REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF ROOT FRAGMENTS OF CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) SCOP.

Summary. Root fragments less than 5 mm long were unable to form shoots. However, shoots were produced by fragments 10 mm long and 1 mm in diameter, unless originating from immature apical regions. The number of shoots per unit length of root was greater if the root was cut into many small pieces than into a few long ones. The ability to produce shoots was apparently unrelated to the presence or absence of visible buds.
Root fragments showed polarity; most of the shoots originated from the basal (proximal) end and the roots from the apical (distal) end. Soil moisture content had relatively little effect upon growth from a fragment unless the soil was waterlogged or very dry for prolonged periods. Growth from fragments was prevented by temperatures below 5°C; optimum growth occurred at 15°G. Shoots from fragments 25 mm long emerged successfully from depths of 50 cm.
Capacité de régenération de fragments de racines de Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.     

辽宁内蒙乳浆大戟草天敌的调查研究

乳浆大戟是北美大平原地区的重要害草。1987年在辽宁、内蒙进行的中美联合考察发现,该草在辽宁生长矮小,分布零散,天敌群落不丰富,而在内蒙则较粗壮,形成灌丛,有较丰富的天敌群落。在内蒙发现5种重要的昆虫天敌及2种具有应用前景的锈病菌,有可能成为控制北美乳浆大戟为害的有效天敌。这是首次中外科学家在我国合作进行杂草生防调查研究。     

THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN UPON CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) SCOP. PLANTS GROWN FROM SEEDS AND ROOT FRAGMENTS

Summary. Growth of Cirsium arvense plants was little affected by nitrogen level for the first 3 weeks of treatment, but differences between levels became apparent later. Shoot dry weight increased more than root dry weight at nitrogen levels of 35 ppm or more. The growth responses to nitrogen were similar in pattern in plants grown from seed and from root fragments, but growth was greater in fragment-derived plants.
Effets de l'azote à diverses concentrations sur des plantes de Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, issues de sentences ou de fragments de racines
Résumé. La croissance de plantes de Cirsium arvense fut peu affectée par la concentration en azote pour les trois premieres semaines de traitement mais des différences selon les concentrations se manifestérent par la suite. Le poids sec de la partie aćrienne s'accrut plus que le poids sec des racines a des concentrations en azote de 35 ppm ou plus. Les reactions de croissance provoquées par l'azote se déroulérent selon un processus analogue pour les plantes issues de semences et pour celles provenant de fragments de racines, mais dans ce dernier cas, la croissance fut plus importante.
Wirkung verschieden hoher Stickstoffgaben auf Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, bei Aufwuchs aus Samen sowie aus Wurzelfragmenten
Zusammenfassung. Das Wachstum von Cirsium arvense zeigte wenig Abhangigkeit von der Höhe der Stickstoffgabe während der ersten drei Wochen nach der Applikation, wohl aber spater. Durch Stickstoffgaben von 35 ppm und mehr wurde das Spross-Trockengewicht stärker gefördert als das Wurzel-Trockengewicht. Die Reaktion auf Stickstoff entsprach bei atjs Samen gezogenen Pflanzen weilgehend derjenigen von Pflanzen, die aus Wurzelfragmenten hervorgegangen waren, doch war das Wachstum bei den vegetativ vermehrten Pflanzen allgemein stärker.     

土壤湿度对蚕豆根病及其生长的影响

 土壤湿度是影响蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)生长和根腐病发生的主要环境因素之一。本文以来源于蚕豆产区的田间土壤,分别以30%、50%和70%的土壤饱和持水量(WHC)处理进行盆栽试验,在室外自然条件下生长,测定了出苗率、出苗速度、株高、生长速度、叶面积、总叶绿素含量、净光合速率、结荚数、根瘤数、生物量干重、根腐病严重度及死亡率。结果表明50% WHC的土壤含水量为蚕豆生长的最佳土壤湿度,有利于蚕豆健康生长,减少根腐病的发生与危害。在30%、50%和70%WHC土壤湿度条件下,播后10周蚕豆生物量干重和植株的死亡率依次分别为1.53、3.16、2.68g和18.5%、4.8%、25.6%。     

甘薯根腐病的初步研究

 甘薯根腐病是我国新发生的一种病害。近年,在甘薯主要产区蔓延迅速,致使产量遭受严重损失。     

STUDIES ON THE BIOTYPES OF CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) PERS.

