秋水仙素诱导青岛百合四倍体研究

以青岛百合试管苗为试验材料,采用浸泡法和混培法研究了秋水仙素对青岛百合进行染色体加倍的诱导效果。结果表明:以0.05 %的秋水仙素浸泡处理24h的诱导效果最佳,诱导频率高达53.3%;经秋水仙素诱导的多倍体与正常二倍体植株比较,植株叶片变大,根系粗壮,气孔显著增大而单位面积气孔数减少。对变异材料的细胞学研究发现, 四倍体植株的染色体数目为2n=4x=48。     

迎阳报春四倍体诱导及鉴定

在离体培养条件下,研究了秋水仙素溶液处理对迎阳报春愈伤组织分化和多倍体诱导的效应。结果表明,秋水仙素处理明显抑制愈伤组织的分化,使死亡率增加;在试验浓度和时间范围内,以30mg·L-1秋水仙素溶液处理愈伤组织10d,四倍体诱导率最高,为23.08%;四倍体植株与二倍体植株相比,其气孔变大,且叶片变厚、变大,叶色浓绿、株型紧凑;二倍体植株染色体2n=2x=24,四倍体植株染色体2n=4x=48。     

秋水仙素诱导党参四倍体?

以党参（Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.）为诱变材料,用改良秋水仙素涂抹法进行多倍体诱变以获取四倍体,研究了秋水仙素对党参的诱导效果以及变异株的形态学与细胞学变化。本试验利用0.2%秋水仙素琼脂凝胶处理党参幼苗获得了四倍体材料,结果表明党参经秋水仙素诱导后,以处理24h加倍率最高,为34.14%。四倍体植株形态学变异表现为苗期生长受阻,叶片变大变厚,叶形指数变小;花器变大,茎杆加粗,茎节变短;结实率下降而千粒重增加等。党参四倍体植株的细胞学表现为叶下表皮气孔器变大,气孔密度下降,保卫细胞内叶绿体的含量增加;花粉粒变大而花粉育性降低;根尖细胞有丝分裂染色体数目为2n=4x=32,其对照为2n=2x=16。四倍体党参减数分裂染色体行为复杂,同源染色体出现了多种联会方式。     

秋水仙碱诱导栝楼四倍体

采用改良L.D.Cua法诱导短把栝楼获得四倍体,研究了0.2%浓度的秋水仙碱诱导短把栝楼染色体倍性变异的最佳处理时间、四倍体栝楼与原栝楼的形态特征及其四倍体与二倍体的细胞学鉴定。结果表明：0.2%秋水仙素的最佳处理时间为72 h,诱变率达82.1%。与二倍体相比,四倍体表现为：生长变缓;叶片增大、皱缩和变厚、叶形指数减小;叶片保卫细胞增大,气孔密度降低,叶绿体数目增加,叶色加深。根尖压片表明：二倍体的染色体数目为2n=66,大部分四倍体植株的染色体数目为2n=132,M2代部分四倍体植株也存在嵌合现象。     

利用氟乐灵进行同源四倍体萝卜种质创制研究

本研究应用除草剂氟乐灵处理两叶一心幼苗生长点,进行同源四倍体萝卜种质诱导,对变异植株进行形态、细胞学鉴定和花粉母细胞染色体数目鉴定.结果表明,应用0.2 mmol/L和1.0 mmol/L氟乐灵处理,6个萝卜品种都获得同源四倍体植株,10 mmol/L处理仅在Nau-zhqh得到同源四倍体;其中0.2 mmol/L处理Nau-dy和1.0 mmol/L处理Nau-xbch获得四倍体最高诱导率（40%）;四倍体种质与二倍体种质相比,形态性状、气孔大小、保卫细胞内叶绿体数目、花器官大小、花粉粒大小及花粉萌发率都存在显著差异,将形态、气孔鉴定和染色体计数结合可以准确确定变异株的倍性.研究表明利用氟乐灵诱导是进行萝卜同源四倍体种质创新的有效途径之一.     

