Agronomic traits of exotic barley germplasms resistant to soil-borne mosaic-inducing viruses

Summary In order to obtain information on agronomic performance and potential use of yellow mosaic virus resistant barley germplasms (Hordeum vulgare L.) in breeding programmes, twenty-six varieties were tested for agronomic traits in two years trials. The varieties tested differ in their reaction to the soil-borne mosaic-inducing viruses (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) and their genetic base of BaMMV-resistance. All of the exotic varieties tested are of inferior agronomic performance as compared to resistant German cultivars. Grain yield ranged from 77% to 33% in comparison to the highest yielding German winter barley cultivar Franka. Furthermore, a large variation was also observed in thousand grain weight, number of grains per spike, height, lodging, winterkilling and susceptibility to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) Davis).     

Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): II. An evaluation of selected cultivars released between 1846 and 1978

Genetic variation among 155 U.S. modern and heirloom cultivars was assessed from assays of 21 polymorphic isozyme loci. Four loci (Fdp-1, Mdh-1, Mpi-1 and Pgd-1) were monomorphic. Multivariate analyses partitioned cultivars into two distinct groups: those released before 1968, and those released after 1968. Cluster analysis produced a dendrogram with 14 nodes and 28 groups. Modern U.S. and European cultivars released after 1968 differed in isozyme frequencies. Isozymic profiles clearly discriminated some cultivars with unique attributes and/or pedigrees [e.g., Windermoor Wonder (USA), Gergana (The Netherlands), Seiram (The Netherlands), Fancy Pak (USA), Dasher 2 (USA), and WI 2757 (USA)].     

Evaluation of ‘di Romagna’ and ‘Frenchgrey’ shallots for quality characters connected to bulb colourand volatile oil content and composition

Local landraces of shallot from the Romagna region(Northern Italy) and North-western France, called Scalogno di Romagna and French grey,respectively, have recently been evaluated for morphological,biochemical and molecular characters. These populations appeared very different from common shallots and onions, so were re-classified as Allium oschaninii O.Fedtsch., whereas almost no variability was observed within these types. Four di Romagna and three French accessions were grown in Italy, and further evaluated for quality characters such asbulb colour and volatile oil content and composition. Colour was measured by means of a tristimulus colorimeter. Volatile oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and its components separated and identified by GC/MS. Colour parameters differentiated thedi Romagna from the French greyaccessions. Essential oil composition differed from what has been reported for most other Alliums, by a lower amount of1-propenyl- substituents. No individual oil component allowed a good differentiation of the two geographic origins.However, the French and di Romagna accessions were perfectly separated by the discriminant analysis of oil composition.Minor 1-propenyl- components seemed more critical for discrimination. The shallot types examined seemed biochemically differentiatedfrom Allium cepa. Variation in the examined quality characters was detected both between the two provenances and among the accessions of common geographic origin.     

Die Chromosomenzahlen einiger bisher nicht untersuchterVicia-Arten

Summary The chromosome numbers of the followingVicia species are reported:V. amurensis 2n=12,V. baicalensis 2n=12,V. eriocarpa 2n=14,V. incisa 2n=14,V. japonica 2n=24,V. melanops 2n=10,V. venulosa 2n=12,V. sparsiflora 2n=12 (the same as mentioned by Baksay).

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Chromosomal interchanges and phylogeny of some accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta

Summary The occurrence of chromosomal interchanges was studied in F1 hyrids in two diallel schemes, including nine accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta, originating from Iran, Europe and North Africa, and the common wheat variety Chinese Spring as a reference. Seven accessions of subsp. spelta differed in one translocation from Chinese Spring. The European accession Grey differed in one or perhaps two interchanges from the reference variety, and Iran 417a showed a difference of three interchanges with Chinese Spring. In total six or perhaps seven interchanges were observed. Thus the number of translocation events in subsp. spelta appeared to be low. One translocation was unique and occurred only in the accession from North Africa. Also one accession from Europe, the landrace Schwarzwald, possibly carried a unique translocation. In both diallels an interchange with a relatively low coefficient of multivalent realisation at first meiotic metaphase was observed in most accessions. The two extra translocations in Iran 417a are considered to be the result of more recent translocation events, whereas the possible second translocation in accession Grey showed such a low coefficient of multivalent realisation that its existence could be doubted.     