Summary. Results obtained on the growth response of biotypes of Cynodon dactylon to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), both formulated as the sodium salt, have indicated that the tetraploid biotypes are more resistant than the triploid, and that biotypes of the same chromosome number also differ in their response to these herbicides.
Investigations on the effects of adding non-ionic, cationic and anionic wetting agents to aqueous Solutions of the herbicides in which the leaves of plants were immersed showed that, in general, the wetting agents did not significantly increase the phytotoxicity of either herbicide.
Studies on bud dormancy revealed that uptake of TCA and dalapon via the roots is through the transpiration stream and that in tetraploids the dormant period induced by the acids is shorter than in triploids.
Eludes sur les biotypes de Cynodon dactylon ( L.) Pers. II. Les réactions aux acides trichloracétique et 2,2-dichloropropionique     

THE EFFECTS OF SHOOT REMOVAL ON THE RHIZOME CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES OF COUCH GRASS (AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.)

Summary. Three box experiments examining the effects of shoot removal on rhizome carbohydrate reserves are reported.
During summer in England the optimum frequency of hand defoliation for maximum loss of carbohydrate was 10–14 days. As in previous experiments, high levels of soil nitrogen sometimes increased the rate of carbohydrate loss from 9-in. rhizome pieces. This result was obtained when nitrogen was supplied as a nitrate, an ammonium salt, or urea.
Repeated applications of 2 or 4 oz/ac paraquat over a period of about 60 days reduced carbohydrate reserves to about 50% of the level obtained with the same number of hand clippings. It is suggested that paraquat may have been translocated to the rhizomes, the carbohydrate content of which may have been reduced by an effect of the paraquat on the respiration rate.
When plants which had been subjected to different methods and frequencies of defoliation were uprooted and buried beneath 2 in. of soil, there was a connection between the rhizome carbohydrate content at the time of burial, the ability of the plants to regenerate, and the rate at which new carbohydrate reserves built up during the following two months.     

EFFECTS OF DECREASING THE LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE GROWTH OF AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV. IN THE FIELD

Summary. Small plots of Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv, were shaded with ‘Tygan’ screening fabric which transmitted approximately 46% of daylight. In 1968, plots were either shaded or unshaded throughout the experiment (from mid-May until September) and in 1969, some plots were also shaded early (mid-May to mid-July) or late (mid-July to September). In both experiments continuous shading halved rhizome dry weight but had a much smaller effect on shoot dry weight. It also decreased rhizome dry matter by 5%. With early shading there were fewer shoots and ears until mid-July but this difference disappeared by September, because plants shaded early produced more shoots and ears after mid-July than unshaded plants. Early shading slightly decreased the final percentage of shoots that developed ears. Early shading increased shoot height by mid-July and late shading increased it by the end of the experiment. Effets de la diminution de l'intensié lumineuse sur la croissance de l'Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv, au champ Résumé. De petites parcelles d'Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. ont été ombragiés avec du ‘Tygan’écran en treillis qui ne laisse passer que 46% environ de la lumère du jour. En 1968, les parcelles furent ombragées ou non pendant toute la durée de l'expérience (de mi-mai à septembre); en 1969 certaines parcelles furent aussi ombragées précocement (de mi-mai à mi-julliet) ou tardivement (de mi-jmllet à septembre). Dans les deux expériences, l'ombrage continu réduisit de moitié le poids sec des rhizomes mais eut un effet beaucoup plus faible sur le poids sec de la partie aérienne. II réduisit également de 5% la matière sèche des rhizomes. Avec un ombrage précoce, il y eut moins de tiges et d'épis jusquà mi-juillet, mais cette différence n'existait plus en septembre paree que les plantes ombragées précocement produisirent après la mi-juillet, plus de tiges et d'épis que les plantes non ombragées. L'ombrage précoce diminua le pourcentage final des tiges qui produisirent des épis. L'ombrage précoce augmenta la hauteur des tiges à la mi-juillet et l'ombrage tardif eut le même effet à la fin de I'expérience. Auswirkungen verringerter Lichtintensität auf das Wachstum von Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Im Feld Zusammenfassung. Kleine Parzellen mit Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. wurden mit ‘Tygan’ Abschirmmaterial, das etwa 46% des Tageslichts durchliess, beschattet. Im Jahre 1968 wurden die Parzellen während der gesamten Versuchadauer (von Mitte Mai bis September) entweder beschattet oder nicht beschattet; 1969 wurden auch einige Parzellen früh (von Mitte Mai bis Mitte Juli) oder spät (von Mittc Juli bis September) beschattet. In beiden Experimenten reduzierte durchgehende Beschattung das Rhizom-trockengewicht um die Hälfte, hatte jedoch eine weit geringere Auswirkung auf das Trockengewicht der oberirdischen Teile. Die Rhizomtrockensubstanz war um 5% vermindert, Bei früher Beschattung würden bis Mitte Juli weniger Schosse und Ahren gebildet; dieser Unterschied war jedoch bis September wieder verschwunden, da beschattete Pflanzen ab Mitte Juli mehr Schosse und Ähren produzierten als unbeschattete. Frühe Besehattung führte zu einer leiehten Verringerung des Prozentsatzes der Schosse, die Ähren bildeten. Die Länge der Sehosse war Mitte Juli durch frühe Beschattung vergrössert und am Ende des Experiments durch späte Besehattung.     

