基于分区决策树的省级耕地地力评价——以山西省为例

省级耕地地力评价对快速准确掌握大区域耕地地力水平,有效的进行农业区划并指导农业生产有着重要的作用。本研究在收集分析山西省2005~2014年县域耕地地力评价数据、测土配方施肥采样点数据以及土地利用现状等数据的基础上,运用多尺度指标分区方法将山西省划分为5个区域。基于决策树方法构建了隶属各区的不同评价指标体系并对耕地地力进行了评价与分级,将山西省耕地划分为1~10等地。其中,1至3等地的耕地占总面积的11.56%,该部分耕地地力较高,为山西省的优质耕地;4至6等的耕地占耕地总面积的61.22%,可以通过进行一系列耕地保护措施有效提高耕地质量以提升粮食产量;7至10等的耕地占耕地总面积的27.22%,该部分耕地生产障碍因素突出,应通过加强生态保护继续开展农田建设以提高耕地地力水平。评价结果可为省级耕地资源管理及辅助决策提供依据。     

地貌和样点数对耕地土壤有机质插值精度的影响

将湖南省划分为洞庭湖平原区,湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区,湘南丘陵、中低山区和湘西北中低山区四个地貌景观区,以高密度的耕地表层土壤有机质数据为基础,分析地貌和样点数对插值精度的影响。研究表明:湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质平均含量从高到低依次为:湘南丘陵、中低山区湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区湘西北中低山区洞庭湖平原区。湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质变异系数在31.23%~37.55%之间,属于中等变异水平;基底效应在12.3%~50.0%之间,其中湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区和湘南丘陵、中低山区耕地表层土壤有机质呈现强烈的空间自相关,洞庭湖平原区和湘西北中低山区具有中等空间自相关。相同采样密度下,湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质的克里格插值精度从高到低依次为:洞庭湖平原区湘西北中低山区湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区湘南丘陵空间自相关、中低山区。四个区的耕地表层土壤有机质NRMSE均随着样点数的增加呈现出递减的趋势,表明插值精度逐渐提升。     

耕地地力对化肥养分利用的影响机制及其调控研究进展

耕地地力影响了化肥养分的利用效率,是调控养分利用率的基础途径。本文概述了耕地土壤障碍对养分利用的制约机制、耕地地力培育对养分利用的促进机制、提高养分资源利用效率的耕地培肥模式3个方面的研究进展。针对我国主要的耕地土壤–作物系统,提高化肥养分利用率需要解决4个地力调控方面的关键问题:地力与养分利用率关系及其时空变化规律、土壤障碍制约养分高效蓄积转化机制与消减原理、地力培肥促进根系–土壤–微生物互作提高养分耦合利用机制及调控途径、肥沃耕层构建与生物功能提升对养分蓄纳供应的协同驱动增效机制与调控理论。本文提出基于多时空尺度综合研究,建立稳定提升土壤功能–加速养分循环利用的"双核驱动"地力综合管理理论,在不同区域构建并应用化肥减施增效的耕地地力综合管理模式,实现耕地大面积均衡减施化肥的目标。     

耕地地力评价指标体系构建中的问题与分析逻辑

耕地地力评价指标选取的主导性、独立性原则在实践中不易落实;耕地地力评价试图应用到多尺度空间,却没有适应不同时空尺度的明确任务定位,从而很少考虑评价指标选择的尺度适应性。本文运用地学、农学、系统科学的观点,建立了针对上述问题的分析逻辑,认为:第一,耕地地力评价的任务、评价技术路线和评价指标对地力的指示意义均具有时空尺度特征。第二,评价指标应区分为直接说明作物光、温、水、养分满足程度的指标和间接指示这些条件的指标。大空间范围的耕地地力评价以长时效,低空间精度为特征,着重表现区域地理障碍和资源约束,宜选取稳定性和间接性评价指标;小空间范围以即时状态的耕地地力评价为主,并具有较高的空间精度,评价指标应具有即时性和直接性特征。第三,土地—作物—管理条件构成土地利用系统的整体,随土地系统的作物需求、土地和管理条件的变化,评价指标对耕地地力的意义应辩证分析。第四,共同说明光、温、水、养分的某一方面性质的自然土地条件和人工土地条件应作为整体对待,综合为一个指标,而不应在评价指标体系中分割。     

县域尺度耕地生产能力的空间变异

研究河北省雄县耕地生产能力空间变异性特征及其主控因素,为黑龙港典型区耕地质量等级与生产能力提升及可持续利用提供指导。该文在分析县域和景观尺度耕地生产能力变异性特征的基础上,引用分类回归树模型探讨耕地自然属性因素和耕地管理因素对不同尺度耕地生产能力的影响。结果表明：县域尺度上耕地生产能力差异显著,呈现出西南部和东部高,东南部和中西部低的空间分布格局。5种景观尺度上耕地生产能力由高到低依次为：轻壤蒙金型小二坡地＞轻壤均质型小二坡地>黏壤均质型小低平地>砂壤蒙金型准缓岗>砂壤均质型准缓岗;耕地管理因素较耕地自然属性因素更能解释县域耕地生产能力空间变异性,主控因素依次是灌溉保证率、氮肥施用量、耕地速效氮和耕地有机质,贡献率总计51%。耕地自然属性因素是不同景观尺度间的主控因素,依次为阳离子交换量、有机质、速效钾和速效氮含量,贡献率总计55%;不同景观尺度上耕地生产能力主要受耕地管理因素所主控。因此,要想维持区域高水平耕地生产能力应注意调整耕地管理措施,包括节约集约用水,控制氮肥施用量（不宜超过240.34 kg/hm2）和加强耕地培肥管理。     

