Transformation and binding of 13C and 14C-labelled atrazine in relation to straw decomposition in soil

As a source of organic matter, crop residues affect the behaviour of pesticides in agricultural soils. The fate of [U‐ring‐¹³C] and [U‐ring‐¹⁴C] atrazine (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N‐isopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine) was investigated during laboratory incubation under controlled conditions in a loamy soil amended with wheat straw at two different states of decomposition: no preliminary decomposition or 6 months’ preliminary decomposition. After 3 months, non‐extractable, so‐called ‘bound’, ¹³C‐atrazine residues were recovered in three particle‐size fractions (> 200, 50–200 and < 50 μm), and investigated with solid‐state ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. Parallel incubations with [U‐ring‐¹⁴C] atrazine were carried out to quantify the bound residues as well as the extractable and mineralized fractions. The effect of straw residues on atrazine behaviour depended on whether they had been previously decomposed or not. When straw was decomposed for 6 months prior to incubation, atrazine mineralization was enhanced to 50% of the initial ¹⁴C in contrast to 15% of the initial ¹⁴C in soil alone and soil amended with fresh straw. In parallel, atrazine bound residues were formed in greater amount representing up to 20% of the initial ¹⁴C. CP/MAS ¹³C‐NMR on soil size fractions of soil–straw mixtures after incubation with ¹³C‐atrazine showed that bound residues contained mostly triazinic C, corresponding to atrazine or primary metabolites. Non‐humified organic materials recovered in size fractions > 200 and 50–200 μm contained significant amounts of bound residues, especially when straw was added to the soil. CP/MAS ¹³C‐NMR analysis of humic acids obtained from < 50‐μm fractions was difficult due to overlapping of the native carboxyl ¹³C signal with the ¹³C‐atrazine signal.     

Organic phosphorus speciation and pedogenesis: analysis by solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Changes in phosphorus (P) during soil development are central to the understanding of labile P for plant productivity and soil P management. We used NaOH‐EDTA extraction with ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹P NMR), sequential P fractionation, and general soil chemical characterization to better our understanding of P dynamics within two chronosequences (Manawatu and Reefton) and one Basalt maturity sequence under original native vegetation. With time, orthophosphate and orthophosphate monoesters tended to increase with organic C to a maximum of about two‐thirds of NaOH‐EDTA‐extractable P in young soils (16 000 years in the Reefton chronosequence), but gradually declined thereafter to about one‐third of NaOH‐EDTA‐extractable P in the oldest soils (130 000 years old). This coincided with a depletion of P from primary minerals (e.g. apatite) and readily available P for plant production. This depletion of inorganic P resulted in a greater reliance on organic P cycling via mineralization, hence the depletion of the normally recalcitrant monoester‐P pool. Concomitantly, the build‐up of labile P species (diesters and pyrophosphate) and scyllo‐ over myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate occurred as soils developed, and might be attributed to microbial activity, including scavenging for P. This work highlights the importance of organic P cycling during pedogenesis.     

Changes in soil phosphorus pools of grasslands following 17 yrs of balanced application of manure and fertilizer

Limiting the use of phosphorous (P) in intensive agriculture is necessary to decrease losses to surface waters. Balanced fertilizer application (P supply equals P offtake by the crop) is a first step to limit the use of P. However, it is questioned whether this balance approach is sufficient to maintain soil fertility. A long‐term field experiment (17 yr), on grazed grassland, has been conducted on sandy soil, marine clay soil and peat soil to obtain insight into the effects of balanced P fertilizer application on soil test P values and to explain the results by changes in P pools in the soil. The balance approach led to a gradual decline in plant available P, measured as P‐AL, in the topsoil (<0.10 m deep). This decline was accompanied by a decline in oxalate extractable P, dithionite extractable P and inorganic P (0.5 m H₂SO₄). The decline in these mineral P pools in the topsoil was (partly) compensated by an increase in the amount of organic P. There was evidence for the accumulation of P in an occluded form, especially at one of sites which received P as Gafsa rock phosphate [Ca₃(PO₄)₂].     