Response of A-genome cotton germplasm to the seedling disease pathogens,Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum

Summary Approximately two hundred A-genome cotton (Gossypium arboreum L. and G. herbaceum L.) accessions were evaluated for resistance to the seedling disease pathogens Rhizoctonia solani Kühn [Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk], and Pythium ultimum Trow. Susceptibility rating was based on a scale of 1 to 6 where 1 = no symptoms and 6 = dead. Variation was found among A-genome accessions in response to R. solani and P. ultimum, but none were highly resistant to these pathogens. As a group, the A-genome cottons were more susceptible to the pathogens than the G. hirsutum control.Abbreviations STV-A G. hirsutum Stoneville 506 with agar only - STV-NP G. hirsutum Stoneville 506 with non-pathogenic isolate - STV-P G. hirsutum Stoneville 506 with pathogenic isolate - A₁ G. herbaceum - A₂ G. arboreum - GRIN Genetic Resources Information Network     

Gattungsgrenzen bei höheren Discomyceten

Zusammenfassung An Hand besonderer Discomyceten-Funde aus dem Jahre 1961 werden einige Nachbargattungen miteinander verglichen und ihre gegenseitigen Grenzen kritisch erörtert. Danach erweist sich die Sonderstellung vonPtychoverpa Boud. nur mikroskopisch als ausreichend begründet.Helvella Quéletii Bres. kann vonAcetabula sulcata (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck. nicht gattungsmäßig getrennt werden, sondern ist alsAcetabula Quéletii (Bres.) Bx. nov. comb. zu bezeichnen, wenn beide Gattungen nebeneinander bestehen bleiben.Paramitra ochreoides Bx. nov. gen. et nov. spec. wird erstmalig beschrieben und stellt vermutlich einen Übergang von derOtidea-Gruppe (Wynnella Boud.) zu den Aleurieen dar.

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Summary Starting from rare findings ofDiscomycetes in 1961 some closely related genera are compared and their limits discussed critically. The special position ofPtychoverpa Boud. is sufficiently proved only by microscopic characters. To discernHelvella Quéletii Bres. fromAcetabula sulcata (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck. generically is not possible, it must be designated asAcetabula Quéletii (Bres.) Bx. nov. comb. if both genera shall be maintained. The new describedParamitra ochreoides Bx. nov. gen. et nov. spec. presumably is a transitional fungus between theOtidea-group (Wynnella Boud.) and theAleurieae.

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, 1961 . . Ptychoverpa Boud. .Helvella Quéletii Bres. Acetabula sulcata (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuck. Acetabula Quéletii (Bres.) Bx. nov. comb., .Paramitra ochreoides Bx. nov. gen. et nov. spec. ; Otidea (Wynnella Boud.) Aleurieae.

     

Powdery mildew resistance in Aegilops tauschii coss. and synthetic hexaploid wheats

Summary A collection of 400 Ae. tauschii (syn. Ae. squarrosa) Coss. accessions were screened for powdery mildew resistance based on the response patterns of 13 wheat cultivars/lines possessing major resistance genes to nine differential mildew isolates. 106 accessions showed complete resistance to all isolates, and 174 accessions revealed isolate-specific resistance, among which were 40 accessions exhibiting an identical response pattern as wheat cultivar Ulka/^*8Cc which is known to possess resistance gene Pm2. Expression of both complete and isolate-specific resistance from Ae. tauschii was observed in some synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from four mildew susceptible T. durum Desf. parents, each crossed with five to 38 resistant diploid Ae. tauschii accessions. Synthetic amphiploids involving different combinations of T. durum and Ae. tauschii generally showed a decrease in resistance compared with that expressed by the Ae. tauschii parental lines.     

Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Samen der GattungAllium L. III.

Zusammenfassung Die Testa-Epidermisskulpturen von weiteren Arten der GattungAllium L. wurden rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Dabei konnten die bisherigen Befunde über die sektionsspezifische Ausbildung der Testaskulpturen weitgehend bestätigt werden.Die wenig differenzierten Testaskulpturen der sect.Anguinum G. Don exKoch wurden an weiteren Arten der Gattung nachgewiesen. Die untersuchten Arten der sect.Rhizirideum G. Don exKoch entsprechen in der Mehrzahl den charakteristischen granulösen Skulpturtypen dieser Sektion. Besonderheiten ergeben sich bei einzelnen Arten durch spezielle verrucose Skulpturen bzw. deutlich undulierte Antiklinalwände.Die Testaskulpturen einiger Arten der sect.Cepa (Miller)Prokh. konnten den für diese Sektion typischen Skulpturformen zugeordnet werden.Der einheitliche, verrucose Skulpturtyp der sect.Codonoprasum Reichenb. wurde durch weitere Arten bestätigt. Ebenso zeigen die Arten der sect.Caloscordum (Herb.)Bak. übereinstimmende Testamerkmale.Die untersuchten Sippen der sect.Lophioprason Traub entsprechen in ihrer Testaskulptur dem bisher bekannten Merkmalsspektrum der jeweiligen Artengruppe. Hierbei konnte auch der spezielle verrucose Skulpturtyp derAllium acuminatum-Gruppe an weiteren Arten dieser Gruppe nachgewiesen werden. Granulöse Skulpturformen wurden bei einzelnen Arten der sect.Rhophetoprason Traub und sect.Amerallium Traub gefunden.Die der sect.Allium L. und dem subgen.Melanocrommyum (Webb etBerth.)Rouy gemeinsame Testaform, die durch verrucose Skulpturen sowie eine ausgeprägte Antiklinalwand-Undulation gekennzeichnet ist, wurde durch weitere Arten dieses Verwandtschaftskreises bestätigt. Dabei unterscheidet sich der Undulationstyp der SektionenAllium L. undMegaloprason Wendelbo von den untersuchten Arten anderer Sektionen des subgen.Melanocrommyum (Webb etBerth.)Rouy.

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SEM investigations on seeds of the genusAllium L. III

Summary The structure of the testa epidermis of additional species ofAllium L. have been studied by means of SEM. Results obtained earlier for different sections of the genus could be confirmed:The less differentiated testa structure of sect.Anguinum G. Don exKoch has been observed in further species of this group.Most of the newly examined taxa of sect.Rhizirideum G. Don exKoch correspond to the already known testa types of this section and are characterized by granulate seed coat surfaces. Deviations have been found in some species which possess either a special type of verrucate sculptures or have distinctly undulated anticlinal walls of the testa cells.The earlier described two testa types of sect.Cepa (Mill.)Prokh. could be observed in some additional species of this section, too.Likewise the uniformly verrucate sculptures of sect.Codonoprasum Rchb. have been found in further species and also the taxa of sect.Caloscordum (Herb.)Bak. agree in their testa characters.Earlier described seed coat types for different species groups of sect.Lophioprason Traub could be confirmed, among them the verrucate sculptures of theAllium acuminatum-group. Granulate testa surfaces have been analyzed in several species of sect.Rhophetoprason Traub and sect.Amerallium Traub. The testa type commonly found in sect.Allium as well as in subgen.Melanocrommyum (Webb etBerth.)Rouy and characterized by verrucate sculptures and strong undulation of the anticlinal cell walls could be observed in further species of these infrageneric groups. The undulation pattern of sect.Allium and sect.Megaloprason Wendelbo however differs from that of other sections of subgen.Melanocrommyum (Webb etBerth.)Rouy.

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Allium L. . III.

Allium L. . , - . Anguinum G. Don exKoch . Rhizirideum G. Don exKoch , . . Cepa (Miller)Prokh. . Codonoprasum Reichenb. . Caloscordum (Herb.)Bak. . Lophioprason Traub , . , Allium acuminatum- . Rhophctoprason Traub Amerallium Traub. Allium L. Melanocrommyum (Webb et.Berth.)Rouy, , , . Allium L. Megaloprason Wendelbo Melanocrommyum (Webb etBerth.)Rouy.

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Einige der untersuchten Arten konnten während der gemeinsamen Expeditionen in der Georgischen SSR gesammelt werden, die von Frau Dr.R. K. Beridze, Botanisches Institut der Georgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, in bewährter Weise organisiert wurden. Dieses ist eine willkommene Gelegenheit, ihr diesen Beitrag anläßlich ihres 70. Geburtstages zu widmen.     

Resistenzeigenschaften im Gersten- und Weizensortiment Gatersleben 28. Prüfung von Gersten auf ihr Verhalten gegenüber den BlattlausartenRhopalosiphum padi (L.) undMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)

Zusammenfassung Unter den geprüften Saatgersten (Hordeum vulgare L.) wurden sechs Muster mit Resistenz gegenRhopalosiphum padi (L.) — Resistenz-Indices 4,45 bis 10,10 — und sieben Muster mit Resistenz gegenMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.) — Resistenz-Indices 3,20 bis 8,00 — gefunden. MitHordeum turkestanicum Nevski undH. bogdani Wilenski — Resistenz-Indices gegenR. padi 8,45 bzw. 4,96, gegenM. avenae 8,09 bzw. 3,47 — konnten zwei Arten mit Resistenzeigenschaften gegen beide Aphidenarten gefunden werden.

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Resistance in the Gatersleben barley and wheat collection. 28. Reaction of barleys to cereal aphidsRhopalosiphum padi (L.) andMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)

Summary Among the tested barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) six of the accessions showed resistance toRhopalosiphum padi (L.) — resistance-indices from 4.45 to 10.0-and seven toMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)—resistance-indices from 3.20 to 8.00. The speciesHordeum turkestanicum Nevski andH. bogdani Wilenski-resistance-indices toR. padi 8.45 and 4.96, respectively—and toM. avenae 8.09 and 3.47, respectively—showed resistance characters to both of the aphids.

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. 28. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)

(Hordeum vulgare L.) Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) — 4,45 10,10; Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.) — 3,20 8,00. Hordeum turkestanicum Nevski H. bogdani Wilenski ( R. padi 8,45 4,96, M. avenae 8,09 3,47) .

     

Süßwasser-Algenarten in Einzeldarstellung VI.Spirogyra gaterslebensis,eine neue Art der Sektion Salamacis

Summary Spirogyra gaterslebensis nov. spec.Vegetative cells 18–21 × (88,5-) 109–182 (–223,5) µm, with replicate end walls. 1 Chromatophore, making (4-) 5–6 (–8) turns, rarely 2 Chromatophores with (1,5-) 2 (–3) turns. Conjugation lateral and scalariform; tubes formed ± by both gametangia; fertile cells abruptly inflated to 41,5–52,0 (–70,0) µm in diameter. Zygospores ellipsoid 26,0–34,0–45,0 (–52,0) × 41,5–47,0–78,0 (–96,0) µm; median spore wall yellow, finely punctate, on the poles sometimes with a few wrinkles.In the GDR in a road ditch between Gatersleben and Quedlinburg with shallow, slowly running water, together withVaucheria woroniniana Heering V. debaryana Woronin andV. sessilis (Vauch.) D.C. April–Mai 1967.

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. VI.Spirogyra gaterslebensis, Salamacis

Spirogyra gaterslebensis nov. spec. : , Vaucheria woroniniana Heering,V. debaryana Woronin V. sessilis (Vauch.) D. C. 25. IV — 16. V. 1967. . .

     

Prüfung vonAegilops-Arten auf Resistenz gegenPseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton

Zusammenfassung 490 Sippen von 21Aegilops-Arten wurden in den Jahren 1980 bis 1982 unter Freilandbedingungen mit künstlicher Infektion auf Resistenz gegenüber dem Erreger der Halmbruchkrankheit des Getreides,Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton geprüft. Außerdem erfolgte an ausgewählten Sippen die Prüfung der Jungpflanzenanfälligkeit im Phytotron. Unter denAegilops-Mustern erwiesen sich im Freiland 31 Herkünfte als resistent bzw. schwach anfällig. Im einzelnen handelte es sich um Vertreter der ArtenAe. ventricosa, Ae. triuncialis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. bicornis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. lorentii, Ae. peregrina, Ae. geniculata, Ae. speltoides, Ae. crassa undAe. tauschii. Die im Jungpflanzenstadium geprüften 7 Sippen, 3 vonAe. ventricosa und je 1 vonAe. bicornis, Ae. kotschyi undAe. lorentii, waren ebenfalls resistent bzw. schwach anfällig.

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TestingAegilops species for their reaction toPseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton

Summary From 1980–1982 490 accessions out of 21Aegilops species were tested in a field trial with artificial infection regarding their resistance toPseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton in cereal crops. Simultaneously, selected accessions were checked for their susceptibility in the seedling stage under controlled conditions in the phytotrone. Among theAegilops samples 31 accessions proved to be resistant or only slightly susceptible. This refers toAe. ventricosa, Ae. triuncialis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. bicornis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. lorentii, Ae. peregrina, Ae. geniculata, Ae. speltoides, Ae. crassa andAe. tauschii. The accessions checked in the seedling stage, i. e. 3 ofAe. ventricosa and 1 ofAe. bicornis, Ae. kotschyi andAe. lorentii, showed also resistance or only low susceptibility.