海南省琼中县耕地地力评价研究

以海南省琼中县为研究区域,选取了地貌类型、成土母质、坡度、土壤养分等12个地力评价因子;在构建耕地地力评价指标体系的基础上,采用模糊数学理论确定指标隶属度,借助层次分析法对评价单元的指标隶属度进行加权求和计算地力综合指数,运用累积曲线法对琼中县耕地地力进行了等级划分。耕地地力共划分为4级:一级地844.37 hm2,占总耕地面积的9.73%;二级地3 306.39 hm2,占总耕地面积的38.12%;三级地3 786.85 hm2,占总耕地面积的43.66%;四级地736.24 hm2,占总耕地面积的8.49%。并针对影响琼中县耕地质量的障碍因子提出了改良建议。     

乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度分析与实证

该文从耕地单产实现程度、播种面积实现程度和耕地总产实现程度3个方面来表征耕地生产能力实现程度的计算方法。区域尺度上的小麦、玉米可实现单产是采用前沿生产函数、区试产量和近5 a高产水平等多种方法进行确定,地块尺度的小麦和玉米的可实现单产依据农业生态区法（agricultural ecological zone,AEZ）进行修正得到。乡镇尺度上的小麦和玉米的可实现单产分别采用尺度下移和尺度上移的方法将地块尺度的小麦玉米可实现单产转化为乡镇尺度的可实现单产。应用此核算方法对北京市大兴区1982、2000和2006年3个时期的乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度的分析结果表明：大兴区区域尺度的耕地生产能力实现程度实现程度在1982年出现最高值,并在1983-1998年的较长时期呈现小幅摆动但基本保持在35%～45%之间,而在1998年以后则呈现大幅下降的趋势,并在2004年以后出现一定幅度上升;大兴区乡镇尺度1982年实现程度最高;与1982年相比,2000年所有乡镇都大幅降低,2006年比2000年有所增加,但仍低于1982年;乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度存在显著的空间分异;大兴区区域尺度耕地生产能力实现程度与乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度变化规律基本一致。该文构建的乡镇尺度耕地生产能力实现程度的分析方法为从宏观尺度研究耕地生产能力差异化提供了借鉴。     

基于GIS的蚌埠市淮上区耕地地力等级评价

借助遥感解译和GPS野外采样,获得安徽省蚌埠市淮上区田块尺度的评价单元和2 642个土壤采样点。应用GIS的空间分析功能,利用DELPH法、层次分析法和模糊评价等模型,以耕地的养分状况、理化性质、地理条件、管理状况4个方面和17个影响因素为主要评价依据,建立了评价模型。采用积累曲线法确定地力等级评价界限,将淮上区2万多块评价单元划分为5个等级。一等地和二等地主要集中在曹老集镇,其中分别占一等地的96.89%,二等地的70%,三等地和五等地在梅桥乡分布较多,分别占三等地的47.08%,五等地的61.37%,而沿淮河的小蚌埠镇和吴小街镇主要是三等地和四等地。地力等级评价结果能准确反映当地耕地的状况,为淮河流域耕地地力等级评价提供依据。     

基于GIS的前哨农场耕地地力评价

准确地掌握区域耕地地力等级及其空间分布格局,对于提高耕地生产能力具有重要的参考价值。以黑龙江垦区的前哨农场为研究区,以耕地地块为评价单元,在GIS的支持下,应用层次分析法、模糊数学法、综合指数法定量评价了耕地地力,进而分析耕地地力空间地域分布特征与规律。结果表明:农场耕地地力划分为6个级别,旱地和水田都是三级地、四级地数量最多,呈现向五级地、二级地、六级地和一级地逐次减少的正态分布特征;大部分耕地的地力处于中上等水平,且水田地力水平略高于旱地;西南部的第一、第二和第九管理区土壤质地良好、养分丰富、管理措施得当,是该农场优质耕地的集中分布区域。     

华北小麦玉米轮作区耕地地力等级划分及特征

华北地区在我国粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位,小麦玉米轮作是该区域主要种植制度。本文选取华北小麦玉米轮作区为研究区域,从农业部县域耕地地力调查与评价数据库中甄别遴选了23 862个评价样点,采用土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图组合叠置确定了17 945个评价单元,选取了降水量、积温、地貌类型、耕层厚度、耕地质地、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、有效锌、盐渍化程度、灌溉能力等11个指标,运用特尔斐法、模糊评价、层次分析等方法对耕地地力进行了评价。结果表明:华北小麦玉米轮作区1~6级耕地面积分别占总耕地面积的11.29%、19.30%、28.06%、21.57%、11.99%和7.80%。在定量分级的基础上,将本次评价数据与第二次土壤普查数据进行深入对比,结果发现:该区域耕地地力总体水平上升,主要表现为土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾的含量明显上升。评价结果将为华北地区地力培肥与土壤改良、科学布局作物生产、提升耕地生产能力等提供基础信息和科学依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.