Phosphorus Fertilizer Requirements and Nutrient Uptake of Irrigated Dry‐Season Cotton Grown on Virgin Soil in Tropical Australia

Abstract

Considerable amounts of phosphorus (P) fertilizer will be required on soils in the proposed Ord Stage II area of northwestern Australia if a sustainable dry‐season, cotton‐production system is to be established, because in their virgin state, the soils are known to be inherently low in P. This study aimed to determine P‐fertilizer requirements on these soils to optimize cotton yield as well as nutrient uptake. Five rates of P fertilizer were applied to soil recently cleared of trees and prepared for irrigation. In the second year, these same rates were imposed over the trial. It was concluded that the application of 60 kg ha^?1 of P was sufficient to allow maximum yield and quality for dry‐season cotton grown in the first season on virgin soils in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA), and a total of 80 kg ha^?1 of P was required when cotton was grown over two seasons.     

Economics of phosphorus fertilization of barley as influenced by concentration of extractable phosphorus in soil

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted at 60 sites in central and north‐central Alberta to determine the yield response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to phosphorus (P) fertilizer and economics of P application on soils with different concentrations of extractable P in the 0–15 cm soil layer. On the unfertilized plots, barley yield increased with increasing concentration of extractable P in the soil up to 22 mg P kg^‐1, but the yield response to applied P decreased. The net present value (NPV) of returns from P fertilization increased with increasing rate of P up to approximately 51 kg P₂O₅ ha^‐1. The NPV of applied P decreased with increasing concentration of extractable P in soil. On soils with extractable P more than 22 mg P kg^‐1, P application did not result in positive NPV.     

Effects of soil flooding on P transformations in soils of the Mesopotamia region,Argentina

In the Mesopotamia region (Argentina), rice is cropped on a wide range of soil types, and the response of rice to fertilizer application has been inconsistent even in soils with very low levels of available phosphorus. Phosphorus transformations in flooded soils depend on soil characteristics that may affect phosphorus availability. This study was conducted to determine which soil characteristics were related to the changes in P fractions during soil flooding. Soils were chosen from ten sites within the Mesopotamia region that are included in five different soil orders: Oxisols, Ultisols, Alfisols, Mollisols, and Vertisols. Soil phosphorus (P) was fractionated by a modified Hedley method before and after a 45 d anaerobic‐incubation period. Changes in the inorganic P extracted with resin depended on soil pH and were related to the exchangeable‐Fe concentration of soils (extracted with EDTA). Inorganic P extracted with alkaline extractants (NaHCO₃ and NaOH) increased due to soil flooding. This increase was related to the organic‐C (OC) percentage of soils (r² = 0.62, p < 0.01), and ranged from 13 to 55 mg kg^–1. Even though previous studies showed that P associated with poorly crystalline Fe played an important role in the P nutrition of flooded rice, in this study, there was no relationship between ammonium oxalate–extractable Fe and P changes in soils due to flooding. Our results suggest that in the Mesopotamia region, changes in P fractions due to soil flooding are related to soil OC, soil pH, and soluble and weakly adsorbed Fe.     

Phosphate speciation in excessively fertilized soil: a 31P and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy study

Both P and Al MAS NMR spectra of samples of excessively fertilized sandy soil provided information about the P and Al speciation. Peak deconvolution was used to interpret reliably and quantitatively the ³¹P NMR spectra recorded. Most of the P was found to be associated with Al. Part of the P exhibited a chemical shift that could be attributed to octocalcium phosphate, amorphous calcium phosphate or apatite. Apatite has, however, never been reported to occur in sandy soils of temperate climates. A dithionite extraction used to remove interfering Fe from the samples also removed most of the octahedral Al-P phase. After oxalate extraction more than 99% of the original P signal disappeared. About 7.5 to 11 % of the total oxalate extractable P of the excessively fertilized soil was present as a Ca-P phase, even though these soils are slightly acid to acid. The estimated size of the Ca-P phase roughly corresponds to the size of the labile P pool of these soils, as assessed in long-term batch desorption experiments. It still remains unclear whether the labile P pool should be attributed solely to such a Ca-P phase.     

