服务价值和类型功能价值进行了尝试性的估算。结果表明,草地系统年平均价值为55.40亿元,各类草地提供的生态服务总价值为:温性荒漠16.50亿元>温性草原13.64亿元>高寒草甸11.60亿元>高寒草原7.61亿元>低地草甸6.05亿元。草地各类功能价值中,提供食物生产的经济价值仅是草地服务价值的一小部分,草地生态系统提供给人类服务最主要的是其潜在的间接生态功能和服务价值。     

新疆草地生态系统服务功能与价值初步评价

对新疆草地生态系统的主要功能进行调查,重点估算了新疆草地生态系统不同服务功能和类型的生态价值。计算结果显示,新疆草地生态系统2003年提供的总服务价值为71.32×108美元。从草地各类功能价值看,草地的经济功能价值仅为21.26%,远低于草地的生态价值。从新疆草地类型看,温性荒漠草原、温性荒漠和低平地草甸是新疆草地的主体类型,占58%以上,而其贡献率为43.17%;低平地草甸提供的生态服务价值最高,占30.20%;沼泽和温性草甸草原虽然单位面积服务价值很高,但在草地生态系统中所占的地位很低。这些结论体现了新疆草地生态系统的特殊性及开发和保护的潜力。     

天祝县草地综合顺序分类及生态系统服务价值评价

按照草地综合顺序分类方法,利用天祝县及周边地区117个气象台站的资料和DEM分区修正,将天祝县草地分为寒温微干山地草原、寒温微润山地草甸草原、寒温湿润山地草甸、微温微干温带典型草原、微温微润草甸草原和微温湿润森林草原6类.同时考虑土地利用方式和草地退化程度,结合天祝县实际的草地资源分布图和草地的不同等级,利用地理信息系统软件(ArctGIS)工具,对天祝县草地生态系统服务价值进行估算,结果表明:天祝县草地的生态系统服务总价值为5.685亿元/年,其中微温微润草甸草原贡献率最高,达31.52%,寒温微干山地草原草地生态系统服务价值最低,贡献率为8.45%.     

草原的生态系统服务:Ⅲ.价值和意义

连续综述了中国草原／草地生态系统服务价值的构成,草地生态系统服务的总价值,各类型草地的生态系统服务的价值。论证了草原／草地为中国提供了最大的生态系统服务价值,草地生态系统服务的生态价值远大于经济价值。论述了草地生态系统服务价值评估具有下列重要意义：1．指明了草地生态系统服务的具体项目及其不可代替性;2．确定了草地生态资本的价值;3．促进了环境成本核算和实现绿色GDP。文章在最后还讨论了草原／草地生态系统服务价值评估中存在的问题。     

草原的生态系统服务:III.价值和意义

连续综述了中国草原/草地生态系统服务价值的构成,草地生态系统服务的总价值,各类型草地的生态系统服务的价值。论证了草原/草地为中国提供了最大的生态系统服务价值,草地生态系统服务的生态价值远大于经济价值。论述了草地生态系统服务价值评估具有下列重要意义: 1. 指明了草地生态系统服务的具体项目及其不可代替性; 2. 确定了草地生态资本的价值; 3. 促进了环境成本核算和实现绿色GDP。文章在最后还讨论了草原/草地生态系统服务价值评估中存在的问题。     

青海省海南州天然草地生态系统服务功能价值评估

利用谢高地等人对草地生态系统服务功能价值估算方法,以草地类估算了青海省海南州各类天然草地生态系统服务功能价值,结果表明：温性草原类为5270．68元／hm^2．a,温性荒漠草原类为2914．90元／hm^2．a,高寒草原类为5023．19．TL／hm^2．a,温性荒漠类为2666．70元L／hm^2．a,低地草句类12527．01元／hm^2．a,高寒草甸类8744．10元／hm^2．a,全州草地生态系统每年的服务功能价值为226．93×10^8元／a。     

青海湖流域草地类型变化及其生态服务价值研究

结合 Costanza等人和国内草地生态服务价值研究的理论和方法对青海湖流域天然草地生态服务价值及其变化进行估算和分析.结果表明,流域内草甸类、草原类、灌丛类、沼泽类草地生态系统分布面积明显减少,荒漠类草地面积大幅增加等综合因素的影响,青海湖流域草地生态系统服务价值显著减少.研究时段内,流域草地生态系统服务年总价值减少8.93亿元,年均减少0.23亿元.     

基于MODIS的青海草原产草量及载畜平衡估算

为了科学合理地利用、管理草地,及时准确掌握草原产草量信息和载畜平衡状况,对保障草原的可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究利用2016年5-9月青海的MODIS NDVI、EVI数据和地面调查数据,按草地类型分别建立可食草鲜草产量的估算模型,通过比较基于NDVI和EVI建立的不同产草量估算模型的精度,选出了各类型草地的最优估产模型。在此基础上,计算了不同类型草地的干草产量,并结合畜牧业统计数据估算了青海牧区和半牧区各县(市)的载畜平衡情况。结果表明,1)基于NDVI的可食鲜草产量估算模型精度普遍高于基于EVI的模型,但各类型草地的最优估算模型不同。2)2016年青海省草原干草总产量空间分布差异明显,干草单产在1 200kg·hm-2以上的草地主要分布在东部的禾草草原和高寒草原,干草单产在300kg·hm-2以下的草地主要分布于北部的高寒荒漠以及西部的盐生草甸和高寒草原。对总产草量贡献最大的为高寒草甸,占70.35%。3)2016年青海省29个半牧区和牧区的县(市)中,有21个县(市)为载畜平衡或载畜不足,8个县(市)为超载,并且载畜平衡状况与存栏牲畜密度具有较好的对应关系。     

草原生态系统服务价值与牧区居民生态福祉耦合协调关系及其异质性研究

基于突变理论构建生态系统服务价值折旧率模型估算草原生态系统服务净价值，运用生态福祉指数评价牧区居民的生态福祉水平，最后通过耦合协调度模型测量二者的耦合协调度水平及其空间差异性。以内蒙古的17个牧业旗县（市）作为研究区，运用2012—2020年的统计数据进行实证研究，研究表明：1）研究区草原生态系统服务净价值增幅达22.9%。典型草原、荒漠草原和草甸草原地区生态环境均得到了不同程度的改善。2）研究区牧区居民生态福祉呈先降后升趋势。典型草原地区牧区居民生态福祉呈先降后升趋势，而荒漠草原地区和草甸草原地区呈波动上升趋势。3）研究区牧区居民生态福祉与草原生态系统服务净价值耦合协调度明显提升。典型草原地区优质协调发展态势逐渐增强；荒漠草原以轻度失调和良好协调为主；草甸草原地区中的2个旗县（市）的耦合协调关系得到了有效改善。     

山西典型天然草地碳分布特征及碳储量估算

通过对山西4种主要草地类型暖性草丛草地、暖性灌草丛草地、温性草原、山地草甸草原的地上现存生物量、凋落物、半分解层、根系和土壤有机碳密度的调查和测定,本研究估算山西天然草地生态系统的碳储量,旨在揭示山西不同类型天然草地固碳能力。结果表明:4种类型草地的植被碳密度、土壤有机碳密度、生态系统有机碳密度的大小顺序相同均为:暖性灌草丛草地山地草甸草原暖性草丛草地温性草原;山西草地植被平均碳密度为1759.07g·m~(-2),占整个草地生态系统的21.81%;土壤平均有机碳密度为6307.22g·m~(-2),占整个草地生态系统的78.19%;经估算,山西的草地面积为4.55×10~6 hm~2,草地总碳储量约为364.40Tg。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -