节节麦×六倍体小黑麦杂种胚再生植株育性及其变异的细胞学研究

对节节麦(2n=2x=14)×六倍体小黑麦(2n=6x=42)杂种胚培养植株和胚愈伤组织再生植株的育性比较,发现杂种胚愈伤组织再生植株育性有较大的变异。8株胚培养杂种植株的平均育性为0.87％(0.39％～1.40％),同期抽穗的杂种胚愈伤组织再生植株的平均育性为0.75％(0～5.39％)。细胞学研究表明杂种F_1可育性是由于未减数配子产生的结果,在一些PMCs中,单价体中期Ⅰ集结到赤道板上,后期Ⅰ分裂失败形成再组核,再组核分裂产生二分体或细胞质提前分裂产生有核和无核子细胞,有核子细胞分裂产生未减数配子。细胞学研究揭示再生植株的育性和染色体数目和配对构型无关而和单价体中期Ⅰ在赤道板上的集结程度呈正相关。远缘杂种F_1再生植株的育性变异为克服杂种不育提供了技术途径。     

波斯小麦与山羊草杂种F_1自然形成双二倍体的细胞遗传学研究(摘要)

在小麦与山羊草杂交中发现,波斯小麦品系Pss与粗山羊草、卵穗山羊草、小伞山羊草、顶芒山羊草以及钩刺山羊草的杂种F_1具有可育性,自交产生一批小麦—山羊草双二倍体。对波斯小麦×粗山羊草杂种F_1的细胞学研究表明,可育性是由于杂种F_1以两种途径形成了未减数配子。1.一部分花粉母细胞第一次分裂消失,只发生第二次分裂。     

克服节节麦×普通小麦杂交不亲和性的研究

采用幼胚培养的方法,克服了节节麦作母本与普通小麦杂交的困难。在授粉后15～30天,在无菌条件下剥下杂种胚,接种在修改的 B_5培养基上。从25个培养的胚得到3个植株,F_1的形态学特征像小麦亲本,完全或高度不育,用普通小麦花粉授粉回交结了种子。杂种的育性恢复很快,BC_1自交结实率18.1～22.2%,BC_2为28.6～58.1%,BC_3植株的育性已经基本正常。检查的 BC_2植株根尖细胞染色体2n=42。它们的酯酶同工酶酶谱与父本小麦相似。BC_1F_3和BC_1F_4的主要性状倾向小麦,也出现了一些新类型。     

节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种核型分析

节节麦(Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14)与通北野燕麦(Avena fatua L.2n=6x=42)杂交,F_1自然加倍成8倍体,8倍体播成的F_2代,遗传性基本一致,PMC镜检表明,染色体数为2n=28Ⅱ。用F_2所结的种子进行根尖细胞核型分析,结果发现8倍体中包含有全套的节节麦和野燕麦的染色体。节节麦中有1对随体染色体.2对近中部着丝点染色体,4对中部着丝点染色体。野燕麦有3对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体,8对近中部着丝点染色体,5对中部着丝点染色体。而节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种,有4对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体.10对近中部着丝点染色体,9对中部着丝点染色体。核型分析结果表明,节节麦与野燕麦杂交合成的8倍体,是节节麦与野燕麦的双二倍体。     

节节麦与野生燕麦杂交研究

节节麦Aegilops tauschii (Coss·) Sch,2n=2x=14与通北野生燕麦Avena fatua L·2n=6x=42直接杂交成功。F_1有两株,一株优势很强,成穗143个,另一株生长很弱,从苗期开始脚叶就逐渐黄化,成穗14个。经花粉母细胞镜检表明,生长势很强的杂种,是自然加倍的双2倍体,染色体数为2n=8x=56。生长弱的杂种植株,是7倍体,染色体数基本上是2n=7x=49。这2株杂种芒长在护颖和外颖的背上,具有燕麦族芒长在外颖背上的族的特征性状。这2株杂种对国内白粉菌小种均表现免疫。节节麦及其他山羊草种,基本上是不抗白粉病的。7倍体植株的结实率极低。     

