Premelting at defects within bulk colloidal crystals

Premelting is the localized loss of crystalline order at surfaces and defects at temperatures below the bulk melting transition. It can be thought of as the nucleation of the melting process. Premelting has been observed at the surfaces of crystals but not within. We report observations of premelting at grain boundaries and dislocations within bulk colloidal crystals using real-time video microscopy. The crystals are equilibrium close-packed, three-dimensional colloidal structures made from thermally responsive microgel spheres. Particle tracking reveals increased disorder in crystalline regions bordering defects, the amount of which depends on the type of defect, distance from the defect, and particle volume fraction. Our observations suggest that interfacial free energy is the crucial parameter for premelting in colloidal and atomic-scale crystals.     

Two-dimensional electronic excitations in self-assembled conjugated polymer nanocrystals

Several spectroscopic methods were applied to study the characteristic properties of the electronic excitations in thin films of regioregular and regiorandom polythiophene polymers. In the regioregular polymers, which form two-dimensional lamellar structures, increased interchain coupling strongly influences the traditional one-dimensional electronic properties of the polymer chains. The photogenerated charge excitations (polarons) show two-dimensional delocalization that results in a relatively small polaronic energy, multiple absorption bands in the gap where the lowest energy band becomes dominant, and associated infrared active vibrations with reverse absorption bands caused by electron-vibration interferences. The relatively weak absorption bands of the delocalized polaron in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges may help to achieve laser action in nanocrystalline polymer devices using current injection.     

Layer-by-layer growth of binary colloidal crystals

We report the growth of binary colloidal crystals with control over the crystal orientation through a simple layer-by-layer process. Well-ordered single binary colloidal crystals with a stoichiometry of large (L) and small (S) particles of LS2 and LS were generated. In addition, we observed the formation of an LS3 superstructure. The structures formed as a result of the templating effect of the first layer and the forces exerted by the surface tension of the drying liquid. By using spheres of different composition, one component can be selectively removed, as is demonstrated in the growth of a hexagonal non-close-packed colloidal crystal.     

Surfactant-mediated two-dimensional crystallization of colloidal crystals

Colloidal particles can form unexpected two-dimensional ordered colloidal crystals when they interact with surfactants of the opposite charge. Coulomb interactions lead to self-limited adsorption of the particles on the surface of vesicles formed by the surfactants. The adsorbed particles form ordered but fluid rafts on the vesicle surfaces, and these ultimately form robust two-dimensional crystals. This use of attractive Coulomb interaction between colloidal particles and surfactant structures offers a potential new route to self-assembly of ordered colloidal structures.     

Visualization of dislocation dynamics in colloidal crystals

The dominant mechanism for creating large irreversible strain in atomic crystals is the motion of dislocations, a class of line defects in the crystalline lattice. Here we show that the motion of dislocations can also be observed in strained colloidal crystals, allowing detailed investigation of their topology and propagation. We describe a laser diffraction microscopy setup used to study the growth and structure of misfit dislocations in colloidal crystalline films. Complementary microscopic information at the single-particle level is obtained with a laser scanning confocal microscope. The combination of these two techniques enables us to study dislocations over a range of length scales, allowing us to determine important parameters of misfit dislocations such as critical film thickness, dislocation density, Burgers vector, and lattice resistance to dislocation motion. We identify the observed dislocations as Shockley partials that bound stacking faults of vanishing energy. Remarkably, we find that even on the scale of a few lattice vectors, the dislocation behavior is well described by the continuum approach commonly used to describe dislocations in atomic crystals.     

Molecular recognition by self-assembled monolayers of cavitand receptors

It is shown by angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that cavitands derived from resorcin[4]arenes provided with four dialkylsulfide chains form stable monolayers on gold surfaces that are well organized by self-assembly. The cavitand headgroups at the surface of the resorcin[4]arene monolayer act as molecular recognition sites for small organic molecules with remarkable selectivity for perchloroethylene (C(2)Cl(4)). Comparative thermal desorption experiments indicate binding sites with high interaction energies of C(2)Cl(4) at the surface of the resorcin[4]arene monolayers. Fast and reversible "host-guest" interactions were found by the monitoring of extremely small mass changes (in the nanogram range) with a quartz microbalance oscillator provided with gold electrodes coated by resorcin[4]arene monolayers.     

Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials

If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(3) can be efficiently dispersed in common solvents and can be deposited as individual flakes or formed into films. Electron microscopy strongly suggests that the material is exfoliated into individual layers. By blending this material with suspensions of other nanomaterials or polymer solutions, we can prepare hybrid dispersions or composites, which can be cast into films. We show that WS(2) and MoS(2) effectively reinforce polymers, whereas WS(2)/carbon nanotube hybrid films have high conductivity, leading to promising thermoelectric properties.     

气相白炭黑水分散体补强天然胶乳的研究

研究了气相白炭黑水分散体对天然胶乳的补强作用.结果表明补强胶乳的机械稳定性大幅度提高,其浸渍成膜性能良好,可以适应一般乳胶制品生产工艺要求;在气相白炭黑用量13～15份时,补强胶乳硫化胶膜的拉伸强度和撕裂强度分别是对照样品的1.3倍和3.45倍,其耐老化和耐溶剂性能也有较大提高.     

Nanoengineering of inorganic and hybrid hollow spheres by colloidal templating

Hollow silica and silica-polymer spheres with diameters between 720 and 1000 nanometers were fabricated by consecutively assembling silica nanoparticles and polymer onto colloids and subsequently removing the templated colloid either by calcination or decomposition upon exposure to solvents. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate that the wall thickness of the hollow spheres can be readily controlled by varying the number of nanoparticle-polymer deposition cycles, and the size and shape are determined by the morphology of the templating colloid. The hollow spheres produced are envisioned to have applications in areas ranging from medicine to pharmaceutics to materials science.     

双向电泳技术在植物蛋白质组学研究中的应用

从双向电泳的历史、原理、操作步骤及其在植物蛋白质组学研究中的应用等几方面进行综合阐述,最后提出双向电泳技术中存在的一些问题,并展望了其在植物蛋白质组学研究中的未来应用前景。     

双向电泳方法研究油菜的进展(英文)

在中国油菜是一种可提供高质量油和蛋白的油料作物。双向电泳技术是一种有效的研究蛋白表达方法。综述了该技术的改进及其在油菜研究中的蛋白质提取、营养元素抑制影响、环境抑制影响、生理学研究、及抗菌核病等方面的应用研究,发现该方法可为油菜基因组学研究提供了大量很有价值的信息。随着双向电泳技术的发展,其将在未来的油菜蛋白组学研究中发挥更大的作用。     

Elastic torque and the levitation of metal wires by a nematic liquid crystal

Anisotropic particles suspended in a nematic liquid crystal disturb the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules and experience small forces that depend on the particles' orientation. We have measured these forces using magnetic nanowires. The torque on a wire and its orientation-dependent repulsion from a flat surface are quantitatively consistent with theoretical predictions based on the elastic properties of the liquid crystal. These forces can also be used to manipulate submicrometer-scale particles. We show that controlled spatial variations in the liquid crystal's alignment convert the torque on a wire to a translational force that levitates the wire to a specified height.     

蜂蜜蛋白提取以及双向电泳技术分析蜂蜜蛋白条件优化

[目的]研究蜂蜜中蛋白质提取的有效方法,优化蜂蜜蛋白电泳条件。[方法]该试验使用丙酮、钨酸钠、硫酸铵、尿素-硫脲4种方法提取蜂蜜中的蛋白并进行比较,然后进行双向电泳分析,对影响双向蛋白电泳的IPG胶条的选择、蛋白质上样量、等电聚焦时间等主要因素进行优化。[结果]试验表明,采用硫脲法提取蜂蜜蛋白获得的蛋白含量最高,硫脲法和丙酮沉淀法获得的蛋白纯度最好,而硫脲法因干扰物质较少、易于裂解适于双向电泳技术,采用硫脲法提取的蜂蜜蛋白选择IPG胶条p H 5~8,蛋白上样量为150μg,等电聚焦时间达到32 000 V·h的情况下能充分地聚焦,获得的双向电泳图谱最佳,优化后的洋槐蜜双向电泳图谱上可检测到326个蛋白点,重复性和分辨率均较好。[结论]蜂蜜类含糖样品中使用硫脲法提取蛋白能减少糖类物质干扰。     

胶体金免疫层析试纸条法快速检测动物性食品中的氨苯砜

本研究以硝酸纤维素膜为固相载体,包被氨苯砜-OVA偶联物为检测带(T带),酶标羊抗兔二抗为质控带(C带)。依据免疫竞争法原理,建立了胶体金渗滤式试纸条快速检测动物性食品中氨苯砜的方法,最低检出限为20μg/L。样品前处理方法简单,在10min内即可目测判断结果。经高效液相色谱法验证,该方法可用。该方法操作简便、快速,适用于大批量临场动物性食品中氨苯砜残留的快速定性检测。     

免疫胶体金法快速检测水产品中喹诺酮类药物

利用QH12杂交瘤细胞株生产抗体,研制高灵敏度的免疫胶体金试剂条,其对洛美沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、培氟沙星的最低检出限分别为2.0、2.5、2.5、5.0 ng·mL^-1。通过样品预处理方法优化,建立免疫胶体金快速检测方法(GICT)。将其与HPLC法进行比较,并用LC-MS/MS法验证效果。结果表明,GICT灵敏度高于HPLC法,检测结果与LC-MS/MS法较一致,单个样品检测耗时25 min。综合比较分析,GICT宜作为水产品中喹诺酮类药物残留的快速筛查检测方法进行推广。     

免疫胶体金法快速检测水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物的研究

对水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物(AOZ,SEM,AMOZ,AHD)快速衍生化方法的研究发现:理想的衍生化条件是在酸性条件下,加入4-羰基苯甲醛(4-CBA)或2-硝基苯甲醛(2-NBA)经60℃恒温水浴60 min;进一步对样品的洗涤、提取和净化方法进行了优化,在此基础上建立了水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物免疫胶体金快速检测方法,研制出免疫胶体金快速检测试剂盒,对AOZ最低检出限为0.5μg.kg-1,对SEM,AMOZ和AHD最低检出限均为1.0μg.kg-1,最短检测时间约为90 min.个-1样品。胶体金法与液相—串联质谱法的检测结果进行对比,两者的符合率约为98%。胶体金法快速、简便、成本低,有很好的应用价值。     

一种利用拓扑转换消除多边形数据压缩裂缝的方法

以林权地籍调查数据为基础,在拓扑数据转换、Douglas-Peucher边界线压缩、负缓冲区分析和空间连接方法的基础上,提出了消除多边形地块压缩边界缝隙的问题。研究结果表明：①该方法有效地消除了多边形数据压缩裂缝,实现了多边形地块数据的保真压缩;②完整地保留了多边形地块数据的空间拓扑关系和属性数据。该方法对于林权调查地图数据综合和其他格式的文件数据压缩处理均有一定的参考价值。图7参12