辣椒中氟吗啉残留消解动态及膳食风险评估

为研究氟吗啉在辣椒中的残留消解情况及对居民的膳食摄入风险,本文采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定氟吗啉在辣椒上的残留量,分析其消解动态规律。结果显示,氟吗啉在辣椒中的消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程,在浙江和湖南2个试验点的半衰期分别为3.4、 4.1 d。氟吗啉在辣椒中的长期膳食摄入风险商为0.013 8%;在所有登记作物中的总膳食摄入风险商为4.721 9%。膳食风险评估结果表明,氟吗啉在辣椒中的残留对人群膳食风险在可接受范围内,按照推荐使用剂量、喷药次数及安全间隔期在辣椒上施用50%锰锌-氟吗啉可湿性粉剂,辣椒中的氟吗啉残留不会影响我国居民身体健康。     

噻菌茂在烟叶和土壤中的残留消解动态及安全性评价

为明确噻菌茂在烟草上使用后的环境安全性,建立了烟叶和土壤中噻菌茂残留的检测方法,并在山东和湖南两地开展了为期两年的噻菌茂在烟叶及其土壤中的消解动态和最终残留研究。结果表明,采用甲醇/水（70：30,V：V）提取,石油醚、二氯甲烷萃取,弗罗里硅土净化,高效液相色谱（HPLC-UV）测定,在0.01～5.0mg.kg-1添加水平下,噻菌茂在鲜烟叶、干烟叶和土壤中的平均回收率分别为90.50%～93.84%、88.19%～91.90%和88.34%～93.04%,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为1.72%～2.79%、1.83%～4.13%、2.00%～2.71%。噻菌茂的最小检出量为1.4×10-12g,最低检出浓度分别为：鲜烟叶0.01mg.L-1,干烟叶0.01mg.L-1,土壤0.005mg.L-1。田间试验结果表明,噻菌茂在烟叶和土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为2.85～3.44d和2.77～3.26d。噻菌茂可湿性粉剂按有效成分250g.hm-2（推荐高剂量）和375g.hm-（21.5倍推荐高剂量）于烟草旺长期-成熟期兑水施药3～4次,烟叶中噻菌茂最终残留量随采收间隔时间的延长而呈递减趋势,距末次施药后间隔7d采收的烟叶中噻菌茂的残留量为1.102～4.230mg.kg-1,21d残留量降为0.082～1.813mg.kg-1;而土壤中噻菌茂最终残留量均未检出（≤0.005mg.kg-1）。     

多菌灵在水稻及土壤中的消解动态和残留规律研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了多菌灵在稻田水、土壤和稻秆中的消解动态,测定了多菌灵在水稻和土壤中的最终残留量。样品采用甲醇和稀盐酸的混合溶液提取,经液-液分配净化,HPLC紫外分析测定。结果表明,田水、土壤、稻秆、谷壳、糙米中多菌灵添加浓度为0.05~1.0mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为83.16%~95.44%,变异系数在1.23%~5.32%之间,方法的最低检测浓度为：田水0.005mg·L-1,土壤0.005mg·kg-1,稻秆0.050mg·kg-1,谷壳0.050mg·kg-1,糙米0.025mg·kg-1。多菌灵在田水、土壤和稻秆中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为2.53~3.41d、6.20~7.27d、3.27~3.91d,原始沉积量与施药量、施药次数密切相关。以231g·hm-2和346.5g·hm-2间隔7d施用多菌灵2次和3次,末次施药21d后多菌灵的最高残留量为：土壤未检出（≤0.005mg·kg-1）,稻秆0.524mg·kg-1,谷壳0.528mg·kg-1,糙米未检出（≤0.025mg·kg-1）。多菌灵在稻秆和谷壳中的残留量相对较高,以该稻秆和谷壳作为饲料有一定的风险;多菌灵在糙米中的残留量低于我国和食品法典委员会（CAC）及日本的最大残留限量（MRL）标准。     