节节麦×黑麦的属间杂种的植株形态及细胞学研究

<正> 节节麦(Aegilops squarrosal)2n=14,染色体组型为 DD。黑麦(Secale cere-ale)2n=14,染色体组型为 RR。为了合成包含有 DD 和 RR 染色体组的异源四倍体,我们于1979～1981年进行了节节麦×黑麦的杂交工作,并且获得了杂种 F_1幼苗,本文仅就杂种幼苗的产生及形态学和细胞学研究作一初报:     

小黑麦／小麦杂种不育性利用研究

小黑麦/小麦杂种不育性(以下简称DR不育性)利用研究是中国农科院作物所和黑龙江省农垦科学院九三科研所合作进行的。经研究得知:DR不育性雄不育高于雌不育,以DR不育株为母本、小麦为父本自然回交制种,可以生产大量杂种F_0种子,通过2～3次自然回交和辐射产生许多有益     

节节麦和黑麦杂种F1及双二倍体中基因组变异分析

人工合成的双二倍体在遗传和植物育种中有重要作用。为探讨远缘杂交后代双二倍体育性提高及其细胞学稳定的分子机制,利用ALFP、MASP技术对节节麦-黑麦杂种及其双二倍体S₁~S₄代的基因组变异进行了分析。该双二倍的S₁~S₄代体细胞染色体数2n = 28的植株的比例从57.1%提高到92.5%,2n = 28的植株的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期二价体平均数目从11.7提高到12.25,平均结实率从24.5%提高到51.3%。利用两套分别扩增重复序列和单拷贝序列的酶切引物组合EcoR I/Mse I (E-M)、Pst I/Mse I (P-M)对节节麦–黑麦杂种F₁和双二倍体S₁~S₄代扩增表明,基因组序列变异主要发生于F₁代,且以序列消除为主。E-M和P-M引物扩增带中, 节节麦基因组在F₁代的序列消除带数占各代总消失带数的70.00%和52.95%,而在黑麦基因组为96.88%和81.64%。MSAP分析表明节节麦和黑麦杂种和加倍能够导致节节麦和黑麦基因组序列甲基化状态改变,以甲基化为主,仅发生在F₁和S₁代。在S₂~S₄代中没有检测到甲基化变异。     

phlb 基因对普通小麦×易变山羊草Ae.variabilis杂种F1、BC1、BC2、BC3及转移抗禾谷类根结线虫 M.naasi基因影响的研究

Courtot 4 phlb、Courtot 2 phlb、Courotot与 Ae.variabilis杂种F_1平均每PMC在MI染色体交叉数(Xta)分别为15.18、11.62、1.67。杂种F_1育性极差,自交不结实。Courtot 4phlb、Courtot 2 phlb与Ae.variabilis杂种F_1回交难,回交结实率仅分别为0.13％、1.66％;BC_1植株染色体少,93.1％的植株为2n=35-44,且减数分裂行为极不规则。在2phlb×Ae.variabilis×2phlb×Ph×Ph BC_3群体中可获遗传性较稳定、育性较正常、对 M.naasi抗性一致的重组系或易位系。而Courtot×Ae.variabilis杂种F_1回交较易成功（6.81％）。93.8％的BC_1植株染色体数变化在2n=47-56,BC_3中仅获抗M.naasi单体附加系。     

利用花培选育野生稻[ms—CW]细胞质的雄性不育恢复系

克男和光岛(1958)提出利用多年生野生稻(W_1,Oryza rufipogon Griff)选育细胞质雄性不育[ms-CW]的恢复系,证实可以通过花培将恢复基因(S)从W_1转移到栽培品种中去。以W_1(♀)和栽培品种So-mewake”(?)的杂种F_1代花药,通过培养得到2株具有深染色能力的再生植株,其中1株结实性上表现不育,而另1株(A_1)能育,并且它们的后代(A_2)同样显示出高结实性。以(A_2)植株为父本与携带有W_1胞性而雄性不育的栽培品种“Reimei”测交,结果F_1代具有高的育性,证实再生植株(A_1)具有恢复基因。从F_2和W_1(♀)/Somewake的回交一代(B_1F_1)等常规杂交后代中看出,花粉染色能力及结实性,具有广泛的变异,这不仅归因于细胞质而且也归因于杂种不实性基因。上述结果表明:通过花培途径能有效地利用远缘杂交选育恢复系,尤其是当它们受到杂交不实的干扰时。     

