杉木第二代种子园亲本性状遗传变异研究

以沙县官庄国有林场22年生的杉木第2代种子园为研究对象,对220个无性系进行系统测定,探讨了无性系生长、形质和结实性状的遗传变异规律,结果表明:生长性状、形质性状和结实性状在无性系间的差异达到极显著水平,而且无性系的重复力值均较大;从220个无性系中综合筛选出丁74等35个优良无性系,各优良无性系生长量大、结实性状良好,22年生时的平均树高、胸径、材积值分别高达17.56 m、33.60 cm和0.803 35 m3,分别大于种子园中调查的220个无性系平均值的20.36%、17.73%和57.32%,综合性状表现优良,可用作高世代种子园建园材料和杂交育种的亲本材料。     

柳杉半同胞子代遗传变异与优良遗传型选择

对40个柳杉半同胞子代的生长、木材品质和形质等性状的遗传变异规律和相关性进行了比较系统地研究,结果表明:2年生树高及26年生树高、胸径和材积等生长性状在家系间存在显著差异;木材品质和形质性状中的髓心偏心率和木材心材比率在家系间存在显著差异,而树皮率和木材基本密度在家系间的差异不明显;2年生树高与26年生胸径、材积间呈显著正相关,心材比率与26年生树高、胸径和材积间呈显著正相关;树皮率与2年生树高相关性不明显,而与26年生树高、胸径和材积等呈显著负相关;髓心偏心率、木材基本密度与生长性状相关性不明显。通过综合比较,评选出生长量大、木材品质好的优良家系12个,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为1.21%、4.77%和8.02%,木材偏心率的平均值为0.3%,木材基本密度的平均值为0.341 g/m3,这些优良家系具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

柳杉第2代种子园亲本幼林期变异规律与初选

对福建省霞浦杨梅岭国有林场营建的柳杉第2代无性系种子园1年生亲本进行调查分析,结果表明:嫁接保存率达96.3%;建园亲本的抽高和接穗直径等性状在无性系和重复间的差异均达极显著水平;无性系的重复力较大,抽高、接穗直径的重复力分别达0.829和0.653。以生长性状为主要指标,兼顾病害情况,初步综合筛选出25个优良无性系,其综合性状表现优异,是非常宝贵的柳杉种质基因资源。     

红锥1.5代改良种子园无性系生长和形质性状变异分析

对红锥(Castanopsis hystrix) 1.5代改良种子园42个无性系共951个单株的生长和形质性状进行调查和变异规律研究.结果表明,8个性状的变异系数为25％～47％,平均变异系数为32.6％.无性系间在生长和形质性状上的差异达显著和极显著水平(P＜0.05),无性系间的方差分量为0.04～13.15.树高、胸径、冠幅、分枝角度、分枝数和分枝粗细的重复力介于0.23～0.34之间,表明它们在单株水平上受到中等水平的遗传控制.生长和形质性状相关分析表明,除通直度与冠幅、分枝数相关系数以及分枝粗细与分枝角度相关系数较低外,各性状间存在着不同程度的相关性.采用遗传值综合评分法筛选出6个优良无性系:28、3、4、23、33和22,这6个优良无性系的胸径比42个无性系总体平均值高出24.11％.     

22年生柳杉双列杂交子代生长量遗传分析及选择

对22年生柳杉双列杂交子代生长性状的遗传变异规律和相关性进行研究,结果表明:树高、胸径和材积等主要生长性状在杂交组合间的差异随林龄的增大而增大,22年生时达1%极显著水平;生长性状年度间相关性均达5%显著水平或1%极显著水平,相关系数值逐渐增大,林龄大于7年生时,相关系数值大多超过0.50;树高、胸径和材积的一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差均达5%显著水平或1%极显著水平;加性方差在总方差分量所占比率较大,生长性状主要受加性遗传控制,同时,生长性状受立地条件影响较大,优良杂交组合在比较适合的立地条件更能发挥其速生潜能;选出优良杂交组合9个,22年生树高、胸径和材积的平均值分别为9.54 m、14.62 cm和0.08297 m3,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为3.07%、3.77%和9.22%。所选优良材料可用于柳杉第2代种子园建设。     