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF FERTILE SPARTINA TOWNSENDII (S.L.) ON THE CHESHIRE SHORE OF THE DEE ESTUARY

Zusammenfassung. Die chemische Analyse von am naturlichen Standort behandelten SpartinapRanzen ergab, dass Paraquat sowohl in nach der Behandlung weiterwachsenden Pflanzen als auch in solchen deren oberirdische Teile vernichtet worden waren, in die unterirdischen Teile abgeleitet wurde. In Labortests konnte die Translokation von einem paraquatbehandelten Blatt in andere Sprosse derselben Pflanze nachgewiesen werden. In Gewachshausversuchen, in welchen Paraquat in 4 Entwicklungsstadien zwischen Keimung und Blute angewandt wurde, nahm die Empfindlichkeit gegenuber 2,25 kg/ha Paraquat mit zunehmendem Alter der Spartina pRanzen ab. Diese zunehmende Widerstandsfahigkeit hing weder mit der Entwicklung des Rhizomsystems noch mit dem Blutenansatz zusammen. Solange keine neuen Untersuchungsergebnisse vorliegen, sollte daher Paraquat nicht zur Vernichtung reifer Spartina rasen verwendet werden. Dagegen scheinen Versuche zur Vernichtung von Keimlingen und sehr jungen Pflanzen, die in offene Stellen der Vorkustenzone eindringen, erfolgversprechend.     

三七根腐病病原及复合侵染的研究

 从三七根腐病不同发病期根部分离到假单胞杆菌Pseudomonas sp.、腐皮镰孢Fusarium solani、细链格孢Alternaria tenuis和小杆线虫Rhabditis elegans。活体接种假单胞杆菌的致病性最强,腐皮镰孢和细链格孢的致病性弱,小杆线虫无致病性。假单胞杆菌、腐皮镰孢和细链格孢混合接种的发病率都高于单独接种的发病率,尤以3种菌混合接种的发病率最高,含细菌的组合发病率高于不含细菌的发病率,说明细菌在侵染中起了主要作用。     

西葫芦花叶病的研究

自西葫芦花叶病株所采的标样,經鉴定后都屬于甜瓜花叶病毒种羣,可侵染葫芦科植物,产生系統性花叶症,不侵染茄科,物理屬性也与过去报导基本一致。試驗中証明本病毒可以侵染豌豆,在秋季温室条件下,产生局部枯斑。在田間试验中,观察了影响病害流行的各种条件。初步認为:在田间已有西葫芦花叶病初侵染源的情况下,棉蚜为传播的主要介体。持續25—30℃的日平均温度是构成发病的温度条件,这时的潛育期为10日左右。本文討論了影响发病及流行的各种因素,在流行前期进行予测,可为有效的防治措施提供依据。     

小麦根病化学防治技术研究

经１９９１－１９９５年室内、田间试验、筛选出丙环唑、三唑酮等三唑类杀菌剂为防治小麦根病的有效药剂。这类内吸性的杀菌剂不仅对小麦根的致病一蚀病菌和麦根腐离蠕孢菌毒力强,且对小麦生长有良好的调节作用。可降低小麦育苗株高,促进根系发育,提高纪苗根比、增强根系活力,增加单位重叶片叶绿素含量。在各试验处理中,以２５％丙环唑ＥＣ拌种加苗期喷洒白穗防效高达９８．４％。改变药剂剂型和处理方法,延长药效,且提高防效     

THE INFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF APPLICATION OF PROMETON TO THE SOIL ON ITS TOXICITY TO WHITE MUSTARD (SINAPIS ALBA L.)

Summary. The effect of the method of incorporation of prometon into the soil on its phytotoxicity to white mustard was studied in pot experiments. Two groups of method were compared. In the first, the total quantity of soil to be used was mixed with the volume of appropriate prometon solution necessary to produce the required final herbicide and water concentrations. In the second group, the herbicide was initially mixed with a sub-sample of soil which was then diluted with untreated soil to give the required final concentration.
Phytotoxicity was greatest when procedures of the second type were followed. There was no difference between the behaviour of wettable powder and unformulated applications.
Influence de la méthode d'application de la prométone dans le sol sur sa toxicité pour la moutarde blanche (Sinapis alba L.)     