氟硅唑（Flusilazole）在黄瓜及土壤内残留动态研究

采用室外小区试验及室内气相色谱分析测定方法，对杀菌剂氟硅唑在黄瓜及土壤中的残留动态及最终残留进行了研究，试验结果表明氟硅唑在土壤内的半壤期约为11－13d，在黄瓜上的半衰期约为2－3d。     

杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在水稻和稻田中的残留及消解动态

为明确杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在稻田系统的使用安全性,采用田间试验方法,研究了杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在长沙、杭州、贵阳三地水稻中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明,该化学灭螺药在三地的稻田水、土壤、稻秆中消解半衰期分别为1.69～3.01、8.66～13.86d和5.33～7.70d。施药后62d糙米中杀螺胺乙醇胺盐的最终残留量均〈1.00mg·kg-1,水稻稻秆中含量最高。在水稻中使用杀螺胺乙醇胺盐70%可湿性粉剂,按推荐剂量900g·hm-（2630a.i.g·hm-2）,最多施药2次,杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在水稻上的安全期为62d。     

新型杀菌剂啶氧菌酯在田间黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态及残留分析

建立了黄瓜和土壤中啶氧菌酯残留量的检测分析方法,对啶氧菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的消解动态及残留规律进行了研究。啶氧菌酯的最小检出量为3.5×10-11g;在黄瓜和土壤基质中的最低检出浓度均为0.005mg·kg-1。对黄瓜和土壤2种基质,设置了0.005、0.05、0.25 mg·kg-13个添加水平,每个添加水平设置5个重复,啶氧菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的添加回收率为68.61%~122.4%,变异系数为1.06%~17.2%。田间试验结果表明:啶氧菌酯在天津地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为5.71d和12.9 d,在山东地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为2.70d和10.3 d,在江苏地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为9.76d和14.9 d。距最后一次施药5d时,啶氧菌酯在黄瓜中的最高残留量为0.014mg·kg-1,远低于欧盟规定的黄瓜中啶氧菌酯最大残留限量0.05mg·kg-1。     

嘧菌环胺·异菌脲可湿性粉剂在葡萄和土壤中的残留消解动态及风险评估

通过对嘧菌环胺·异菌脲可湿性粉剂在葡萄和土壤中开展两年两地的残留消解和最终残留试验,旨在为该农药在生产上的使用及有效控制提供合理数据。本文依据《农药残留试验准则》设计田间试验方案并实施,利用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-QqQ-MS/MS)对葡萄和土壤样品中的嘧菌环胺和异菌脲进行检测,对残留量用农药风险商和危险商公式计算。结果显示,嘧菌环胺在葡萄和土壤中的消解半衰期是6.6~11.2 d,异菌脲在葡萄和土壤的半衰期是1.7~18.7 d。结果表明,当采收间隔期7 d时,嘧菌环胺和异菌脲的残留量均低于我国规定的最大残留限量值,其风险商和危险商均小于100%,在可控风险范围之内。因此,嘧菌环胺·异菌脲可湿性粉剂在葡萄的生产中使用是安全的。     

Influence of tillage and crop residue on soil physical properties and yields of rice and wheat under shallow water table conditions

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage and residue incorporation on soil properties and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rotation for 4 years on a silty clay loam of an Aquic Hapludoll with natural water table fluctuating between 0.05 and 0.97 m depth The rice experiment was laid out in split plot design with four levels of tillage, viz. conventional puddling (CP), puddling by four passes of rotavator (PR), reduced puddling by two passes of rotavator (ReP), and direct seeding without puddling (DSWP) and two levels of residue, viz. residue incorporation (RI) and residue removal (RR) in four replications. The treatments for wheat were zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) with RI and RR superimposed over the plots of rice. Tillage for rice increased puddling index and bulk density (BD) over the years. The increase was significantly higher in CP and PR than in ReP. In wheat season, BD was higher under ZT than under CT but the differences were not significant. Puddling decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity with time, which became significantly lower in CP and PR in the fourth year than in ReP in the first year. Infiltration rate (IR) also decreased with time and was lowest in CP and PR. In wheat season, IR was at par under ZT and CT. Rice yield in PR was maximum and at par with that in ReP. But wheat yield was lowest in PR and highest in DSWP, and was at par in DSWP and ReP. Thus, rice yields were optimum under ReP, in which changes in soil properties were least, and wheat yields were optimum both under ZT and CT in the DSWP and ReP plots of rice under shallow water table conditions of the silty clay loam.     