黑果枸杞多倍体诱导及鉴定

为了建立黑果枸杞多倍体诱导方法及快速、准确和高效的多倍体鉴定技术,以黑果枸杞二倍体种子经浸泡后的吸胀种子与萌动种子为材料,用不同浓度的秋水仙素进行不同时间的诱导处理,通过流式细胞仪测定细胞核DNA含量的方法对诱导后的植株进行倍性鉴定,并与传统的染色体计数、气孔密度和大小测定、叶绿素相对含量测定等不同方法进行比较。结果表明,0.1%的秋水仙素(内含2%的DMSO)可有效地诱导黑果枸杞萌动种子的染色体加倍,其中24 h处理的效果最好,诱导率为33.3%。经流式细胞仪细胞核DNA含量测定以及压片染色体计数等方法鉴定,获得的多倍体有四倍体、八倍体。在形态上,多倍体植株具有叶色深绿,叶脆,易折断,叶片加厚、卷曲,叶下表皮气孔增大,密度减少等特征。本研究建立的黑果枸杞多倍体诱导方法以及利用流式细胞仪进行细胞核DNA含量测定分析植株倍性技术可方便快速的培育出黑果枸杞多倍体植株,为黑果枸杞新品种选育提供参考。     

黄毛草莓叶片离体再生及其同源四倍体的诱导

为探究黄毛草莓叶片离体再生率及其同源四倍体的诱导效果,以黄毛草莓试管苗叶片和离体芽尖为材料,研究了不同激素配比对叶片离体再生的影响以及不同秋水仙素浓度和处理时间对其染色体的加倍效果。结果表明,黄毛草莓离体叶片在MS+1.0 mg·L-1TDZ+0.1 mg·L-1IBA的培养基上不定芽的再生率最高,为73.19%;0.15%秋水仙素处理草莓离体芽尖48 h诱导效果最佳,诱导率达13.33%,获得了经染色体计数确定为四倍体的株系12个,四倍体基因组DNA含量发生了倍增,染色体数量由14(2n=2x=14)条增加到28(2n=4x=28)条。与二倍体相比,四倍体黄毛草莓叶片更大更厚,颜色更深,叶形指数减小,气孔变大,叶绿素含量升高,整体植株生长势较强。黄毛草莓同源四倍体株系的获得为黄毛草莓的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

盆栽亚洲百合的杂交和染色体加倍

四倍体通常具有植株强健,花大等优点,为了培育盆栽四倍体亚洲百合,本研究在亚洲百合(Lilium)品种Petit Brigitte、Orange Pixie、Black Bird和Pollyanna间进行了正常人工授粉杂交,对3个杂交组合后代的组培苗鳞片用浓度为0.001％、0.002％、0.003％和0.005％的胺磺灵处理了4h,对处理后的再生小鳞茎进行了染色体和荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析,结果表明,用0.003％和0.005％浓度的胺磺灵所处理百合的加倍率分别为19％和23％,FISH分析结果进一步证实了染色体加倍的植株,但有的植株的个别染色体存在未被加倍的现象.该结果进一步确认,胺磺灵处理对百合加倍的有效性;染色体细胞学的方法,结合FISH技术,更能对个别染色是否被加倍得以更准确的确认.     

大白菜与结球甘蓝种间异源多倍体的鉴定

利用异源多倍体作为桥梁材料是克服远缘杂交障碍,创制新种质和进行品种改良的一种重要途径.本研究对已获得的大白菜(Brassica campestrisL.ssp.pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson)与结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.)种间异源四倍体和异源三倍体,利用形态学、解剖学、分子标记及细胞学等方法进行比较鉴定.研究表明,多倍体在植株形态、花器官和气孔大小等方面均表现出巨大性和超亲优势,其中四倍体比三倍体表现普遍更明显.多倍体的气孔密度显著的低于双亲.多倍体花粉生活力比双亲降低,四倍体花粉活力为81.56％,三倍体的花粉活力仅有18.78％.多倍体自交结实性明显低于双亲,四倍体自交结实率仅为0.28％;四倍体作为母本与大白菜杂交结籽率比其反交要高,是反交的2.11倍,以三倍体为母本或父本时与大白菜杂交,结实均非常低,且三倍体自交未获得种子.相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)标记结果表明,多倍体中包含了双亲的遗传信息,但分f标记并不能区分四倍体与三倍体.细胞学观察显示,四倍体的染色体数目为2n=4x=38,三倍体的染色体数目为2n=3x=29.大白菜-结球甘蓝异源多倍体的鉴定为进一步大白菜品种改良和新种质的创制提供了基础资料.     

秋水仙素诱导兰考泡桐同源四倍体

在含不同浓度秋水仙素的MS+0.1mg/L NAA+15mg/L BA(最适器官发生)双层培养基上进行兰考泡桐四倍体植株诱导试验,并通过变异植株根尖细胞染色体观察和叶片单细胞DNA含量测定进行倍性分析。结果表明,预培养12d的兰考泡桐叶片在秋水仙素浓度为10mg/L的双层培养基上预培养处理24h时,四倍体诱导率最高达到23.4%。变异植株叶片比二倍体大,叶片长宽比变小,叶片单个气孔变大,气孔密度变小。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.