兴安落叶松种源性状变异和选择的研究

以黑龙江省林口县青山林场的7个种源的26年生的兴安落叶松无性系为研究对象,对兴安落叶松种源生长、形质和结实进行方差分析及种源生长与形质性状的相关研究。以超过种源树高、胸径和材积平均值为标准,最终选出乌伊岭、伊春友好和嫩江中央站3个种源为青山林场的优良种源。     

马尾松种子园建园亲本性状遗传变异及优质速生无性系选育

通过对11年生马尾松种子园无性系木材基本密度测定和11年生种子园自由授粉子代生长性状测定,结果表明:无性系间木材基本密度的差异,家系间树高、胸径、单株材积生长量的差异均达到极显著水平,具有较高的重复力(遗传力)。所评选出10个优质速生无性系的木材基本密度、子代的平均树高、胸径、单株材积分别为0.5443 g.cm-3、11.80 m、14.93cm、0.1011 m3,与群体平均值相比的遗传增益分别为8.7%、1.8%、3.6%、8.4%,在生产上具有良好的推广应用前景。     

马尾松种子园优良无性系的选择与评价

通过对马尾松种子园132个无性系种子产量性状调查与木材比重测定及种子园自由授粉子代8年生生长性状调查,在统计分析、相关分析基础上采用综合评分法进行优良无性系的选择,入选率为20%。结果表明:对马尾松种子园无性系再选择,以营建改良代种子园是可行的。8年生子代材积可获得改良增益10.6%,木材比重可获得4.6%的增益,种子园单株产种量可获得增益37.5%,选择效果明显,达到提高种子园产量、增加改良增益的目的。     

柳杉一代种子园半同胞家系遗传变异分析

以福建省霞浦杨梅岭国有林场柳杉一代种子园5年生家系为研究对象,对子代林树高、胸径、材积和冠幅等生长性状遗传变异进行了测定与分析。结果表明:家系胸径、树高、材积、冠幅平均值分别为11.64 cm,6. 75 m,0. 040 3 m3,2. 07 m,27个参试家系材积生长量均大于对照;生长性状总体变异系数为材积胸径冠幅树高,家系内变异系数大于家系间变异系数;方差分析表明,家系间胸径、树高、材积存在极显著差异,冠幅差异不显著;柳杉半同胞子代林胸径、树高、材积、冠幅的家系遗传力分别为为0. 41,0. 16,0. 36,0. 16,单株遗传力分别为0. 78,0. 60,0. 76,0. 33;各性状期望遗传增益分别为6. 75%,0. 47%,11. 79%,0. 52%,现实增益分别为16. 47%,2. 92%,32. 76%,3. 27%,27个家系生长表现优异。研究结果可为探索子代林生长变异规律,一代种子园管理、杂交育种、优良家系(无性系)评选,及下一代育种群体构建提供参考。     

长白落叶松种子园优良无性系的选择及其主要性状的相关分析

本文对长白落叶松初级无性系种子园的生长、形质、树冠、抗性结实性状和种子园自由授粉子代林的生长冠性状共15个因子进行了调查。通过各无性系树高、胸径和材积的方差分析和SR检验,对供试无性系进行排序,估算其重复力。对亲子代生长形质性状的7个因子和冠幅、结实抗性性状的8个因子分别进行了模糊分析,选择出优良无性系6个,占供试无性系的33.3%。采用Spearmen秩次相关公式对亲子代主要性状进行相关分析,为种子园的经营管理提供了依据。     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨 5 0号为母本和青杨 5个种源 (各 10个单株 )为父本杂交 ,获得杂种F1代无性系 ,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明 ,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异 ,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异。杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著 ,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著 ,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响 ,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异 ,具有选择潜力。杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨50号为母本和青杨5个种源(各10个单株)为父本杂交,获得杂种F1代无性系,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究.结果表明,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异.杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异,具有选择潜力.杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性.     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种子代无性系遗传变异和初步选择研究

