Lupin and rapeseed meals in poultry diets: Effect on broiler performance and sensory evaluation of carcasses

1. The effect of including lupin meal (Lupinus angustifolius), with or without rapeseed meal, in computer‐formulated, least‐cost diets for broilers has, been determined.

2. In the first experiment the diets contained 0, 8 (with and without supplementary methionine, lysine, or methionine and lysine) or 16% lupin meal: addition of the lupin meal required a concomitant addition of 5 % rapeseed meal (by computer selection).

3. The diets were fed from 38 to 65 d and did not affect live‐weight but the efficiency of food utilisation was significantly worse on the 16 % lupin, 5% rapeseed meal diet than it was on the control diet.

4. The second experiment was designed as a 2 x 4 factorial to separate any effect due to rapeseed meal from that due to lupin meal, the treatments, which were applied from 1 to 62 d, being 0, 8, 16 and 24% lupin meal with and without 5 % rapeseed meal.

5. Birds gained more rapidly in the second experiment on diets containing 16 or 24% lupin meal whereas live‐weight was depressed when 5% rapeseed meal was included in the diets containing 0 or 8% lupin.

6. The 16 and 24% lupin treatments also had added dietary fat from 6 to 9 weeks of age and this may have ameliorated the adverse effect of rapeseed meal.

7. Up to 16% lupin meal and 5% rapeseed meal had no detectable effect on the colour, appearance, flavour or texture of roasted chicken meat when evaluated by a trained taste panel.     

饲粮中小麦比例与复合酶添加量对肉鸭生产性能的影响

小麦具有营养价值高、制粒品质好、易于储存和价格偏低的优点,但因含有抗营养因子可溶性非淀粉多糖(SNSP) ,限制了其在配合饲料中的用量(Choct,1 990 ;Bedford ,1 995、1 999;Hew -Lap -Im ,1 999;Krzysztof,1 999)。复合酶制剂在畜禽饲料中的应用,为解决小麦等日粮中的抗营养因子提供了有效途径,但对鸭的研究仅局限在单因素的对照试验。本试验选用含纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶的复合酶与日粮中含小麦比例两因素,采用2×3试验设计,探讨小麦与复合酶的互作对肉鸭生产性能的影响。1　材料与方法1 1　试验日粮　本试验根据…     

The evaluation of soybean meals from 3 major soybean-producing countries on productive performance and feeding value of pig diets

This study was conducted to evaluate 1) the effects of soybean meal (SBM) from 3 major SBM-producing countries (United States, Brazil, and India) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs and 2) the feeding value of the evaluated SBM as a feedstuff for growing-finishing pigs. Soybean meal representative of each country was purchased on the open market. A total of 144 barrows with the average BW of 23.77 (SD = 1.52 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 12 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. The US SBM used in this trial had greater CP and total AA contents, greater KOH protein solubility, and less crude fiber than SBM from either Brazil or India. Diets were formulated to be isolysinic and isocaloric. Pigs fed diets containing US SBM were heavier (P < 0.05) than pigs fed diets containing Brazilian or Indian SBM at 12 and 18 wk. Pigs fed diets containing US SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F throughout the overall period when compared with pigs fed SBM produced in Brazil or India. The DM and N digestibility were greater for US SBM (P < 0.05) than Brazilian and India SBM at 6, 12, and 18 wk. Pigs were slaughtered at the end of 18 wk, and no differences were observed on meat quality (backfat thickness, LM area, pH, meat color, water holding capacity, and drip loss) among the treatments, except lean percentages were less and backfat thickness was greater in pigs fed Brazilian and Indian SBM than US SBM. The cost per kilogram of BW gain of the experimental diet containing US SBM was less than that of diets containing Brazilian or Indian SBM, but it would depend on the relative prices of each SBM. Based on the results of the current experiment, the productivity and feeding value of US SBM seems to be greater than the SBM produced in Brazil and India.     

评估3个主要大豆生产国豆粕对猪生产性能和日粮饲喂价值的影响

本试验评估(1):3个主要大豆生产国(美国、巴西、印度)的豆粕对生长猪生产性能、营养物质消化率和肉品质的影响。(2):评估豆粕作为一种饲料原料对生长育肥猪的饲喂价值。每个国家代表性豆粕样品在公开市场购买。144头阉割公猪,平均体重(23.77±1.52)kg被分配到3个试验日粮组中,每组12个重复栏,每栏4头猪。本试验使用的美国豆粕具有较高的粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量,较高的蛋白质溶解度,粗纤维的含量也低于巴西和印度的豆粕。日粮配制的氨基酸和能量水平完全相同。在12周和18周,饲喂美国豆粕日粮组猪的体重是显著高于巴西组或印度组(P0.05)。饲喂美国豆粕组猪全期日增重和饲料转化率显著高于巴西豆粕组和印度豆粕组(P0.05)。在第6,12和18周,美国豆粕组猪的DM(干物质)和N(氮)的消化率是显著高于巴西豆粕和印度豆粕组。在第18周末,猪被屠宰,除了巴西豆粕组和印度豆粕组瘦肉率低,背膘厚度高于美国豆粕组外,各个试验组的肉品质(背膘厚度、肌肉颜色、p H、持水力和滴水损失)没有观察到不同。包含美国豆粕日粮的每千克体重增重成本是低于巴西豆粕组和印度豆粕组,但它依靠于每种豆粕的相对价格。依据本试验的试验结果,美国豆粕的生产效率和饲喂价值高于巴西和印度来源的豆粕。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effect of the level of cholecalciferol supplementation of broiler diets on the performance and tibial dyschondroplasia

A study was conducted to evaluate four different cholecalciferol levels (NRC; modified), using diets supplemented with 200 (control), 1500, 2500 or 3500 IU/kg of cholecalciferol (VIT‐D3). Each treatment was assigned to 3 pens of 17 broiler chicks of a commercial strain grown in an open‐sided house with sidewall curtains. At 21and 42 days, BW and feed conversion (FCR) were determined. At 42 days, five birds per pen were slaughtered to evaluate tibia and toe ash of the right leg, and incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) of the left tibia and also measured dressing percentage and breast meat yield. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were also determined. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus and lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio were also determined. At both 21 and 42 days, the BW of birds fed 1500 IU/kg to 3500 IU/kg of VIT‐D3 was significantly greater than birds fed 200 IU/kg. Similarly, better FCR was observed in birds those fed diets of high level of VIT‐D3. No significant difference was observed for mortality at any age. Better dressing percentage and breast meat yield were noted in birds fed diets containing 2500 or 3500 IU/kg VIT‐D3. Both tibia and toe ash contents were increased (p < 0.05) progressively with increased concentrations of cholecalciferol in feed. The incidence of TD (percentage of birds having TD scores greater than zero) was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by level of 3500 IU VIT‐D3/kg at 42 days. The severity of TD in birds fed diets containing 200 IU/kg VIT‐D3 was apparently higher than birds fed diets with higher levels of VIT‐D3. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorus minerals in the serum increased progressively with the high level of VIT‐D3 supplementation to birds at both 21 and 42 days of age. Feeding levels of 1500 or 3500 IU of vitamin D3 did positively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. It may be concluded that performance, bone mineralization, blood chemistry and immunity against disease in broilers could be maintained when supplementing high level of VIT‐D3 incorporated in broiler diets.     

Black soldier fly larvae in broiler diets improve broiler performance and modulate the immune system

Non-conventional feed ingredients are receiving more interest in their ability to increase farming efficiency, sustainability and animal performance. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal rate of inclusion level of the full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in broiler diets and to evaluate their impact on performance, nutrient digestibility, and the immune system (blood cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes). A total of 400 male day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates each. Five inclusion levels of full-fat BSFL were investigated across starter (0, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%), grower and finisher diets (0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). All diets were formulated based on digestible amino acid values according to the Aviagen (2016) recommendations. A polynomial regression at different degrees was performed to analyse broiler performance parameters (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), nutrient digestibility, and blood cell count. Intraepithelial lymphocyte population data was analysed performing univariate linear regression. During the entire experimental period (from 2 to 42 d), BSFL inclusion levels decreased the feed conversion ratio by 10% in broilers that received 20% BSFL in their diets (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes and white blood cell count decreased linearly by 47.7% and 35.9%, respectively, with up to 20% BSFL inclusion (P < 0.001). A 4-fold decrease in CD3+ T lymphocytes and a 9.7-fold decrease of CD3+CD8+ intestinal cytotoxic T lymphocytes occurred in broilers fed 20% BSFL compared to the control group. These findings suggest that the inclusion of BSFL can improve broiler performance and potentially reduce immune response energy expenditure in birds fed 20% BSFL for 42 d.     

DDGS日粮中添加复合酶制剂对肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

选用960只1日龄改良型艾维茵肉鸡随机分成3个处理组,每个处理8个重复、每个重复40只鸡,分别饲喂玉米-豆柏型日粮、DDGS型日粮、DDGS加酶型日粮.DDGS添加量为前期5%、后期13%.其中DDGS加酶型日粮中添加复合酶150 g/t.测定分析了肉鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能以及生物学综合评定价值和经济效益分析.试验结果显示:DDGS加酶型日粮对肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能均无不良影响(P0.05),生物学综合评定价值为100,并降低了全期单住增重饲料成本;而DDGS型日粮显著增加了肉鸡的料肉比(P<0.05),显著降低了屠体重、胸肌重和翅肌重(P<0.05),降低了生物学综合评定价值,增加了中大鸡的单位增重饲料成本.     