THE INCIDENCE OF DORMANCY IN TWO-NODE STEM AND RHIZOME FRAGMENTS OF POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM L.

Summary. Monthly samples of field-grown rhizomes and aerial stems of Polygonum amphibium were tested for innate dormancy during parts of 2 years in England and during 5 months of a third year in southern Germany. All stems and rhizomes were cut into two-node fragments, planted in soil in a warm glasshouse, and the new shoots counted after 3 weeks. Dormancy per month for different categories of stems varied from 0 to 23%, averaging 4–3% for all fragments tested but only 1–3% for mature buds. No evidence of a dormant period was found in either country.
Incidence de la darmance dans une tige à deux noeuds et des fragments de rhizome de Polygonum amphibium L.     

THE CONTROL OF RANUNCULUS REPENS (L.) IN RASPBERRIES

Summary. Experiments conducted in Northern Ireland between 1956 and 1960 show that Ranunculus repens may be controlled by MCPA-salt or -ester applied in November or December. These compounds are more effective than salt or ester formulations of 2,4-D and salt formulations of MCPB and 2,4-DB. Three varieties of raspberry were uninjured when a salt formulation of MCPA was applied during December at 2.2 kg/ha to the same plots for three successive years. Five other varieties were uninjured after one year's treatment. Wetting the dormant canes to run-off with MCPA-salt at 2000 ppm caused no injury but, in one experiment, MCPA-salt at 4.5 kg/ha reduced the number of shoots the following season. The margin of safety is not high but, in the absence of any alternative chemical means of controlling R. repens in raspberries, a late November or December application of MCPA-salt at 2.2 kg/ha is recommended in Northern Ireland where this weed is prevalent. In two trials, raspberries appeared to be slightly more tolerant of 2,4-D than of MCPA but in general, control of R. repens with winter applications of 2,4-D was inadequate except where the weeds were young or active.
La lutte contre Ranunculus repens L. dans les framboisiers     

CONTROL OF REGENERATION IN ROOTS OF THE DEEP-ROOTED WEED CHONDRILLA JUNCEA L.

Summary. A system was developed for testing the ability of herbicides applied to the shoots of the deep-rooted weed Chondrilla juncea to inhibit the regeneration of buds on serial sections along the root. Auxin herbicides known to inhibit regeneration when applied directly to root sections and with a potential for translocation or slow metabolic conversion to an active auxin were selected for testing. The most effective herbicides tested were picloram, N -(diethylaminomethyl)-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetamide and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acet- O -methylhydroxamic acid. Each compound reduced bud formation along 40 cm of root. The inhibition of regeneration by the sodium salt of 2,4-D was decreased at temperatures above 25°C. The growth retardants chlormequat chloride, chlorphonium chloride and B-995 were tested as inhibitors of regenerated-bud growth and emergence when applied to shoots; only B-955 was inhibitory. Amitrole and tris-(laziridinyl) phosphine oxide inhibited bud formation and growth.
Suppression de la régénération par les racines de Chondrilla juncea L., mauvaise herbe à encrainement profond.     

STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS OF AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV AND AGROSTIS GIGANTEA ROTH.