参试材料为美洲黑杨50号(母本)和5个种源(各10个单株)青杨(父本)杂交获得的25个家系115个子代无性系。5年生生长性状的方差分析结果表明,子代无性系在父本不同种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间3个不同水平上存在a=0．001水平的显著差异,具有较大选择潜力。根据子代无性系的生长量和水泡溃疡病抗性,初步选择出了36个生长量大且对水泡溃疡病有一定抗性的优良无性系。     

Effects of genetic entry and competition by neighbouring trees on growth and wood properties of cloned Norway spruce (Picea abies)

? The aim of this work was to study both the effects of genetic entry and competition by neighbouring trees on growth, yield, wood density traits and fibre properties of 20 Norway spruce clones grown in an experimental trial located in southern Finland. The material included 10 Finnish clones, 2 Russian clones and 8 provenance-hybrids clones, the latter ones representing crosses between Finnish and foreign parent trees.

? We found that, compared to growth and yield, wood density traits and fibre properties showed, on average, lower phenotypic variations. Moreover, significant differences could be observed among the clones regardless of the trait (p < 0.05). Conversely, on average, no clear differences could be found between Finnish, Russian and provenance-hybrids clones in most of the studied traits.

? The marked differences among the clones, and lack of clear differences among the provenances suggested that any ranking, regarding different traits, should be based on individual clones. The phenotypic correlations between different traits ranged from moderate to strong suggesting that selection based on one trait would affect other traits. Regardless of clone, the growth of trees (e.g. breast height diameter) decreased and the wood density increased with increasing competition by neighbouring trees, which was expressed by competition index.

     

7年生木荷生长和木材基本密度地理遗传变异及种源选择

针对福建建瓯的7年生33个产地的木荷种源试验林,研究揭示其生长和木材基本密度的种源差异及地理变异模式,并依据聚类分析结果进行速生优质种源选择。结果表明,木荷胸径、树高、枝下高、材积指数和木材基本密度等存在显著或极显著的种源变异,其中以材积指数的种源变异最大。木荷生长和木材基本密度的种源变异主要受产地温度影响,呈典型的纬向变异模式,来自纬度较低、温度较高产地的木荷种源,其树高、胸径和材积指数等生长量较大,木材基本密度较小。木荷各性状间也存在相关性,其木材基本密度与生长性状呈显著负相关。除存在显著的种源效应外,不同重复间的微立地效应也非常显著,在较差立地条件下,木荷种源的生长量较小,但木材基本密度呈现增大趋势。基于生长和木材基本密度进行种源聚类,可大致将木荷划分为中心种源区、中部种源区和北部种源区3个种源区。同时,以高于材积指数和木材基本密度种源总体均值为选择标准,分别初选出17个速生型和11个速生优质型木荷优良种源,其中多数优良种源来源于南岭山脉—武夷山脉的中心种源区。     

Variability of wood properties in two wild cherry clonal trials

There has been an increase in wild cherry cultivation over recent decades, revealing a need for improvements in planting material to be used for the production of high quality timber. To date, trial tests have been carried out mainly on growth and tree architectural traits, while no investigations have focused on wood properties. The present study investigated the variability of the growth traits and the physical and mechanical properties of wild cherry wood, both within the tree, within and among clones and between sites. The aims of the study are to provide useful information on the genetics of wood traits in valuable hardwoods and to discuss how within-tree variation can affect early selection of genotypes. The results suggest that site was the most important source of variation in growth traits and in the proportion of heartwood, although differences among clones were highly significant. The number of sapwood rings was very homogeneous both between sites and among clones. Concerning the wood traits, most variation was detected within the tree, rather than within or among clones or between sites. Within tree variability seems to be mainly due to heartwood/sapwood presence. However, since there is a high correlation between heartwood and sapwood properties, a quite efficient selection made on the basis of sapwood should provide an efficient means of selecting heartwood traits.     