Formation of unreduced gametes is impeded by homologous chromosome pairing in tetraploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum turgidum</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops tauschii</Emphasis> hybrids

It is believed that unreduced gametes with somatic chromosome numbers play a predominant role in natural polyploidization. Allohexaploid bread wheat originated from spontaneous hybridization of Triticum turgidum L. with Aegilops tauschii Coss. Unreduced gametes originating via meiotic restitution, including first-division restitution (FDR) and single-division meiosis (SDM), are well documented in triploid F₁ hybrids of T. turgidum with diploid Ae. tauschii (genomic constitution ABD, usually with 21 univalents in meiotic metaphase I). In this study, two T. turgidum lines known to carry genes for meiotic restitution were crossed to tetraploid Ae. tauschii. The resulting F₁ hybrids (genomes ABDD), had seven pairs of homologous chromosomes and regularly formed 14 univalents and seven bivalents at metaphase I. Neither FDR nor SDM were observed. The distribution of chromosome numbers among progeny obtained by self pollination and a backcross to T. turgidum showed the absence of unreduced gametes. These results suggest that high homologous pairing interfered with meiotic restitution and the formation of unreduced gametes. This may be related to asynchronous movement during meiosis between paired and unpaired chromosomes or to uneven distribution of chromosomes in anaphases, resulting in nonviable gametes.     

A re-examination of the mechanisms of 2n gamete formation in potato and its implications for breeding

Summary The claim that first division restitution gametes are produced through the unique meiotic abnormality of parallel spindle formation at anaphase II of microsporogenesis in Solanum species appears to be not justified. An examination of the phenomenon of meiotic nuclear restitution in fifty-six diploid Solanum clones revealed that the parallel orientation of spindles either at metaphase or anaphae II does not necessarily lead to dyad or unreduced microspore formation. However, the fused spindle formation at metaphase II of microsporogenesis invariably leads to dyad and unreduced microspore formation. The 2n gametes produced through fused spindles may be genetically equivalent to first division restitution gametes, and therefore, they may be useful in potato breeding. In addition to fused spindle formation, at least three other types of meiotic abnormalities that could lead to 2n gamete formation were also observed. Although any one, or two, of these mechanisms were predominantly observed in certain clones, it was by no means certain that other mechanisms did not operate in these clones at the same time, or at a later stage. Because of the great modifying influence of environment on the process of meiosis, and meiotic nuclear restitution, it might be erroneous to conclude that one or the other meiotic nuclear restitution mechanism alone operates at a time in a given clone. In order to elucidate the genetic basis of 2n gamete formation in potato, it is desirable (i) to answer whether there are exclusive genetic mechanisms for the formation of first or second division restitution gametes; (ii) to establish reliable cytological criteria for their detection; and (iii) to determine the effect of environmental factors on the occurrence of different mechanisms.     

Breeding for quantitative resistance to potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) in tetraploid potatoes using dihaploids and unreduced gametes

Summary Dihaploids were produced from tetraploids resistant to potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida (Stone)). High levels of resistance were found in the dihaploids and three were used to produce tetraploid progenies by crossing them with susceptible tetraploid cultivars. One dihaploid, PDH505, produced more highly resistant offspring than the other two, PDHs 417 and 418. The latter gave progenies whose levels of resistance were similar to those obtained from susceptible dihaploids crossed with resistant tetraploids.The differences between the progenies of the resistant dihaploids were probably due to different modes of unreduced gamete formation (PDH505 producing gametes by first division restitution (FDR) and PDHs 417 and 418 by second division restitution (SDR)) although cytological studies would be necessary to confirm this. The methods by which dihaploids could be utilised in a tetraploid potato breeding programme are discussed in relation to the mode of unreduced gamete formation.     