Summary. The growth of seedlings of Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. and Agrostis gigantea Roth, in pots was studied in two experiments in 1968 and 1969. In Experiment 1 their growth was compared with that of wheat and in Experiment 2 they were grown in sandy loam (Woburn) and silt loam (Rothamsted) soil at four levels of nitrogen. Both species grew faster than wheat, mainly because they had a larger leaf area ratio. Tillering began earlier in wheat, but continued longer in the grasses, which eventually had many more shoots. Ears emerged in the order: wheat before Agropyron before Agrostis. Although Agrostis had much lighter seeds than Agropyron, it grew faster, but Agropyron initiated rhizomes sooner, usually when it had 1–2 tillers and 4 leaves. Agrostis did not initiate rhizomes until it had at least 10 tillers and 6 leaves. In Experiment 2 the seedlings at first grew more in Woburn than in Rothamsted soil but later more in Rothamsted than in Woburn soil. There was no evidence of a species/soil interaction but nitrogen had more effect on both species in Woburn than in Rothamsted soil. Neither soil type nor nitrogen affected the time at which rhizomes were initiated. Etude de la croissance de plantules d'Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. et d'Agrostis gigantea Roth. Résumé. La croissance de plantules A'Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. et d'Agrostis gigantea Roth, cultivdes en pots a étéétudiée au cours de deux expériences en 1968 et 1969. Dans la premiére experience, leur croissance fut compareée à celle du blé et dans une seconde experiénce, ces deux espéces furent cultivées sur un sol sablo-limoneux (Woburn) et sur un sol argilo-limoneux (Rothamsted) á quatre niveaux d'azote. Les deux mauvaises herbes poussérent plus vite que le blé, principalement en raison de leur rapport plus éalevé de surface foliaire. Le tallage commenga plus tot chez le bié, mais se poursuivit plus longtemps chez les deux mauvaises herbes qui, en fin de compte, eurent plus de tiges. L'épiaison se produisit dans l'ordre suivant: bléa, Agropyron, Agrostis. Bien que I'Agrostis ait des semences plus petites que I'Agropyron, il poussa plus vite, mais I'Agropyron émit des rhizomes plus tôt, habituellement au stade 1 à 2 talles et 4 feuilles. L'Agrostis n'émit pas de rhizome avant d'atteindre au moins le stade 10 talles et 6 feuilles. Dans la deuxième experience, les plantules poussérent d'abord plus dans le sol de Woburn que dans celui de Rothamsted mais, plus tard, plus dans le sol de Rothamsted que dans Celui de Woburn. II ne fut pas décelé d'interaction entre le sol et les espéces, mais I'azote fit un effet plus marqué sur les deux espéces dans le sol de Woburn que dans celui de Rothamsted. Ni le type de sol, ni le niveau d'azote n'eurent d'influence sur l'époque à laquelle les rhizomes commencérent de croître. Untersuchungen zum Wachstum von Keirnpjlanzen von Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Und Agrostis gigantea Roih. Zusammenfassung. Das Wachstum von Keimpfianzen von Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. und Agrostis gigantea Roth, in Töpfen wurde 1968 und 1969 in zwei Versuchen untersucht. In Versuch II wurde das Wachstum mit dem von Weizen verglichen. In Versuch II wurden sie in sandigen Lehmboden (Woburn) und Silt-Lehm-(Rothamsted) Boden bei vier Stickstoffstufen angezogen. Beide Arten wuchsen in erster Linie wegen ihres grösseren Blattflächenanteils schneller als Weizen. Die Bestockung begann fruher bei Weizen, zog sich jedoch bei den Gräsern, die schliesslich wesentlich mehr Halme hatten, langer hin. Ahrenschieben erfolgte am frühesten bei Weizen, dann bei Agropyron und schliesslich bei Agrostis. Obgleich Agrostis viel leichtere Samen hatte als Agropyron, wuchs es schneller, doch entwickelte Agropyron fruher Rhizome, nornialerweise bei 1–2 Bestockungstriebe und 4 Blättern. Agrostis entwickelte Rhizome nicht ehe es mindestens 10 Bestockungstriebe und 6 Blätter hatte. In Versuch II wuchsen die Keimpflanzen zunächst besser in Woburn- als in Rothamsted-Boden, später wieder besser in Rothamsted als in Woburn-Boden. Es gab keine Anhalts-punkte für eine Interaktion zwisehen den Arten und dem Boden, doch wirkte Stickstoff bei beiden Arten besser in Woburn- als in Rothamsted-Boden. Weder Bodentyp noch Stickstoffmenge beeinflussten den Beginn der Rhizombfldung.     

THE SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS CONTAINING PARAQUAT ON AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.*

Summary. Herbicide combinations containing paraquat were synergistic and provided control of established Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (quackgrass) sods for the entire growing season. Paraquat applied at 0–5 lb/ac with simazine or diuron at 4–0 lb/ac was more phytotoxic than either herbicide applied singly and the enhanced activity was more than additive. This synergism was not due to increased absorption or translocation of either herbicide in aerial portions of the plant. Paraquat applied to the shoot increased the susceptibility of quackgrass to simazine action through the soil. Pre-treatment of quackgrass with aminotriazole or amitrole-T at 10 lb/ac 7 days before paraquat application at 0–5 lb/ac provided increased toxicity over that obtained when the two herbicides were applied together or singly. Subsequent studies indicated that aminotriazole applications prior to shoot destruction by either paraquat or clipping resulted in more chronic aminotriazole toxicity. Using methyl-¹⁴C-paraquat it was found that aminotriazole pre-loading also increased the movement of paraquat in and out of the treated leaf. This increase was even more pronounced with amitrole-T. When the two herbicides were applied together, antagonism in absorption and translocation occurred. Action synergique de combinaisons d'herbicides comprenant du paraquat sur Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.