杨树无性系多性状相关分析

以9年生黑杨派无性系试验林为试材,分析了多个性状间的相关关系,结果表明,生长、干形、冠形及木材性状间均存在显著的相关关系。首次发现树高与边材宽度存在极显著的遗传正相关,表明选育树高生长快的无性系,其边材宽度将得到提高,木材性状相应得到改良;生长性状与气干密度的相关性不显著,故对生长性状的改良并不影响木材性状的表现;气干密度与其它力学性状呈显著或极显著遗传正相关,与干缩率相关不显著,这表明选择气干密度大的无性系,其力学性状会得到显著提高,而对干缩率影响不显著。这些结论对于优良无性系选择具有重要的指导意义。     

马尾松造纸材种源选择

在南、中、北亚热带地区三片九年生马尾松种源试验林中(广西南宁、江西安福、浙江鄞县),采集9个代表性种源试样,测试28项包括木材构造、物理和化学的性状,进行种源间比较选择,结果是:①经试验点内及多点方差分析,各性状种源间差异远大于种源内个体间差异,且种源与试验点间存在互作。②主要造纸经济性状(管胞宽、长宽比、双壁厚、腔径和壁腔比等)遗传力估值均大于0.6,受强度的遗传控制。③材性与生长性状间相关分析表明,在马尾松速生地区作高、径性状的正向选择会导致种源或个体的管胞长宽比、晚材率和壁腔比下降,管胞宽度及腔径增大,这为间接选择提供依据。④取与造纸性能关系紧密的11项木材性状,综合选择出高州、宁明、吉安和德江等优良种源。     

苦楝家系生长性状相关分析与单株选育

以河南省国有温县苗圃试验地6个种源的180个家系的实生苦楝为研究对象进行生长性状差异性分析。结果表明,180个家系间胸径、树高和冠幅差异极显著;6个种源间胸径和树高差异极显著。对试验地现存的苦楝个体生长性状进行相关分析,结果表明,树高与胸径、枝下高、冠幅,胸径和冠幅表现出极显著相关。对苦楝180个家系进行选优,共选出32个优良家系,其中渭南种源12个,郑州种源15个,兰考种源2个,新乡种源3个。对1211株苦楝个体进行无性系选优,共选出90株优良无性系苦楝,选中的家系和个体可用于下一步的选优选育。     

Growth and reproduction in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sibirica</Emphasis> ecotypes from Western Siberia in a common garden experiment

Experimental studies of forest trees’ intraspecies variations in reproduction and reproductive allocation are scarce. Such studies are relevant for the Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) because of the high value of its seeds and wood. To reveal growth and reproductive variations among Siberian stone pine ecotypes in relation to the climate of the provenances, we examined their growth height, crown diameter, stem volume, number of female cones, and male shoots, at different ages, in the clonal common garden experiment established in 1996 in Russia. Scions were obtained from 11 to 19 randomly selected 100–170-year old trees in each of four natural stands located on the latitudinal transect on the West Siberian plain. They were grafted onto local 4 year old Siberian stone pine seedlings and grown in a common garden experiment comprising nine plots near the southern margin of the species’ natural range. Growth traits were affected by climatic conditions in the provenances: generally, a warmer climate was associated with more rapid growth. Variation among the ecotypes at the graft age of 12 years was not large; however, it significantly increased by the age of 19. The relationship was ambiguous between reproductive traits and the climate of the provenances. The proportion of female, male and bisexual clones varied among years in all ecotypes. Most of the clones had only female cones; male clones were less common. The southern ecotype showed rapid growth and formed the lowest number of male shoots and female cones. The northern ecotype showed the weakest growth and moderate cone bearing, along with abundant male flowering. The intermediate ecotypes had a moderate growth and the highest numbers of cones, along with moderate numbers of male shoots. These results demonstrate the fundamental differences in the patterns and nature of variation in growth and reproductive traits.