甘薯二倍体近缘野生种三裂叶薯MYB转录因子全基因组分析及逆境胁迫响应

MYB是真核生物中一类重要的转录因子,参与调控植物生长发育、初生次生代谢和生物或非生物胁迫响应。为全面解析甘薯基因组MYB转录因子信息,本研究基于甘薯二倍体近缘野生种三裂叶薯的全基因组测序数据,利用多种生物学软件和在线工具对三裂叶薯MYB转录因子的结构域、基因结构、保守基序、染色体定位和系统进化等进行鉴定和分析。利用qRT-PCR检测其中10个R2R3-MYB基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达情况。结果表明,在三裂叶薯的全基因组中共鉴定出不均匀分布于15条染色体的160个Itb MYB基因,其中第7号染色体上分布最多(21个基因),第8号染色体上分布最少(6个基因)。根据MYB结构域所含MYB重复个数,160个Itb MYB家族转录因子被分为4类,其中1R类包含36个基因、R2R3类120个基因、3R类4个基因、4R类1个基因。系统进化分析显示,160个Itb MYB聚为18个亚家族,且同一亚家族的Itb MYB转录因子的motif类型和数目相似,但所含外显子和内含子的数目不同。根据拟南芥R2R3-MYB转录因子的分类标准,进一步将三裂叶薯R2R3-MYB类分为30个亚类。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,R2R3-MYB响应干旱和盐胁迫,且不同胁迫时间下不同组织中的表达量存在差异。本试验为进一步研究甘薯MYB转录因子的功能奠定了一定的理论基础。     

白菜WRKY转录因子CDNA片段的克隆

WRKY转录因子是一类含有WRKY氨基酸的锌指蛋白，到目前为止，仅在植物中被发现(Yu et al．，2001)。WRKY蛋白含有1个或2个十分保守的WRKY区域，但在保守区域外基因间的同源性较低(Chen and Chen，2002)。本研究参照拟南芥WRKY转录因子保守序列设计简并引物，通过RT-PCR方法获得白菜WRKY转录因子cDNA序列，为克隆该转录因子全长cDNA提供基本资料。     

烟草WRKY12基因的分离、表达与多克隆抗体的制备

在高等植物中,WRKY转录因子家族成员广泛参与植物的生长发育、代谢、生物胁迫和非生物胁迫等生理过程的调控.本研究采用同源序列克隆的方法获得烟草WRKY12基因,序列分析表明,该蛋白属于WRKY家族第2类成员,只有一个WRKY结构域,锌指结构为C-X4-C-X23-H-X1-H.构建系统发育树结果表明,它与大豆中GmWR...     

无核葡萄VvWRKY20基因的克隆及其在胚珠败育过程中的差异表达分析

WRKY转录因子是植物特有的一类超家族转录因子,在植物的生长、发育和衰老过程中都有WRKY转录因子的参与.本研究利用SRAP-cDNA技术,以无核葡萄(Vitis vinifera)品种无核白胚珠各发育时期的cDNA为材料,克隆获得了311 bp的差异表达片段,进一步在有核葡萄(V.vinifera)品种黑比诺胚珠中进行验证.BLASTn分析表明,差异表达片段为葡萄基因组预测的WRKY20基因序列(XM_002272334.2)的部分序列.以序列XM 002272334.2为模版设计引物,通过RT-PCR技术在无核白胚珠cDNA中克隆到一个长1796 bp的同源序列,其ORF为1653 bp,编码550个氨基酸,命名为VvWRKY20(GenBank登录号:JQ782602).生物信息学分析表明,Vv WRKY20含两个WRKY保守结构域,两个C2H2锌指结构域,两个DNA结合位点,为WRKY家族中的Ⅰ类成员.其分子量为60140.4D,等电点为6.10,不稳定系数为51.01,属于不稳定蛋白.实时荧光定量PCR分析,该基因在无核白胚珠发育过程中表达量大且变化十分很明显,最大值与最小值之比为17.56,在有核品种黑比诺中,表达较低且表达水平保持相对稳定,最大值与最小值之比仅为2.52.在同一发育时期,该基因在无核白中的表达量也远高于在黑比诺葡萄中的表达量,10d时为15.77倍,30 d时达到229.12倍.有核与无核品种Vv WRKY20基因表达的差异表明,该基因可能参与无核葡萄胚珠败育.研究结果为进一步研究葡萄胚珠败育机制提供基础资料.     

白菜WRKY转录因子cDNA全长的克隆及分析

参照拟南芥WRKY转录因子基因保守序列设计引物，利用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆了白菜WRKY转录因子基因cDNA全长，命名为BcWRKY1 (GenBank登录号为AY836002)。序列分析发现，白菜BcWRKY1基因核苷酸序列长980bp，推导的氨基酸序列编码285个氨基酸残基，与拟南芥AtWRKY18 氨基酸序列的同源性为74%，与拟南芥AtWRKY60同源性为59%；与其它植物WRKY基因的同源性则较低。Southern杂交显示该基因在白菜基因组中为单拷贝。半定量RT-PCR分析表明，用2mmol/L的水杨酸处理后2h~8h，以及用霜霉病菌接种后6h~12h，白菜BcWRKY1基因的表达量最高。     

黄瓜全基因组转录因子MADS-box家族基因的序列特征分析

MADS-box家族基因是一类编码转录因子的基因,因其在调控植物生长发育方面的重要功能而成为作物遗传育种研究的热点。采用生物信息学方法,对黄瓜全基因组MADS-box基因进行序列特征分析,包括CsMADS基因的数量、染色体定位、保守基序的分布及系统进化树分析。结果表明,黄瓜基因组中共有41个CsMADSs基因,除7个分布于Scaffold外,其他34个CsMADSs基因分布于黄瓜7条染色体上,但在染色体上的分布不是均匀的;41个CsMADSs都具有保守的MADS结构域,分布于9个MADS亚家族,而且大部分的CsMADSs基因属于SEP和MEF2-like分支。该研究结果不仅有助于MADS-box转录因子信号转导途径的解析,而且可为进一步研究该家族基因的功能提供信息参考。     

植物ANT类转录因子研究进展

ANT(AINTEGUMENTA)类转录因子是植物所特有的一类转录因子,隶属于AP2/EREBP(APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding proteins)家族。其家族成员均含有两个由60~70个氨基酸组成的AP2结构域,氨基酸序列仅在AP2结构域处较为保守,其他区域序列存在差异。该家族基因不均匀分布于各物种染色体上,且普遍含有内含子。ANT类转录因子不仅参与调控多种生物学进程,包括花、果实、根、种子等器官的发育,而且还参与对干旱和盐等环境胁迫的响应。本文对近年来国内外关于ANT类转录因子的蛋白结构特点、基因特征、生物学功能、作用机制等作简要综述,以期为进一步研究和利用ANT类转录因子提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.