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Aegilops Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides

1980–1982 . 490 21 Aegilops Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton. , . Aegilops 31 ; ¶rt; Ae. ventricosa, Ae. triuncialis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. bicornis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. lorentii, Ae. peregrina, Ae. geniculata, Ae. speltoides, Ae. crassa, Ae. tauschii. , , Ae. ventricosa Ae. bicornis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. lorentii .

     

Die Einführungsgeschichte vonHelianthus tuberosus L.

Zusammenfassung Die Heimat vonHelianthus tuberosus L. dürfte Mexiko sein, von wo aus sich die Kultur entlang der Ostküste Nordamerikas ausbreitete und besonders von den Indianerstämmen im Bereich der Mündung des St. Lorenz-Stromes gepflegt wurde.Die Einführung nach Europa erfolgte über romanische Länder. Nach Frankreich kam die Art 1607 aus Nordamerika. Die Holländer übernahmen sie 1613 aus Frankreich. Für andere europäische Länder läßt sich nur das Jahr der ersten Nachweisbarkeit feststellen (Italien 1614, England 1617, Deutschland 1626, Dänemark 1642, Polen 1652, Schweden 1658, Portugal 1661). Die Ausbreitung der Pflanze wird in den Rahmen der europäischen Kulturgeschichte gestellt. Wichtigster Ausgangspunkt der Verbreitung war Frankreich. Die Pflanze war Wegbereiter für den Anbau vonSolanum tuberosum L., der von England während der Aufklärungszeit ausging. — Die Entstehung der in einzelnen Ländern verwendeten Vernakulärnamen wird erläutert.

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Summary The native country ofHelianthus tuberosus L. might be Mexico, from where the cultivation has spread along the Eastern coast of Northern America; the crop was especially important for the Indian tribes in the region of St. Lawrence River's mouth. — The introduction to Europe has happened by way of Romanic countries. France got this species in 1607 from Northern America. From here it was introduced to the Netherlands in 1613. For other European countries it is only possible to fix the year of the first statement in the literature (Italy 1614, England 1617, Germany 1626, Denmark 1642, Poland 1652, Sweden 1658, Portugal 1661). It has been described the expansion of the plant, which has been compared with the history of European culture. The most important starting-point of the expansion of Jerusalem's artichoke has been France. The plant prepared well the cultivation of the Irish potato which began in England during the Age of Enlightenment. — The origin of the vernaculare names, used in different countries forH. tuberosus, has been explained.

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,Helianthus tuberosus L., , . . . . . 1607 . 1613. : 1614, 1617, 1626, 1642, 1652, 1658, 1661. . , , . — , .

     

Evaluation of Gossypium arboreum L. Germplasm for resistance to thrips

Summary As part of a project to assess the U.S. Asiatic Cotton Germplasm Collection as a source of genes for pest resistance, forty-three accessions of Gossypium arboreum L. were evaluated for resistance to thrips. Thrips, Thysanoptera spp., are a minor, but widespread pest on cotton, G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. Accessions were planted in free-choice field tests in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Arkansas. Damage ratings, based on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 7 (severe damage), were made approximately one month after planting. Relative score was computed by dividing the rating of each accession by the rating of the reference, G. hirsutum Stoneville 506. The relative score averaged over all G. arboreum accessions by year varied with the year, but was less than 100 (relative score for Stoneville 506) in each case. When data were combined for all three years, twenty-five accessions were significantly better than Stoneville 506. Introgression of the better accessions into G. hirsutum is now in progress.Abbreviations NPGS National Plant Germplasm System - STV 506 G. hirsutum Stoneville 506     

Die Typisierung vonVicia biennis L. sowie systematische und cytologische Beobachtungen anVicia neglecta spec. nov.