植物甾醇对肉鸡生产性能的影响

日粮中分别添加0、5、10、20、40和80 mg/kg植物甾醇,研究其对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明,20、40 mg/kg植物甾醇添加组能提高前期(0~21 d)日增重,其中40 mg/kg组达显著水平(P<0.05);5、10、40和80 mg/kg组均能提高后期(22~42 d)和全期(0~42 d)日增重(P>0.05)。20、40 mg/kg组能提高前期平均重,其中40 mg/kg组达极显著水平(P<0.01);5、10、40和80 mg/kg添加组均能提高后期平均重(P>0.05)。40 mg/kg植物甾醇添加组有提高前期、后期及全期饲料转化效率的趋势(P>0.05)。各组间死淘率差异均不显著(P>0.05)。从增重和饲料转化效率来看,肉仔鸡饲料中添加40 mg/kg的植物甾醇效果最好。     

肉仔鸡日粮中锌营养状况评价指标的研究

选用384只1日龄商品代从内公鸡随机分成8个处理组,分别饲喂不添加锌的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮(对照组,舍锌28.37 nag/kg)和在对照组基础日粮中以无机硫酸锌形式添加20、40、60、80、100、120 mg/ks和140 mg/kg锌的试验日粮.试验期7 d.研究日粮中添加不同水平无机锌对内仔鸡生长性能、组织锌含量、含锌酶活性以及含锌蛋白及其基因表达的影响,以考察这些指标对评价肉仔鸡锌营养状况的意义.结果表明:肉仔鸡生长性能未受到添加锌水平的显著影响(P>0.24),而胫骨锌、胰脏锌含量以及胰脏金属硫蛋白(MT)含量及其基因表达受锌水平影响极显著(P<0.01),胫骨锌和胰脏锌含量随锌水平增加呈渐近线趋势变化.胰脏MT含量及其基因表达则呈线性上升趋势.这些指标均可以作为反映肉仔鸡锌营养状况的指标.从相关系数比较来看.胫骨锌和胰脏锌与饲粮锌的相关性比胰脏MT含量及其基因表达更密切.胰脏MT含量及其基因表达随锌水平增加线性上升.可用作评价不同锌源生物学利用率的有效指标.     

Effect of vitamin and trace mineral withdrawal from finisher diets on growth performance and immunocompetence of broiler chickens

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of vitamin (V) or trace mineral (TM) mix removal from finisher diet (42-56 d of age) on performance and immunocompetence of broilers. The dietary treatments were: (1) the basal diet with no supplemental V or TM; (2) the basal diet fortified with V mix only; (3) the basal diet fortified with TM mix only; and (4) the basal diet fortified with V and TM mix. At 47 d, four birds from each replicate (20/treatment) were injected with Newcastle disease (ND) antigen and blood samples were collected just before and 9 d after immunisation. The results showed that V and TM mix withdrawal from finisher diet did not impair either weight gain or feed conversion efficiency from d 42 to 56. Feed intake was significantly increased when both mixes were omitted from the diet. Dietary treatments had no effect on carcase yield or proportion of breast and thigh meat and abdominal fat deposition. Packed cell volume (PCV) significantly decreased as a consequence of removal of V, TM and V+TM. Neither heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L ratio), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) nor total antibody titre measured by ELISA were influenced by removal of V or TM supplements. In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that 14-d withdrawal of V or TM mix did not influence the immunocompetence of broilers.     

Effect of a novel microbial phytase on production performance and tibia mineral concentration in broiler chickens given low-calcium diets

1. In a 42-d feeding trial, 264 one-d-old, as hatched, Cobb 400 broiler chickens (6 pens per group, n = 11 per pen in a 2?×?2 factorial arrangement) were fed on two concentrations of dietary calcium (Ca) (9.0 and 7.5 g/kg in starter, 7.5 and 6 g/kg in grower phases) and supplemental phytase (0 and 500 U/kg diet).

2. During d 0–21, the high Ca + phytase diet improved body weight. During d 0–42, feed intake was increased by the low Ca diet and decreased by phytase supplementation. Feed conversion ratio during d 0–21 was improved by the high Ca + phytase diet.

3. At d 42, Ca in duodenal digesta was reduced by low dietary Ca and supplemental phytase. High dietary Ca reduced P in duodenal and jejunal digesta. Phytase reduced digesta P and increased serum P concentration.

4. Relative tibia length decreased with low dietary Ca and increased with phytase. The robusticity index of tibia was improved by the low Ca diet and phytase supplementation. Phytase supplementation increased tibia ash and concentrations of Ca, magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) in tibia. The low Ca diet increased Mg, Mn and Fe and reduced Cu and Zn in tibia.