Residue incorporation and N fertilization affect the response of soil nematodes to the elevated CO2 in a Chinese wheat field

The interplay between the carbon and other nutrient cycles is the key to understand the responses of soil ecosystems to climatic change. Using the free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) techniques, we carried out a multifactorial experiment in a Chinese rice-wheat rotation system, to investigate the response of soil nematodes to elevated CO₂ under different application rates of N fertilizer (225.0 kg N ha⁻¹ (HN) and 112.5 kg N ha⁻¹(LN), respectively) and residue incorporation (0 kg C ha⁻¹ (ZR), 1000 kg C ha⁻¹ (MR) and 2000 kg C ha⁻¹ (HR), respectively). This study was conducted during the wheat growing season of 2007 after expose to the elevated CO₂ for three years. The results in our study indicated that seasonality is an important factor in determining changes in the nematode abundance and diversity. The residue addition effects were more obvious than the elevated CO₂, which significantly influenced the abundance of total nematodes and plant-parasites, and some ecological indices. The interactions between residue addition and CO₂ significantly influenced nematode dominance and structure indices. High level of N fertilization was found to decrease the nematode diversity, generic richness and maturity indices at wheat jointing stage. There are significant interactions between N fertilization and elevated CO₂ for abundance of total nematodes and different trophic groups.     

Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

We studied the effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.     

Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate,urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.     

Carbon flow from C-labeled straw and root residues into the phospholipid fatty acids of a soil microbial community under field conditions

To better understand how residue quality and seasonal conditions influence the flow of C from both root and straw residues into the soil microbial community, we followed the incorporation of ¹³C-labeled crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) root and straw residues into the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) of soil microbial biomass. After residue incorporation under field conditions in late summer (September), the ¹³C content of soil PLFA was measured in September, October, and November, 2002, and April and June, 2003. Multivariate non-metric multidimensional scaling techniques showed that the distribution of ¹³C among microbial PLFA differed among the four primary treatments (ryegrass straw and roots, clover straw and roots). Regardless of treatment, some PLFA remained poorly labeled with ¹³C throughout much of the study (16:1ω5, 10Me17:0; 0-5%), whereas other PLFA consistently contained a larger percentage of residue-derived C (16:0; 18:1ω9, 18:2ω6,9; 10-25%). The distribution of residue ¹³C among individual PLFA differed from the relative contributions of individual PLFA (mol%) to total PLFA-C, suggesting that a subset of the soil biomass was primarily responsible for assimilating residue-derived C. The distribution of ¹³C among soil PLFA differed between the sampling times, indicating that residue properties and soil conditions influenced which members of the community were assimilating residue-derived C. Our findings will provide the foundation for further studies to identify the nature of the community members responsible for residue decomposition at different times of the year, and what factors account for the dynamics of the community involved.     

Persistency and monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides of soil which received no plant materials for a certain period under field conditions

Abstract

The monosaccharides in acid hydrolysates were monitored in soil which was packed in a bag made of glass microfiber paper and buried in upland and paddy fields for up to 36 months. During the initial flush of decomposition, all constituent monosaccharides except for non cellulosic glucose were found to decrease. The amounts which disappeared were greater than the water extractable saccharides of the air dried soil or ground sample of the air dried soil. After the flush of decomposition, the changes in mannose, galactose, fucose and rhamnose were small, whereas cellulosic glucose, arabinose and xylose continued to decline in the upland field soil. The soil saccharides are classified into six groups and their relative persistency is discussed.