Zusammenfassung Das Untersuchungsmaterial wurde auf Feldern der Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsstation in Kanton gesammelt, wo es unter dem NamenVicia cracca geführt wurde. Die Pflanzen gehören zu einer seltenen, oft verkannten, in der Literatur alsV. biennis L. bezeichneten Art, deren Spontanareal in Westsibirien liegt. Die Deutung dieser Art wurde an Hand des Originalmaterials im Herbar Linné einer Kritik unterzogen: UnterV. biennis verstand Linné die pannonisch-pontische, bisherV. picta Fisch. et Mey. genannte Art, für die jetzt der ältere Linnésche Name eintreten muß. Für die von uns untersuchte Art wurde als neuer NameV. neglecta Hanelt et Mettin eingeführt. Es werden morphologische und cytologische Angaben über diese Art gemacht. Sie besitzt 2n=12 Chromosomen und stimmt cytologisch mit den früher beschriebenen 12chromosomigen Typen derVicia cracca-Gruppe überein. Soweit Vergleiche möglich sind, besteht aber keine morphologische Übereinstimmung. Die gegenseitigen Beziehungen zwischen den verschiedenen 12-, 14-, 24- und 28chromosomigen Vertretern dieser eng verwandten Artengruppe werden diskutiert.

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Summary The investigated material was collected in experimental fields of the Agricultural Experimental Station in Canton, where it was namedVicia cracca. The plants belong to the rare, often misinterpreted species, which is calledV. biennis L. in the literature. Its spontaneous area occupies parts of Western Siberia. The interpretation of this species has been criticized by the use of the original material in the herbarium of Linné: He understood byV. biennis the pannonic-pontic, hithertoV. picta Fisch. et Mey. named species; instead of it the correct older nameV. biennis L. has to be accepted. The new nameV. neglecta Hanelt et Mettin has been introduced for the species investigated by us. Morphological and cytological remarks have been made on it.V. neglecta possesses 2n=12 chromosomes and agrees in cytological respect with the 2n=12 types which have been formerly described in theVicia cracca species group. But there is no morphological agreement with them so far as comparisons are possible. The mutual relations have been discussed between the different 12-, 14-, 24- and 28-chromosomic representatives of this species group.

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, Vicia cracca. , , V. biennis L.; . , , - . V. biennis - , V. picta Fisch. et Mey., . , V. neglecta Hanelt et Mettin. . 12 (2n) V. cracca 12 , . , 12, 14, 24 28 .

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Ergebnisse Chinesisch-Deutscher Biologischer Sammelreisen seit 1956 Nr. 12.     

Differential staining of mitotic chromosomes from inbred lines and hybrids ofZea mays L.

Summary The Giemsa banding patterns of four inbred lines (DB1113, DB1116, WIR44 and WIR27) ofZea mays and their hybrids have been compared. The polymorphism of knob heterochromatin of 4 chromosome pairs allowed to distinguish the 4 inbred lines on the basis of their banding patterns, reflected the evolutionary distance of the inbred lines and provided evidence as to the origin of these chromosomes in hybrids.Sister chromatid differentiation by means of BrdUrd incorporation prior to fluorescence plus Giemsa(FPG)-technique revealed 3.7 SCEs per cell for the hybrid BEKOS 251. Individualization of chromosomes on the basis of their replication patterns or asymmetric bands after application of the same technique was impossible.

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Differentialfärbung mitotischer Chromosomen von Inzuchtlinien und deren Hybriden beiZea mays L.

Zusammenfassung Die Giemsabandenmuster der vier Inzuchtlinien des Maises DB1113, DB1116 (convar.vulgaris) und WIR27, WIR44 (convar.dentiformis) sowie der daraus entstandenen Hybriden SU 10, Kappa und BEKOS 251 wurden untereinander verglichen. Polymorphismen des Knob-Heterochromatins auf vier Chromosomenpaaren (I, VI, VII, VIII) erlaubten die Unterscheidung der vier Inzuchtlinien anhand ihrer Bandenmuster, widerspiegelten den jeweiligen Verwandtschaftsgrad zwischen den Inzuchtlinien und ermöglichten für einige Chromosomen der Hybriden den Herkunftsnachweis.Schwesterchromatidendifferenzierung nach BrdUrd-Einbau und FPG-Färbung ergaben für die Doppelhybride BEKOS 251 3.7 SCEs/Zelle. Die Erfassung von Replikationsmustern oder asymmetrischen Banden zur Charakterisierung individueller Chromosomen war mit dieser Methode nicht möglich.

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Zea mays L.

, , DB1113, DB1116 (convar.vulgaris) WIR27, WIR44 (convar.dentiformis), SU 10, Kappa BEKOS 251. - (I, VI, VII, VIII) , . BrdUrd FPG BEKOS 251 3,7 . .

