姜堰市麦田杂草发生特点与防除对策

近年来，随着轻简栽培技术(特别是板茬直播、套播等免耕方式)的大面积推广，麦田杂草的发生程度逐年加重，表现在实际草害面积加大，杂草重发生田数量上升，草相趋于复杂。又因除草剂研发技术相对滞后，长期使用同类除草剂防除麦田杂草，     

江苏省小麦田禾本科杂草发生趋势及防除策略思考

小麦的安全生产在江苏农业中占有重要地位,以硬草、草、日本看麦娘和棒头草为代表的禾本科杂草在江苏麦田发生普遍、危害严重,化学除草剂一直是江苏麦田杂草治理的重要手段。但生产上可安全、高效、经济地防除禾本科杂草的除草剂品种较少,加上杂草危害时期长、除草剂使用技术不完善等原因,造成化学除草剂使用量不断增加的同时,小麦田禾本科杂草危害日趋严重的现状。加强理论研究的同时需加大新除草剂品种的开发力度,大胆创新改造现有除草剂品种,建立完善的除草剂使用技术及其评价体系,建立基于农田生态系统之上的作物种类—农艺措施—农药种类和剂型—施药方法相结合的防除策略。     

小麦种芽对6种酰胺类除草剂敏感性测定

小麦种芽对６种酰胺类除草剂敏感性测定马式廉，袁树忠（江苏农学院植保系扬州２２５００１）江苏省麦田杂草发生及危害面积日益扩大，特别是推行麦田少免耕种植法后，麦田禾本科草的发生量呈上升趋势。使用绿麦隆防除麦田硬草、看麦娘等禾本科杂草的防效欠佳。近些年来，...     

汉阴县麦田杂草优势种群及防除

陕西省汉阴县麦田杂草有13科23种,其中分布范围较广、密度较大的有看麦娘、日本看麦娘、菵草、长芒棒头草等单子叶杂草和繁缕、猪殃殃、大巢菜、藜、刺儿菜等双子叶杂草.水稻茬麦田杂草发生危害重于旱地麦田,水稻茬麦田的优势杂草主要有看麦娘、繁缕、日本看麦娘、菵草,旱地麦田优势杂草主要有繁缕、猪殃殃、大巢菜、刺儿菜.针对麦田杂草的发生特点,提出协调农业防除与化学防除的综合治理策略,化学防除要针对麦田的不同杂草优势种群,合理选用除草剂,以达到综合除草效果.     

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物, 麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等, 田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来, 长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除, 已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害, 一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理, 还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况, 分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题, 为农田杂草防除提供指导。     

江苏省麦田杂草的发生、危害及防除研究进展

农田草害一直是影响江苏省小麦产量的重要因素，虽然杂草综合治理已经取得了长足进步，但近年来麦田杂草发生数量及草相都发生了一定变化。此外，杂草抗药性、除草剂药害等问题较为严重。本文对此进行了概述，并提出应进一步加强杂草生物学生态学应用基础、杂草抗药性监测、分子生物学应用等方面的研究，实施以化学防除为主，结合农业、生态防除等措施的综合治理策略。     

连云港地区麦田杂草防除

农田草害一直是影响连云港小麦产量的重要因素,虽然杂草综合治理已经取得了长足进步,但近年来麦田杂草的种群特点及种群数量都发生了一定变化。文章重点介绍了连云港地区旱茬和稻茬麦田的杂草发生规律、杂草类型以及针对旱茬、稻茬的不同特点采取不同的防除措施。     

上海县麦田杂草的种群变化及防除对策

用五级目测草害调查法,对全县麦田杂草种群的分布与危害作了调查。从调查结果看出,近年来麦田杂草种群起了很大变化。单子叶杂草占绝对优势,双子叶杂草居次。看麦娘、硬草和棒头草为麦田的主要杂草。牛繁缕密度下降,大巢菜、泥糊菜、一年蓬、紫苑等阔叶草有所增加。通过调查分析,明确了地域间杂草种群的分布与危害、杂草种群变化的原因及今后的防除对策。     

东辛农场麦田杂草发生特点及治理对策

东辛农场麦田杂草种类多、分布广、发生面积大,以阔叶草为主,共计12科19种,危害严重的优势种为播娘蒿、荠菜、泥糊菜、萹蓄和小藜。近年来禾本科杂草扩展蔓延迅速,除雀麦为本地原有种外,其他均为外来侵入品种。阔叶、禾本科草混生面积有所扩大,化除难度增加。耕作制度、种植结构、栽培方式、频繁的种子调运、跨区收割作业和长期依赖苗后茎叶处理是麦田杂草发生程度逐年加重的主要原因。充分发挥"轮作换茬、合理耕翻、防除农田四边杂草、推进农业标准化"等农业措施的控草作用,改进和完善化除配套技术体系是当前东辛农场麦田杂草治理的根本对策。     