Occurrence of numerically unreduced (2n) gametes in Alstroemeria interspecific hybrids and their significance for sexual polyploidisation

The F1 hybrids of seven diploid Alstroemeria species (2n=2x=16) were investigated for the production of numerically unreduced (2n) gametes and their mode of origin. Based on a survey of 17 interspecific hybrid combinations,consisting of 119 genotypes, it was found that the F1 hybrids of Chilean-Brazilian species mostly produced first division restitution (FDR) 2n gametes. These F1 hybrids were self-pollinated in order to obtain F2 seeds, which was an indication that the F1 plants also produced 2neggs simultaneously. All the F2 progeny plants were typical allotetraploids, most of which formed 16 bivalents and a small proportion formed multivalents during metaphase I stages of meiosis. Through genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) it was proved that multivalent formation in F2plants, derived from A. inodora ×A. pelegrina hybrid, was due to homoeologous recombination but not from reciprocal translocations. In order to test the segregation pattern of the recombinant chromosomes, an F3 population from one genotype, P6C49-6, was investigated. The recombinant chromosomes assorted independently from each other supporting the hypothesis that the segregation of chromosomes in ring quadrivalents did not behave like those in translocation heterozygotes. It was concluded that in allopolyploids of Alstroemeria,bilateral sexual polyploidisation could accomplish genetic recombination by both homoeologous crossing-over as well as through the assortment of chromosomes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Frequent occurrence of unreduced gametes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum turgidum</Emphasis>–<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops tauschii</Emphasis> hybrids

Spontaneous chromosome doubling via union of unreduced (2n) gametes has been thought to be the way that common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was originated from the hybridization of T. turgidum L. with Ae. tauschii Cosson. Previous works have observed unreduced gametes in F₁ hybrids of Ae. tauschii with six of the eight T. turgidum subspecies. It is not clear, however, whether the formation of these unreduced gametes is a norm in the F₁ hybrids. In the present study, we tried to answer this question by assessing the occurrence frequency of unreduced gametes in 115 T. turgidum–Ae. tauschii hybrid combinations, involving 76 genotypes of seven T. turgdium subspecies and 24 Ae. tauschii accessions. Our data show that these hybrid combinations differed significantly (P ≤ 0.01, F = 11.40) in selfed seedset, an indicator for production of unreduced gametes. This study clearly showed that meiotic restitution genes are widely distributed within T. turgidum. However, significant differences were found between as well as within T. turgidum subspecies and in the interaction of the T. turgidum genotypes with those of Ae. taushii. The possible application of the meiotic restitution genes from T. turgidum in production of double haploids is also discussed.     

Relevance of sexual polyploidization for crop improvement – A review

Colchicine induced polyploids have not directly contributed for crop improvement in the past. On the other hand, the so-called natural polyploids, derived from the functioning of numerically unreduced(2n) gametes have been shown to be more relevant for crop improvement in many cases. Different types of cytological abnormalities during meiosis can give rise to 2n gametes and the genetic composition of these gametes is variable. Depending on the type meiotic abnormalities, various types of 2ngametes, such as first division restitution(FDR), second division restitution (SDR),indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR) and post meiotic restitution (PMR) gametes,among others, have been described in recent years. For the improvement of autopolyploids such as potato, alfalfa,Vaccinium spp., and some of the fodder grasses, FDR gametes have been proved to be highly useful. However, the use of 2n gametes for the improvement of allopolyploid crops has received much less attention so far. Some of the investigations on allopolyploids, derived from Festuca-Lolium, Alstroemeria and Lilium species hybrids, have revealed that 2ngametes can be most useful for the introgression of alien genes and chromosomes into cultivars. An important feature of using sexual polyploidization in the case of allopolyploids is that introgression can be achieved through recombination due to genetic crossing-over between alien chromosomes as well as addition of alien chromosomes, which is extremely difficult or impossible to achieve in the case of colchicine induced allopolyploids. Because of the recent developments in the field of plant molecular biology, methods have become available for the analysis of 2ngametes and sexual polyploid progenies more accurately and to develop systematic breeding approaches. The methods include DNA in situ hybridization (GISH and FISH)and molecular mapping (AFLP, RFLP, RAPDs).In addition to providing basic information on the genetic and genome composition of the polyploid progenies, these methods can be potentially useful for a more efficient creation of desirable breeding material and cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic characterization of spontaneous diploid androgenetic wheat and triticale plants