Effect of organic,inorganic, and combined organic and inorganic P fertilization on plant P uptake and soil P pools

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource, and its efficient use is a main task in sustainable agriculture. In a 6‐year field experiment on a loamy‐sand soil poor in P, the effects of organic, inorganic, and combined organic‐inorganic fertilization on crop yield, P uptake into grain, and soil properties (organic matter [OM] content, pH, water‐extractable P [P_w], double lactate–extractable P [P_dl], oxalate‐extractable P [P_ox], P‐sorption capacity [PSC], and degree of P saturation [DPS]) were investigated for the maritime climate in northeast Germany. Nine treatments were compared: a control treatment without fertilizer application, two organic fertilizers (cattle manure [CM] and biowaste compost [BC]; applied at a rate of 30 t ha^–1 in autumn 1998 and 2001), application of triple‐superphosphate (TSP; applied once a year either in autumn or in spring to evaluate the effects of application date), and combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizations. Several winter and spring crops (oilseed rape, barley, wheat) were cultivated according to good agricultural practice. The 6 year–average yield and P uptake were significantly higher for fertilized plots than for nonfertilized plots. Although the combination of organic × inorganic fertilizers resulted in higher soil P contents, significant yield increases were only found when organic fertilization was combined with TSP in spring. Small effects of P supply on yield in some years indicate that plant‐available soil P (despite of low P_dl values) was sufficient for crop growth. Phosphorus supply affected soil P_dl and P_w more than the parameters measured in the oxalate extract (P_ox, PSC, DPS). In general, periodically applied cattle manure and biowaste compost had the same effect on yield, P uptake, and soil P status as annually applied soluble mineral P.     

Phosphorus Fertilizer Requirements and Nutrient Uptake of Irrigated Dry‐Season Cotton Grown on Virgin Soil in Tropical Australia

Considerable amounts of phosphorus (P) fertilizer will be required on soils in the proposed Ord Stage II area of northwestern Australia if a sustainable dry‐season cotton production system is to be established, because in their virgin state the soils are known to be inherently low in P. This study aimed to determine P fertilizer requirements on these soils to optimize cotton yield as well as nutrient uptake. Five rates of P fertilizer were applied to soil recently cleared of trees and prepared for irrigation. In the second year, these same rates were imposed over the trial. We conclude that the application of 60 kg ha^?1 of P was sufficient to allow maximum yield and quality for dry‐season cotton grown in the first season on virgin soils in the Ord River Irrigation Area, whereas a total of 80 kg ha^?1 of P was required when cotton was grown over two seasons.     

The ability of the DGT soil phosphorus test to predict pasture response in Australian pasture soils – a preliminary assessment

Diffusive gradients in thin‐films (DGT) technology provides an alternative assessment of available phosphorus (P) for a range of crops, suggesting a preliminary examination of the performance of the new DGT‐P test, compared to existing bicarbonate extractable Olsen and Colwell P tests, for pastures is justified. This study utilized historic data from the Australian National Reactive Phosphate Rock (NRPR) study (1992–1994) that included 25 experimental sites representing a wide range of soil types and climates used for pasture production. Stored (~19 yr) soil samples were analysed for DGT‐P, Olsen P and a single point P buffering index (PBI) and re‐analysed for Colwell P. Results showed the traditional bicarbonate extractable Colwell (r² = 0.45, P < 0.001) and Olsen P (r² = 0.27, P < 0.001) methods predicted relative pasture P response more accurately, compared to the novel DGT‐P test (r² = 0.09, P = 0.03) when all 3 yr of data were examined. We hypothesize that the harsher bicarbonate extraction used for the Olsen and Colwell methods more accurately reflects the ability of perennial pasture roots to access less labile forms of P, in contrast to the DGT‐P test, which does not change the soil pH or dilute the soil and appears unable to fully account for a plants ability to solubilize P. Further studies are needed to compare the capacity of DGT‐P to measure P availability in perennial pasture systems and to better understand the soil chemical differences between pasture and cropping systems.     

Changes in some soil phosphorus availability parameters as induced by phosphorus addition and soil sorption properties

Abstract

Changes in agronomic and environmental soil phosphorus (P) availability parameters, i.e., Mehlich‐ and Olsen‐extractable P, reversibly‐adsorbed P, soil‐solution P, and equilibrium‐P concentration were determined following equilibration of 13 Italian soils with five rates of P application (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg P kg^‐1 soil). Soil P availability as determined by each parameter increased with added P. The relative change in soil P availability with added P was a function of soil sorption index silicon (SI), according to the equation DP=(P_added)^a*exp(b+g*SI). This equation accounted for 94 to 98% of the variance in soil‐P availability. The inclusion of SI in a soil testing program may increase the reliability in assessing both soil‐P fertilizer requirements and the vulnerability of a soil to P loss in runoff following land application of fertilizer or manure P.     