苏北垦区麦田草相的变迁及原因浅析

我场早在70年代末就开始进行麦田化学除草工作,并已成为夺取三麦丰收的重要措施。但是伴随着除草剂的长期使用,喷药技术的不当,综合防除不力,促使麦田杂草群落发生了一定的变化。麦田的禾本科杂草如野燕麦和一些耐苯氧乙酸类除草剂的泽漆、麦家公、猪殃殃发生密度锐增。新上升的杂草又成为小(大)麦生产的障碍。为了更好地防除麦田杂草,我们调查了草相的变化情况,分析了变迁的原因,为今后研究防除对策提供依据。     

Roles of flavoproteins in degradation of mexacarbate in rats

The nature of a reductive system which actively degrades mexacarbate in the rat intestine and liver was investigated. The system is characterized by its stability against heat and protease treatments and its requirements for a flavin cofactor and an acidic pH for a maximum activity. As a result of purification and spectroscopic identification attempts the system responsible for the above reductive activity was identified to be flavoprotein. Under anerobic conditions such flavoproteinflavin cofactor systems degrade mexacarbate first to 4-N-desmethylmexacarbate and then to polar water-soluble metabolites.     

祁连山老虎沟地区高寒草甸蒸散发估算

利用祁连山老虎沟地区海拔4200m气象观测站2010年的观测资料,采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式,再利用作物系数法,对高寒草甸生长季(5月22-9月22)的蒸散发量进行估算和分析。结果发现:研究期共有124天,蒸散发总量为238.3mm,日均为1.87mm·d-1。生长初期、生长中期、生长末期的蒸散发总量依次为22.6mm,179.1mm,36.6mm,依次占研究期总量的8.4%,75.2%,15.3%。5月下旬至6月中旬,日均蒸散发量以较低水平缓慢上升;6月下旬迅速增加;6月末至7月中旬猛然回落;7月中旬至8月末,日均蒸散发量迅速上升且维持在较高水平;此后直到9月22日,缓慢减少。5-9月月蒸散发总量依次为6.6mm,46.4mm,74.5mm,77.6mm,33.1mm。     

Aetiology of Rhizoctonia in sheath blight of maize in Sichuan

Rhizoctonia isolates obtained from maize grown in commercial fields in 33 representative counties (or cities) in Sichuan province in China were characterized according to colony morphology, hyphal anastomosis and pathogenicity. Of 141 isolates, 116 were identified as R. solani , 23 as R. zeae and two as binucleate Rhizoctonia . The isolates of R. solani were assigned to four anastomosis groups (AG): AG-1-IA (101 isolates, accounting for 71.6% of the total), AG-1-IB (2, 1.4%), AG-4 (9, 6.4%) and AG-5 (4, 2.8%). The two isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia belonged to AG-K. On maize, isolates of AG-1-IA caused typical sheath blight symptoms. Lesions produced by isolates of AG-4, AG-5, AG-1-IB and AG-K were darker than those of AG-1-IA. Rhizoctonia zeae usually caused discontinuous lesions with a dark brown margin and a brown centre on the leaf sheaths, as well as ear rot. Isolates of AG-1-IA were the most virulent to maize, with an average lesion length of approximately 15 cm. Isolates of R. zeae produced lesions approximately 12 cm long, while those of AG-4, AG-5, AG-1-IB and AG-K were progressively shorter. On potato dextrose agar (PDA; pH 6.4), the minimum temperature for mycelial growth of R. zeae isolates was 14–18°C, the maximum 38–40°C and optimum 30°C. Isolates of R. zeae did not grow on PDA (28°C) at pH 2.0, the optimum for growth being pH 6.4.     

西北地区冬季室内三种常绿植物的光合特性比较

使用Li-6400XT便携式气体交换系统的红蓝光源和液化CO_2钢瓶注入系统,模拟冬季室内较密闭环境下存在较高CO_2浓度且为弱光环境,设置CO_2浓度为600μmol·mol~(-1),并以400μmol·mol~(-1)作为对照组(CK),对绿萝(Scindapsus aureus)、鹅掌柴(Scheffera octophlla(Lour).Harins)和燕子掌(Crassula agenten Thunb.)进行光响应(Pn-PAR)曲线的测定。结果显示:在CO_2浓度600μmol·mol~(-1)下,三种植物的光饱和点(LSP)均比(CK)更早出现,绿萝和鹅掌柴总体的净光合速率(Pn)比(CK)高,燕子掌比(CK)低;绿萝的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)和表观量子效率(YAQ)均最高,分别为5.62±0.145μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、373.51±24.15μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和0.041±0.003μmol·μmol~(-1),但暗呼吸速率(Rd)较低(-0.51±0.14μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1));鹅掌柴和绿萝的水分利用率(WUE)和蒸腾速率(Tr),极显著高于燕子掌(P<0.01);绿萝的叶绿素SPAD值最高(70.03±4.18),极显著高于其余两种(P<0.01)。研究表明,绿萝对光照具有最强的利用能力,且能在高CO_2浓度且干旱的环境里健康生长,并能对室内环境起到较强的增湿效应,是西北地区冬季较为理想的室内植物。     

