Influence of temperature, modified atmosphere packaging, and heat treatment on aroma compounds in broccoli

The aroma compounds in broccoli stored in different modified atmospheres were studied. The packaging materials used were oriented polypropylene (OPP), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) containing an ethylene-absorbing sachet. All samples were stored for either 1 week at a constant temperature of 10 degrees C or for 3 days at 4 degrees C, followed by 4 days at 10 degrees C. The atmospheres that developed inside the packaging materials differed significantly. The broccoli samples were analyzed raw and after cooking, with regard to volatile compounds, using gas-phase (headspace) extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-olfactometry. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), hexanal, 3-cis-hexen-1-ol, nonanal, ethanol, and a group of thiocyanates were selected for a detailed study because these compounds cause off-odor and can be used as indicators of stress. Significant differences were found in the aroma profiles of the broccoli samples relative to the packaging materials used for storage. Storage in OPP (14% O(2), 10.5% CO(2)) resulted in most of the off-odors, while storage in LDPE (6% O(2), 7% CO(2)) and PVC (17.9% O(2), 4% CO(2)) was found to maintain the concentration of DMS, DMDS, and DMTS during storage. Heat treatment of the broccoli increased the content of aroma compounds as well as the number of compounds containing sulfur.     

嫩茎花椰菜在不同气调贮藏下叶绿素和维生素C的降解及活化能研究

通过检测叶绿素和维生素C的变化，试验确定了花椰菜气调贮藏中主要成份的降解为一级动力学反应；根据Arrhenius方程，确定了不同气调贮藏条件下花椰菜主要成份的表观活化能。在两种温度2℃和8℃，两种气体组分3% O₂，2% CO₂，95% N₂和6% O₂，6% CO₂，88% N₂组合条件下贮藏试验，结果表明在2℃，3% O₂，2% CO_{2相似文献}   

Differential response of oats,sweet corn,cauliflower and broccoli to low manganese in a sand culture system

Oats and sweet corn but not cauliflower and broccoli growth was reduced by a complete‐minus‐Mn nutrient feed compared to a complete nutrient feed in a sand culture system in a greenhouse. Growth of oats and sweet corn were reduced to such an extent within 43 days of seeding that treatments on these two crops were terminated. Growth of cauliflower and broccoli were continued to 90 days and no effects were noted by withholding Mn in the nutrient feed. Chemical analyses of the dried plant material showed that cauliflower and broccoli Mn concentrations were considerably lower in the minus‐Mn compared to the complete nutrient treatment. Cauliflower and broccoli were apparently able to extract Mn from the sand culture system. Oats and corn apparently did not extract adequate Mn for proper growth from the minus‐Mn system. The lack of Mn in the nutrient treatment influenced the P, K, Mg, B and Cu concentrations in and/or uptake by cauliflower and broccoli but Ca, Fe and Zn were not affected.     

The role of packaging film permselectivity in modified atmosphere packaging

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is commercially used to increase the shelf life of packaged produce by reducing the produce respiration rate, delaying senescence, and inhibiting the growth of many spoilage organisms, ultimately increasing product shelf life. MAP systems typically optimize O(2) levels to achieve these effects while preventing anaerobic fermentation but fail to optimize CO(2) concentrations. Altering film permselectivity (i.e., beta, which is the ratio of CO(2)/O(2) permeation coefficients) could be utilized to concurrently optimize levels of both CO(2) and O(2) in MAP systems. We investigated the effect of modifying film permselectivity on the equilibrium gas composition of a model MAP produce system packaged in containers incorporating modified poly(ethylene) ionomer films with CO(2)/O(2) permselectivites between 4-5 and 0.8-1.3. To compare empirical to calculated data of the effect of permselectivity on the equilibrium gas composition of the MAP produce system, a mathematical model commonly used to optimize MAP of respiring produce was applied. The calculated gas composition agreed with observed values, using empirical respiration data from fresh cut apples as a test system and permeability data from tested and theoretical films. The results suggest that packaging films with CO(2)/O(2) permselectivities lower than those commercially available (<3) would further optimize O(2) and CO(2) concentration in MAP of respiring produce, particularly highly respiring and minimally processed produce.     

果蔬气调包装理论研究进展

气调包装是一种可延长新鲜水果货架寿命的重要技术。气调包装的质量主要取决于包装内气体成分、温湿度的调节。建立气调包装的理论模型是保证气调包装质量、进行气调包装系统设计的关键。该文综述了国内外这方面的研究成果,着重论述了果蔬呼吸模型、呼吸速率的测定方法、包装内外气体交换模型、包装内温度与湿度变化数学模型,并分析了目前研究存在的不足,为果蔬气调包装的深入研究提供参考。     

贮藏温度和气调包装对鸡蛋保鲜效果的影响

为了延长鸡蛋保鲜期,研究在室温(25℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下不同配比CO2、O2、N2三元混合气体包装对鸡蛋保鲜效果影响,结果表明:鸡蛋采用气体组分为50％CO2、7％～11％O2、39％～43％N2的气调包装贮藏保鲜,室温下贮藏30d仍保持AA级,而不包装室温贮藏30 d降到了B级;不包装冷藏也可延长鸡蛋保鲜期,但失重率相对较高;气调包装与冷藏结合对鸡蛋的保鲜效果不是2种处理的保鲜效果之和,与气调包装室温贮藏的保鲜效果相似.50％CO2、7％～11％O2、39％～43％N2三元气体包装、室温贮藏可实现鸡蛋就地贮藏,试验为鸡蛋贮藏保鲜提供参考.     