A 13C tracer study to identify the origin of dissolved organic carbon in forested mineral soils

The relative contributions of sources of carbon in soils, such as throughfall, litter, roots, microbial decay products and stable organic fractions, to dissolved organic C are controversial. To identify the origin of dissolved organic C, we made use of a 4‐year experiment where spruce and beech, growing on an acidic loam and on a calcareous sand, were exposed to increased CO₂ that was depleted in ¹³C. We traced the new C inputs from trees into dissolved organic C, into water‐extractable organic C, and into several particle‐size fractions. In addition, we incubated the labelled soils for 1 year and measured the production of dissolved organic C and CO₂ from new and old soil C. In the soil solutions of the topsoil, the dissolved organic C contained only 5–10% new C from the trees. The δ¹³C values of dissolved organic C resembled those of C pools smaller than 50 µm, which strongly suggests that the major source of dissolved organic C was humified old C. Apparently, throughfall, fresh litter and roots made only minor contributions to dissolved organic C. Water‐extractable organic C contained significantly larger fractions of new C than did the natural dissolved organic C (25–30%). The δ¹³C values of the water‐extractable organic C were closely correlated with those of sand fractions, which consisted of little decomposed organic carbon. The different origin of dissolved and water‐extractable organic C was also reflected in a significantly larger molar UV absorptivity and a smaller natural ¹³C abundance of dissolved organic C. This implies that the sampling method strongly influences the characteristics and sources of dissolved organic C. Incubation of soils showed that new soil C was preferentially respired as CO₂ and only a small fraction of new C was leached as dissolved organic C. Our results suggest that dissolved organic C is produced during incomplete decomposition of recalcitrant native C in the soils, whereas easily degradable new components are rapidly consumed by microbes and thus make only a minor contribution to the dissolved C fraction.     

Determination of the fate of 13C labelled maize and wheat exudates in an agricultural soil during a short-term incubation

A broader knowledge of the contribution of carbon (C) released by plant roots (exudates) to soil is a prerequisite for optimizing the management of organic matter in arable soils. This is the first study to show the contribution of constantly applied ¹³C‐labelled maize and wheat exudates to water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), microbial biomass‐C (MB‐C), and CO₂‐C evolution during a 25‐day incubation of agricultural soil material. The CO₂‐C evolution and respective δ¹³C values were measured daily. The WEOC and MB‐C contents were determined weekly and a newly developed method for determining δ¹³C values in soil extracts was applied. Around 36% of exudate‐C of both plants was recovered after the incubation, in the order WEOC < MB‐C < CO₂‐C for maize and MB‐C < WEOC < CO₂‐C for wheat. Around 64% of added exudate‐C was not retrieved with the methods used here. Our results suggest that great amounts of exudates became stabilized in non‐water extractable organic fractions. The amounts of MB‐C stayed relatively constant over time despite a continuous exudate‐C supply, which is the prerequisite for a growing microbial population. A lack of mineral nutrients might have limited microbial growth. The CO₂‐C mineralization rate declined during the incubation and this was probably caused by a shift in the microbial community structure. Consequently, incoming WEOC was left in the soil solution leading to rising WEOC amounts over time. In the exudate‐treated soil additional amounts of soil‐derived WEOC (up to 110 μg g⁻¹) and MB‐C (up to 60 μg g⁻¹) relative to the control were determined. We suggest therefore that positive priming effects (i.e. accelerated turnover of soil organic matter due to the addition of organic substrates) can be explained by exchange processes between charged, soluble C‐components and the soil matrix. As a result of this exchange, soil‐derived WEOC becomes available for mineralization.     