5. It was concluded that 7.5 g Ca/kg during weeks 0–3 and 6 g Ca/kg during weeks 3–6 sustained broiler performance and bone ash, while phytase supplementation facilitated tibia mineralisation, particularly during the grower phase.     

Effects of menhaden oil and flaxseed in broiler diets on sensory quality and lipid composition of poultry meat

1. Three hundred and thirty 1-d-old male broiler chicks from a commercial strain were allocated to 11 dietary treatments comprising combinations of flaxseed at 100 g/kg and menhaden oil (MO) at 7.5 or 15 g/kg. Birds were given the experimental diets 7 or 14 d prior to slaughter. Carcase omega-3 fatty acid profiles and sensory evaluations of different cooked meat portions were carried out. 2. Linolenic acid was preferentially deposited in dark meat and long chain omega-3 fatty acids in white meat. Breast meat sensory quality was not affected in birds given 100 g/kg flaxseed for 14 d (treatment 3), 7.5 g/kg MO for 14 d (treatment 5) or 100 g/kg flaxseed +0.75 g/kg MO for 7 d (treatment 6). In contrast, thigh meat sensory quality decreased in treatments 5 and 6. 3. Feeding flaxseed and MO to birds for just 7 d prior to slaughter resulted in significant omega-3 meat enrichment depending on their dietary concentrations. The linolenic acid and long chain omega-3 fatty acids showed preferential deposition in dark and white meat, respectively, which may affect the sensory quality of various portions differently.     

The effects of drought-affected grain and carbohydrase inclusion in starter diets on broiler chick performance

Two 18-d studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress and carbohydrase enzyme inclusion on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility in either yellow dent corn or sorghum. Both experiments employed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 growing environments (normal or stressed), and carbohydrase enzyme cocktail (yes or no). In each experiment, 256 chicks were randomly assigned with 8 birds/pen and 8 replicates/treatment. Enzyme inclusion did not affect any variable in either experiment, and environment did not alter 18-d BW, mortality, or the digestibility of DM or CP. In Experiment 1, birds consuming normal corn had improved FCR compared to those fed drought-affected corn (1.27 vs. 1.33, respectively), which was potentially driven by the difference in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of EE. Alternatively, FCR was not affected by environment in birds fed sorghum-based diets in Experiment 2, but those that consumed normal sorghum had lower feed intake than those fed drought-affected corn (750 vs. 796 g, respectively). In summary, commercial carbohydrase inclusion did not improve growth performance or nutrient digestibility in birds fed normal or drought-affected corn or sorghum. Birds fed drought-affected corn and sorghum affected growth performance variables, but environment did not affect final weight or mortality of broiler chicks.     

Influence of selected plant seeds on the performance,carcass characteristics,sensory evaluation,and economics of broiler chicken

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The immergence of antibiotic resistance, in livestock especially poultry, led to the ban of antibiotics as a growth promoter in some part of the world. This...     

Effect of broiler breeder feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on broiler progeny growth performance and leg health

1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet type, maternal feeding programme at 29 weeks of age and breeder feeder space change at photostimulation on broiler progeny performance and leg health at 6 weeks of age.

2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeders were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets that had been formulated to have similar nutrient composition during growing and layer phases. Two feeding programmes, fast or flow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space was either similar to that in rearing (6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female. Eggs produced at 32 and 44 weeks of age were collected and incubated for two broiler experiments. A total of 16 male and 16 female one-d-old chicks were placed in floor pens in two experiments, respectively, with 6 and 4 replicate pens. Broiler gait scores and leg problem prevalence were evaluated at 6 weeks of age.

3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as main factors.

4. The wheat diet increased the probability of observing crooked toes in broiler progeny compared to the use of maize, but only when breeders were fed according to the fast feeding programme and given similar feeder space as during rearing.

5. Breeders given more feeder space in the laying period produced progeny with more locomotion problems compared with those provided similar feeder space, but only when maize was used and the slow feeding programme was applied to the breeders.

6. The maternal feeding programme interacted with other factors to influence progeny leg health, but it did not solely influence walking ability or leg problems of progeny.

7. In conclusion, an increased probability of observing walking impairment of broiler progeny was detected when breeders were given greater feeder space at photostimulation rather than no change and fed according to the slow feeding programme using maize diets in breeders and progeny.     

Environmental temperature and broiler performance: The use of diets containing increased amounts of protein

1. Five diets containing different amounts of protein (178, 210, 243, 275, 308 g/kg) were fed to broilers reared at 16, 21, 26 and 31 °G from 27, 21, 11 and 1 d of age, respectively.

2. Feeding the diets with increased concentrations of protein apparently does not reduce the growth rate depression of the broiler reared at 26 or 31 °C.