     

Genetic diversity of Musa diploid and triploid accessions from the Brazilian banana breeding program estimated by microsatellite markers

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most consumed fruits worldwide. Production is based mainly on triploid cultivars, and most genetic improvement programs aim to generate tetraploid hybrids obtained from the crossing of established triploid cultivars with a diploid parent genotype, improved or wild, exhibiting the trait of interest, normally resistance to biotic factors. Microsatellites were used to investigate the genetic variability and relationships between 58 Musa genotypes, including 49 diploids and nine triploid cultivars maintained at the Musa germplasm collection of the Brazilian dessert banana breeding program. Thirty-three primer pairs developed for banana were tested, and nine amplified reproducible and discrete fragments, producing a total of 115 alleles. The average number of alleles amplified per primer was 12.8, ranging from 10 to 15. The diploid genotypes presented the largest genetic variability, demonstrated by the large number of alleles detected, and the low similarity between the clones. The phenetic analysis clustered the triploid cultivars in a separated group, with the exception of the Nanica and Gros Michel cultivars, which showed high similarity with the diploid cultivar Mambee Thu. It was not possible to separate the wild diploid genotypes from the cultivated ones, indicating a common origin of these genotypes. A high proportion of duplicated alleles and/or loci was observed for diploid and triploid genotypes. The information gathered about the similarity between diploid and triploid accessions will help to define potential crosses to maximize the recovery of the typical fruit qualities required in Brazil (AAB, Pome and Silk dessert banana).     

Ein neuartig balanciertes Letalfaktorensystem beiLycopersicon esculentum Mill

Summary The abnormal genetic behaviour of plants heterozygous for the chlorophyllmutationgilva is described and was found to depend on the presence of a second zygotic lethal factor with the allele series + —let ^x —let ^y, which constitutes, together withgil, a balanced system of lethal factors of hitherto indescribed action. This system is characterized by two abnormal segregation types existing besides the normal Mendelian segregation ratio: one type is called engspaltend with a narrow segregation ratio of 1,6 green: 1 yellow; the other weitspaltend with a wide ratio of 18,0 green: 1 yellow. The latter is due to the viability of the compound i.e. of a genotype heterozygous for two different mutant alleles of the same lethal factor, a fact of interest from a developmental-physiological point of view.

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, gilva ( , ) , ( ), + —let ^x —let ^y. gil , . (3:1), : (1,6 : 1 ) (18,0 : 1 ). , . . , , .

     

Biochemical mutants in higher plants as tools for chemical and physiological investigations — A survey

Summary A report is given on biochemical mutants in higher plants with emphasis on metabolic mutants. Since the discovery of thiamine-defective mutants inArabidopsis thaliana andLycopersicon esculentum some other mutants in different species became available. The first higher plant with an absolute requirement for an amino acid is a proline-deficient mutant inZea mays. Inchloronerva ofLycopersicon esculentum synthesis of nicotianamine is blocked. This is the first instance where a hitherto unknown function is attributed to an already known compound by work with a mutant of higher plants. Nicotianamine is distributed throughout all vascular plants and appears to be linked with short-distance iron transport. The wilty mutantflacca inL. esculentum lacks abscisic acid with some consequences to different parts of metabolism. In the same species the mutant T 3238btl/btl, fer/fer carries two separate, independent mutations which affect the transport of boron and iron, respectively. Selection for chlorate resistance led to the discovery of mutants with impaired nitrate reductase activity and nitrate uptake inArabidopsis thaliana and in consequence added new information to our knowledge of the regulation of nitrate assimilation. Other mutants of similar kind were detected inNicotiana tabacum andHordeum vulgare. Mutants with defects in the photosynthetic system were discovered inZea mays andHordeum vulgare. Plastome mutants inOenothera revealed a lack of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase activity and showed interference between the genetic system of the plastids and that of the nucleus.The search for new mutations should be continued by different techniques, whereby the chance to find auxotrophic mutants by grafts should not be overlooked.