The homozygosity of spontaneous hexaploid plants derived from anther culture was evaluated in wheat and triticale by means of 18 and 22 microsatellite markers, respectively. Most of the spontaneous hexaploid plants were homozygous for all the loci tested and had chromosomes recombining for parental alleles. Only 12% of the spontaneous hexaploid wheat plants, 11% of the artificially doubled wheat plants and 4.4% of the spontaneous hexaploid triticale plants were heterozygous at one to three of the loci studied. This showed that spontaneous hexaploid plants mostly came from normal haploid cells, obtained after meiosis, that underwent spontaneous chromosome doubling. However, first or second division restitution, producing unreduced gametes, cannot be completely excluded to explain the origin of the spontaneous hexaploid plants. Cytomixis, involving only one chromosome, or development of aneuploid trisomic gametes, followed by chromosome doubling for the spontaneous hexaploid plants, or transposition events could also explain some of the results obtained.     

Hexaploid triticales from hybrids of 'Langdon' durum D-genome substitutions with 'Gazelle' rye

The formation of unreduced gametes in some hybrids between disomic D‐genome substitutions (DS) of durum wheat cv.‘Langdon’ and rye provides a convenient approach for the rapid introduction of D‐genome chromosomes into hexaploid triticale. Meiotic pairing at metaphase I and seed fertility in spontaneous and colchicine‐induced amphidiploids derived from F₁ hybrids between a set of ‘Langdon’ DS and ‘Gazelle’ rye were analysed. The purpose was to determine the effects of the substitution of D‐genome chromosomes for their A‐ and B‐genome homoeologues on hexaploid triticale and to select stable disomic D‐genome substitutions of hexaploid triticale. The results showed that the disomic substitutions with D‐genome slightly increased the frequency of univalents (1.0‐3.13) compared with the ‘Langdon’ control primary hexaploid triticale (0.76). Substitutions 2D(2A) and 3D(3B) were partly desynaptic. The substitutions 1D(1A), 1D(1B) and 7D(7B) exhibited high seed fertility but the others had decreased fertility. Except for 2D(2A), 5D(5A), 3D(3B) and 5D(5B), 10 of the 14 possible hexaploid triticale D‐genome disomic substitutions have been obtained. The results suggest that the poor compensation ability of some D‐genome chromosomes for their homoeologous A‐ and B‐genome chromosomes is a major factor affecting meiotic stability and fertility in the hexaploid triticale D‐genome substitutions.     

The origin of unreduced microspores due to aberrant cytokinesis in the meiocytes of potato and its genetic significance

Summary In 7 aneuhaploids of Solanum tuberosum and one clone of S. phureja the mechanism of unreduced microspore production has been studied. It has been observed that the unreduced microspores are produced not only by nuclear restitution at meiosis but also by aberrant cytokinesis in the meiocyte. The size and the number of nucleoli that are present in young microspores at the sporad stage give a fairly reliable indication of the ploidy level and the type of nuclear restitution that has occurred. These two aspects are helpful to deduce the meiotic events that have probably led to the formation of unreduced microspores in some cases. It has been found that triads and dyads are formed regardless of the type of nuclear division or restitution, indicating that cytokinesis is independent of karyokinesis to some extent. Cytological basis of unreduced microspore formation in diploid forms of potato appears to be more complex than it was supposed earlier.     

Cytogenetics of Cultivated Bougainvilleas. IX. Precocious Centromere Division and Origin of Polyploid Taxa

Precocious centromere division at metaphase I leading to diploid gamete formation has been observed in three cultivars. Some of the PMC's are characterized only by rod bivalents whose centromeres split at metaphase I. After passing to respective poles, the already divided centromeres fall apart at telophase I, with the result that each pole has unreduced number of 34 chromosomes. There is no second division and such cells form dyads which give rise to diploid pollen grains. Such unreduced pollen are 100 per cent fertile because of reduced (or no) recombination between hamoeolugous genomes and the presence of two sets of chromosomes. Thus, triploids or even tetraploids can arise when such pollen grains are involved in tertilization with reduced or unreduced egg of other cultivars.