The monosaccharide composition did not change markedly, but the proportion of monosaccharides relating to plant materials declined with time after incubation. The molar ratios of hexoses to pentoses, deoxyhexoses to pentoses, and non-cellulosic glucose to cellulosic glucose increased gradually, whereas a gradual decline in the ratio of xylose to mannose was observed when the soil received no plant materials under field conditions.     

紫云英还田后不同施肥下的腐解及土壤供钾特征

采用尼龙网袋法研究了紫云英翻压后不同施肥处理下在稻田的腐解和养分释放规律,以及不同施肥处理土壤钾库的变化特征。结果表明:紫云英还田后,不同施肥处理对其腐解及养分释放无明显影响。紫云英的腐解,氮、磷、钾释放量与翻压时间的关系可用一级动力学方程拟合,不同施肥处理下紫云英最大腐解率达到64.8%~68.3%,氮、磷、钾最大累计释放率分别为84.2%~86.7%、85.3%~89.3%、89.9%~98.0%,养分释放速度表现为钾磷氮。紫云英养分释放主要集中在翻压后15 d之内,应加强水稻生育后期的养分运筹管理。紫云英短期(1个生育期)内能够活化土壤中的钾,但晚稻收获后的土壤速效钾含量明显降低,说明紫云英还田不能完全替代化学钾肥效果。在连续3年不施化学钾肥的情况下,种植紫云英还田后,不会降低早稻土壤速效钾含量,但晚稻收获后土壤速效钾含量低于施用化学钾肥处理,说明紫云英还田不能完全替代化学钾肥效果。     

不同土壤水分冬小麦根、冠关系及其对叶片水分利用效率的影响

试验研究不同土壤水分冬小麦根、冠关系及其对叶片水分利用效率的影响结果表明,水分条件对根系与叶冠间干物质分配模式影响较小,而对根系功能与叶冠结构建成之间关系影响较大,水分胁迫抑制植株结构的建成,随作物由营养生长向生殖生长的过渡其根系功能发挥与叶冠结构建成之间矛盾愈加明显,拔节期复水有利于植株根系功能的增强和叶冠结构的改善。根冠比与叶片水分利用效率关系呈单峰倒“V”型曲线,水分多少可影响曲线的斜率和高低。根量达最大值前沿根冠比降低的方向,叶片水分利用效率增加;当根量达最大值时叶片水分利用效率也达最大值,此时根冠比为0 .1～0 .2。而抽穗期后沿根冠比降低的方向,其叶片水分利用效率也降低。     

Influence of metalaxyl- and mefenoxam-based fungicides on chemical and biochemical attributes of soil quality under field conditions in a southern humid forest zone of Cameroon

A field experiment was conducted to study the changes in the chemical and biochemical attributes of soil quality resulting from a single application of metalaxyl- and mefenoxam-based fungicides applied as their EC and WPC formulations at the commercially recommended application rate under tropical rainforest field conditions. No significant change in soil pH was observed with fungicide application. Microbial activity indices (available P, available N and specific enzymatic systems) were more sensitive indicators of change. Acid and alkaline phosphatase, and β-Glucosidase activities in soil were affected at different levels with application of fungicides. However, use of metalaxyl and mefenoxam is not likely to harm the soil quality, in general. Simple correlations done between physico-chemical and microbial properties did not produce any significant relationship.     

The need for new concepts in risk management of sediments historical developments, future perspectives and new approaches

Being part of a highly dynamic system, contaminated sediments are especially in need of an integrated management approach. Due to change in importance from source to diffuse pollution and the variety of chemical substances in the environ-ment, different scientific fields need to cooperate and incorpo-rate their data in a common risk assessment scheme. Public perception of risk that is associated with sediments and with chemical data is low while the acceptance of ecotoxico-logical data with decision makers is often missing. A growing demand of the public to be involved in decision processes and informed about environmental problems demands a change of methods and concepts in the future. Necessity of an integration of risk assessment and management procedures has been suggested in order to increase the efficiency of the process and the early involvement of public concern. As the confidence in experts’ opinions decreases, a strong need for communication with and transparency for all involved parties arises.