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Biochemische Mutanten höherer Pflanzen als Objekte für chemische und physiologische Untersuchungen. Eine Übersicht

Zusammenfassung Es wird über biochemische Mutanten höherer Pflanzen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Stoffwechsel-Mutanten berichtet. Seit der Entdeckung von Thiamin-Mangelmutanten beiArabidopsis thaliana undLycopersicon esculentum sind einige andere Mutanten verschiedener Arten bekannt geworden. Die erste höhere Pflanze mit einem absoluten exogenen Aminosäure-Bedürfnis ist eine Prolin-Mangelmutante vonZea mays. Inchloronerva vonLycopersicon esculentum ist die Synthese von Nicotianamin blockiert. Dieses ist der erste Fall, bei dem durch Untersuchungen an der Mutante einer höheren Pflanze Aufschluß über die Funktion einer bereits bekannten, hinsichtlich ihrer biochemischen Rolle aber noch unerforschten Verbindung gewonnen werden konnte. Nicotianamin ist wahrscheinlich in allen Gefäßpflanzen vorhanden und steht dort mit dem Eisen-Nahtransport in Beziehung. Die Welke-Mutanteflacca vonL. esculentum produziert keine Abscisinsäure, was Auswirkungen auf verschiedene Richtungen des Stoffwechsels hat. In der gleichen Species trägt die Mutante T 3238btl/btl, fer/fer gleichzeitig zwei verschiedene, voneinander unabhängige Mutationen, die den Bor- bzw. den Eisentransport betreffen. Selektion auf Chlorat-Resistenz führte beiArabidopsis thaliana zur Entdeckung von Mutanten mit blockierter Nitratreduktase-Aktivität und verminderter Nitrataufnahme. Untersuchungen mit diesen Formen erbrachten neue Vorstellungen über die Regulation der Nitratassimilation. Ähnliche Mutanten wurden auch beiNicotiana tabacum undHordeum vulgare gefunden. Mutanten mit defektem Photosynthese-System sind beiZea mays undHordeum vulgare bekannt. Eine Plastom-Mutante vonOenothera zeigt einen Synthese-Block im Hinblick auf Ribulose-1,5-biphosphat-Carboxylase, der sich auf beide Untereinheiten auswirkt, so daß Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem genetischen System der Piastiden und dem des Kernes angenommen werden müssen.

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. —

, ë , . - . , ë - . chloronerva . , , , , . , . flacca , . , 3238 btl/btl, fer/fer, , , . ë . . . . -1,5- -, , . , ë .

     

Botanische Ergebnisse einer Reise in die ČSSR 1977 zur Sammlung autochthoner Landsorten von Kulturpflanzen

Zusammenfassung Das während einer Reise in östliche und nordöstliche Gebiete der SSR (vgl.Hammer 1978) gesammelte Kulturpflanzenmaterial wurde an Hand der Originalproben und der Prüfung des Nachbaus botanisch ausgewertet. Es handelt sich dabei überwiegend um variable Landsorten-Populationen. Charakteristische indigene, hoch variable Formen konnten besonders beiTriticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Avena sativa, Papaver somniferum undPhaseolus vulgaris gefunden werden. Besonders interessant sind die mit der Brandrodungskultur einhergehenden Primitivsippen vonSetaria italica undSecale cereale var.multicaule (vgl. auchKühn undHammer 1979). Erwähnenswerte Reliktkulturen sind weiterhinAvena nuda, Panicum miliaceum, Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum undRheum officinale. Das Sammelgebiet erweist sich damit als Refugium für autochthone Landsorten, die aber auch hier durch das rasche Fortschreiten der Generosion stark gefährdet sind.

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Botanical results of a trip to SSR 1977 for the collection of indigenous land races of cultivated plants

Summary The material of a collecting trip to eastern and northeastern regions of the SSR (cf.Hammer 1978) has been analyzed botanically by studying the original samples as well as their progenies grown up in the following years. The material represents mostly variable populations of land races. Characteristical indigenous, very variable populations could be discovered especially forTriticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Avena sativa, Papaver somniferum, andPhaseolus vulgaris. Especially worth mentioning are primitive races ofSetaria italica andSecale cereale var.multicaule found under shifting cultivation (cf.Kühn andHammer 1979). Further interesting indigenous relic crops areAvena nuda, Panicum miliaceum, Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, andRheum officinale. Thus the collecting region turns out to be a refuge for indigenous land races. But genetic erosion is acting very rapidly also in this area and endangers the land races.

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1977 .

, - (. Hammer, 1978) , , qr, . . , Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Avena sativa, Papaver somniferum, Phaseolus vulgaris. Setaria italica Secale cereale var.multicaule - (. Kühn und Hammer, 1979). Avena nuda, Panicum miliaceum,Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, Rheum officinale. , , , , , , .