Release of soil phosphate by sequential extractions as a function of soil properties and added phosphorus

Abstract

A study of sequential phosphate (P) extraction by water and iron oxide‐impregnated paper strip procedures was carried out on three Italian soils ranging widely in soil characteristics and enriched with three rates of fertilizer P. The degree of change was dependant on P addition, soil P properties, and type of extraction. For the Fe‐oxide strip procedure, a greater release of P than for water extraction was observed for soils with and without added P. At a given level of added P, more P was released from the soil with the lowest P sorption index (SI). However, at a given level of NaHCO₃‐extractable P, less P was released from the soil with lower SI than from soil with a higher SI, indicating that a greater available P content was necessary for low P sorbing soils to maintain a given rate of P release. The variation of SI accounted for 96% and 92% of the variation in amount of water‐extractable and Fe‐oxide strip P at a given P addition. Furthermore, SI accounted for 97% and 98% of the variation in water‐extractable and Fe‐oxide P at a given increase in available soil P. Inclusion in a soil testing program of an estimate of the P Sorption Index, that accounts for the overall effect of soil properties affecting sorption in soils (clay content and type, iron and aluminum oxide content, surface area, etc.), may improve fertilizer P requirements for optimum crop growth for certain soils.     

C and N availability affects the 15N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass across a cattle manure gradient

The availability of C and N to the soil microbial biomass is an important determinant of the rates of soil N transformations. Here, we present evidence that changes in C and N availability affect the ¹⁵N natural abundance of the microbial biomass relative to other soil N pools. We analysed the ¹⁵N natural abundance signature of the chloroform‐labile, extractable, NO₃^–, NH₄⁺ and soil total N pools across a cattle manure gradient associated with a water reservoir in semiarid, high‐desert grassland. High levels of C and N in soil total, extractable, NO₃^–, NH₄⁺ and chloroform‐labile fractions were found close to the reservoir. The δ¹⁵N value of chloroform‐labile N was similar to that of extractable (organic + inorganic) N and NO₃^– at greater C availability close to the reservoir, but was ¹⁵N‐enriched relative to these N‐pools at lesser C availability farther away. Possible mechanisms for this variable ¹⁵N‐enrichment include isotope fractionation during N assimilation and dissimilation, and changes in substrate use from a less to a more ¹⁵N‐enriched substrate with decreasing C availability.     

Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and soil respired CO2 in a temperate grassland labelled with 13C

The fate of carbon (C) in grassland soils is of particular interest since the vast majority in grassland ecosystems is stored below ground and respiratory C‐release from soils is a major component of the global C balance. The use of ¹³C‐depleted CO₂ in a 10‐year free‐air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment, gave a unique opportunity to study the turnover of the C sequestered during this experiment. Soil organic matter (SOM), soil air and plant material were analysed for δ¹³C and C contents in the last year of the FACE experiment (2002) and in the two following growing seasons. After 10 years of exposure to CO₂ enrichment at 600 ppmv, no significant differences in SOM C content could be detected between fumigated and non‐fumigated plots. A ¹³C depletion of 3.4‰ was found in SOM (0–12 cm) of the fumigated soils in comparison with the control soils and a rapid decrease of this difference was observed after the end of fumigation. Within 2 years, 49% of the C in this SOM (0–12 cm) was exchanged with fresh C, with the limitation that this exchange cannot be further dissected into respiratory decay of old C and freshly sequestered new C. By analysing the mechanistic effects of a drought on the plant‐soil system it was shown that rhizosphere respiration is the dominant factor in soil respiration. Consideration of ecophysiological factors that drive plant activity is therefore important when soil respiration is to be investigated or modelled.     

Different Fractions of Soil Potassium,Olsen Phosphorus,and Available Sulfur Status of Intensively Cultivated Berpura Soil Series of India and Nutrient Indexing of Rice Crop