山西省2012年蔬菜农药残留监测结果分析

本文通过对2012年山西省蔬菜农药残留监测结果的分析,找出造成山西蔬菜农药残留问题原因,并针对性的提出了解决问题的对策,为蔬菜生产提供依据。     

环流特征量指数在新疆汛期降水趋势预测中的应用

利用中国气象局气候中心下发的74类环流特征量值,通过相关分析,建立了新疆10个区域的汛期降水预测模型。结果表明:预测模型对新疆汛期降水趋势有一定的预报能力,尤其是在新疆洪涝灾害多发的伊犁及博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、北疆沿天山一带、天山山区,建立的3个区域预测模型可以作为汛期降水预测的主要工具。     

Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986

In 1986, mass-mycelial isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 67 tomato crops in England and Wales were examined for benomyl and iprodione resistance. Of the 706 isolates obtained, 62.7% were resistant to benomyl at 2μg/ml and 43.2% were resistant to iprodione at 2 μg/ml. Iprodione resistance persisted in the absence of a dicarboximide spray programme. The incidence of benomyl resistance has not decreased since the last survey in 1984 in spite of a considerable reduction in the use of benzimidazole fungicides. There were no clear indications that the use of dichlofluanid influenced the incidence of benomyl or iprodione resistance. Disease control was poorer in crops with a higher incidence of iprodione resistance.     

Viruses of pepper in plastic houses in Crete

During a survey of virus diseases affecting pepper grown in plastic houses in Crete, during 1984–1986, tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were detected. The most common virus was TMV, being present in samples of alle pepper cultivars carrying the L₁ resistance gene, while ToMV was isolated only from susceptible pepper cultivars. According to responses ofCapsicum spp. the isolates from 640 samples checked were classified into three pathotypes: P₀, P_1.2 and P_1.2.3. Results of this study show that P_1.2 represents at present the major threat to the Cretan pepper industry.Samenvatting Bij een in de jaren 1984–1986 gehouden inventarisatie van virusziekten in paprika in plastic-foliekassen op Kreta werd zowel het tabaksmozaïekvirus (TMV) als het tomatemozaïekvirus (ToMV) aangetoond. TMV kwam zeer algemeen voor: het werd aangetroffen in alle monsters van de paprikarassen met het resistentiegen L₁. ToMV werd alleen geïsoleerd uit planten van vatbare paprikarassen. Volgens de waargenomen symptomen die de isolaten van 640 monsters opCapsicum spp. vertoonden, konden de isolaten in drie pathotypen, nl. P₁, P_1,2 en P_1,2,3, worden geklassificeerd. Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat P_1,2 de belangrijkste bedreiging vormt voor de teelt van paprika op Kreta.     

Viruses of tomato in plastic houses in Crete

Tomatoes grown in plastic houses in Crete have been inspected since 1980 for virus diseases. Plants with virus-like symptoms were checked by sap inoculation to test plants and the isolated viruses were identified by host reaction and serology. The most common viruses were, in order of frequency, tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), potato virus X, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), potato virus Y and cucumber mosaic virus. The large use of ToMV-resistant cultivars reduces gradually the importance of ToMV while TBSV tends to become a serious problem of tomato in Crete.Samenvatting Van 1980–1984 werden op Kreta de in plasticfolie-kassen geteelde tomaten geïnventariseerd op de aanwezigheid van virussen. Verdachte plante werden door sapinoculatie op toetsplanten onderzocht. De daarbij geïsoleerde virussen werden daarna via de symptomen op de waardplanten en serologisch geïdentificeerd. In volgorde van belangrijkheid werden de volgende virussen het meest aangetroffen: tomatemozaïekvirus, aardappelvirus X, tomatedwerggroeivirus, aardappel Y virus en komkommermozaïekvirus, De laatste jaren is door de toenemende teelt van tomaterassen met resistentie tegen tomatemozaïekvirus het belang van dit virus sterk verminderd, terwijl het tomatedwerggroeivirus een steeds ernstiger probleem lijkt te worden.     

2013年我国黏虫发生特点分析

2013年黏虫维持了2012年以来的重发态势。二代黏虫在东北、华北、黄淮局部、江南局部、西南地区普遍发生,多种作物受害严重,总体发生程度重于2012年同期,山西、河北等局部地区大发生。三代黏虫在东北、华北和黄淮局部等地偏重发生,虽然发生面积、发生程度整体上不如2012年严重,但是仍显著重于常年,并且在辽宁、山西、山东的局部地区造成严重危害。分析提出,监测防控及时到位、关键时期气象条件不利,是2013年三代黏虫发生程度轻于2012年的主要原因。