Berpura alluvial soil series of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains is situated in the Ambala District of the Haryana State of India. Soils of this series had medium concentrations of both potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) and large concentrations of sulfur (S) before 1970. To study different fractions of K, Olsen P, and 0.15% calcium chloride (CaCl₂)–extractable (available) S of soils of the Berpura series and to create nutrient indexing of rice crops growing on this series, surface soil samples were collected from 100 farmers' fields after the harvest of the wheat crop in 2005. During kharif season of same year, samples of upper two leaves at anthesis growth stage of rice crop were also collected from the same 100 farmers' fields that had earlier been sampled for soil analysis. Analysis of soil samples showed more K depletion in soils of this series, of which 86% of farmers' fields were deficient in ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) K (available K). Thirty and 62% of leaf samples of the rice crop growing on the 100 fields of this series were extremely and moderately deficient in K, respectively. The mean values of water‐soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, lattice, and total K were 10.6, 30.3, 390.0, 8204, and 8635 mg kg^?1, respectively. In soils of this series, 0.123, 0.351, 4.517, and 95.009% of total K were found in water‐soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, and lattice K forms, respectively. On the other hand, long‐term farmers' practice of more application of P fertilizer in wheat crop has resulted in P buildup in the soils of the Berpura series. Olsen P in soils of farmers' fields of this series ranged from 9.0 to 153.0 mg kg^?1, with the mean value of 41.8 mg kg^?1. Eighty‐two percent of leaf samples of rice crops grown on this series without application of P fertilizer were sufficient in P. The analysis of soil and rice crops for P and K proved the suitability of 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and 1 N NH₄OAc for extracting available P and K, respectively, in alluvial soils of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains. The 0.15% CaCl₂–extractable S in this soil ranged from 9.6 to 307 mg kg^?1 with a mean value of 34.6 mg kg^?1. Four and 26% of soil samples had low and medium, respectively, in 0.15% CaCl₂–extractable S. S deficiency was recorded in rice crops, as 29% of the leaf samples were extremely deficient in S and 58% were moderately deficient in S. This indicated the unsuitability of the 0.15% CaCl₂ to extract available S from the Udic ustochrept utilized for cultivation of rice crops.     

Inorganic sulphate extraction from SO2-impacted Andosols

Sulphate sorption on to the surface of short‐range ordered minerals and precipitation of Al‐hydroxy sulphate contribute to the acid neutralizing capacity of soils. The correct measurement of total inorganic sulphate is thus essential in soils that are accumulating SO₄^2– anions. We extracted SO₄^2– by various solutions, namely 0.005 m Ca(NO₃)₂, 0.016 m KH₂PO₄, 0.5 m NH₄F and 0.2 m acidic NH₄‐oxalate (pH 3), from Vitric and Eutric Andosols exposed to prolonged deposition of acid and SO₂ from an active volcano (Masaya, Nicaragua). We attributed sulphate extractable by KH₂PO₄ (20–3030 mg kg^?1) to anion‐exchangeable SO₄^2–, which was much smaller than NH₄F‐ and oxalate‐extractable SO₄^2– (400–9680 and 410–10 480 mg kg^?1, respectively). Our results suggest the occurrence of a sparingly soluble Al‐hydroxy‐mineral phase extractable by both NH₄F and oxalate. The formation of Al‐hydroxy minerals would result from the combination of enhanced weathering caused by strong acid loading and simultaneous occurrence of large SO₄^2– concentrations in soil solution. Oxalate extracted slightly more inorganic SO₄^2– than did NH₄F, this additional amount of SO₄^2– correlating strongly with oxalate‐extractable Si and Fe contents. Preferential occlusion of SO₄^2– by short‐range ordered minerals, especially ferrihydrite, explains this behaviour. If we exclude the contribution of occluded sulphate then oxalate and NH₄F mobilize similar amounts of SO₄^2– and are believed to mobilize all of the inorganic SO₄^2– pool.     

设施蔬菜土壤剖面氮磷钾积累及对地下水的影响

针对设施栽培中传统施肥灌溉带来的养分浪费和环境污染问题,采集河北省定州市设施蔬菜、农田土样及相应的地下水样品,分析了不同设施蔬菜种植年限土壤剖面中速效养分的累积规律及地下水受硝酸盐污染的程度。结果表明:0～200cm和0～400cm设施土壤的速效养分累积均高于对照农田。低龄棚硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾及水溶性磷含量分别为377.2mg·kg-1、448.8mg·kg-1、1405.6mg·kg-1、30.6mg·kg-1,分别是对照农田的4.7倍、4.6倍、1.4倍和11.5倍;老龄棚硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾及水溶性磷含量分别为629.1mg·kg-1、555.0mg·kg-1、2567.1mg·kg-1、35.2mg·kg-1,分别为对照农田的6.4倍、16.3倍、2.7倍和12.0倍。设施土壤速效养分深层累积比例随棚龄增加而增加。设施蔬菜栽培区表层地下水(地下饮用水,20m)受硝态氮污染严重,超标率和严重超标率为39.3%和7.1%;而深层地下水(农田和大棚灌溉水,40m)硝态氮含量7.4mg·L-1和9.6mg·L-1,超标率分别为25.0%和37.5%,无严重超标水样。