不同气调包装方式的冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的微生物变化

冷却猪肉分别采用真空包装、CO-MAP(CO+CO₂+N₂)包装、高氧-MAP(高浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)和低氧-MAP(低浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)包装后，在(4±1)℃贮存3周，每周测定各项微生物变化。结果表明：1)CO-MAP组可抑制腐败细菌的生长，除对乳酸菌抑制作用较弱外，对假单胞菌、肠杆菌科菌和热死环丝菌均具有很强的抑制作用     

更接近于气调包装条件下薄膜透气系数的测算方法

提出了更接近于气调包装条件下薄膜透气系数测算的新方法。新的测算方法是先假设一系列薄膜透气系数值，并逐一代入气调包装数学模型中，计算出相应时刻的气体浓度值，并将该计算值与包装中气体浓度实测值比较，当两者差的平方和最小值时，对应的薄膜透气系数假设值即为测算值。结果表明新方法测定的透气系数能客观地反映气调包装条件下薄膜的透气系数。     

气调包装条件下果蔬呼吸强度模型的研究进展

该文综述了国内外近几十年来气调包装(MAP)条件下果蔬呼吸强度模型的研究情况。探讨了在一定的贮藏时间内果蔬呼吸强度与袋内氧气浓度、二氧化碳浓度和温度的关系以及利用计算机技术进行MAP的最佳设计等方面的问题,从而为MAP技术更好地应用于果蔬保鲜提供参考。     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Maintaining quality of fresh-cut mangoes using antibrowning agents and modified atmosphere packaging

Treatments to inhibit browning and decay and prolong shelf life of fresh-cut mangoes were investigated. Combinations of antibrowning agents and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) resulted in a reduction of browning and deterioration of fresh-cut mangoes stored at 10 degrees C. Combinations of several browning inhibitors were more effective than those applied individually. Among these treatments, solutions containing 4-hexylresorcinol (0.001 M) (HR) plus potassium sorbate (0.05 M) (KS) and HR plus KS plus D-isoascorbic acid (0.5 M) (ER) reduced changes in color (L, a, and b) and microbial growth and did not affect sensory characteristics of fresh-cut mangoes. In general, these treatments did not affect significantly the changes in organic acids and sugar content of slices during the 14 days of storage at 10 degrees C. High humidity created in the in-package atmosphere alleviated tissue dryness and was an important factor in the ability of the antibrowning solutions to prevent browning and decay. It appears that the maintenance of quality of fresh-cut mangoes is more related to particular combinations of the antibrowning agents used rather than the modified atmosphere created inside the package. HR + ER + KS treatment in combination with MAP could be used to inhibit browning, decay, and deterioration of fresh-cut mangoes.     

双孢蘑菇护色保鲜技术研究

以双孢蘑菇为试验材料,研究不同的褐变抑制剂对双孢蘑菇保鲜效果的影响，通过正交试验筛选出双孢蘑菇MA贮藏中有利于色泽保持的最适褐变抑制剂配比。研究结果表明，对双孢蘑菇贮藏保鲜效果较好的褐变抑制剂及其浓度为：0.1%的无水亚硫酸钠溶液、0.06%～0.10%的抗坏血酸溶液、0.8～2.6 mmol/L的半胱氨酸溶液；保鲜液最佳配比为2 mmol/L半胱氨酸、0.05%抗坏血酸、0.15%无水亚硫酸钠、浸泡时间8 min。     

红富士苹果自发气调保鲜技术研究

采用5种不同保鲜膜包装，在0℃和10℃条件下，研究不同改性聚乙烯保鲜膜和聚氯乙烯保鲜膜、包装量对红富士苹果自发气调贮藏保鲜效果与原理，为红富士苹果冷藏保鲜和保鲜膜筛选提供依据。结果表明：不同红富士苹果保鲜膜包装内10 d左右O₂和CO₂浓度达平衡值。0℃条件下不同包装的O₂平衡值为12%～19%，CO₂为1.8%～5.0%，10℃条件下不同包装的O₂平衡值为5%～16%，CO₂为3.5%～8.0%。同样条件下2#保鲜膜包装内O₂最低、CO₂最高。各保鲜袋内虎皮病发生率高低顺序为：2#＞1#＞3#＞5#。包装量越大，温度越高，虎皮病发生率越大、乙醇和乙醛含量越高。利用富士专用保鲜膜和适宜的PE保鲜膜包装贮藏7个月，红富士苹果质量商品价值基本不变。     

甜高粱茎秆采后生理特性及其自发气调包装贮藏的研究

为延长甜高粱茎秆贮藏期,研究了甜高粱茎秆采后呼吸速率、蔗糖转化酶、多酚氧化酶等变化规律,并用不同厚度的低密度聚乙烯薄膜(LDPE)进行了自发气调包装(MAP)贮藏试验.结果表明,甜高粱茎秆采后呼吸速率随温度升高而增大,温度从10℃上升到30℃,呼吸速率升高2倍左右;在相同温度下,辽甜一号茎秆的呼吸速率高于辽饲杂一号茎秆的呼吸速率.辽甜一号茎秆在O2 2.2%、CO2 7.6%下贮藏10 d,辽饲杂一号茎秆在O2 3.6%、CO2 6.4%下贮藏17 d会发生厌氧呼吸.甜高粱茎秆内中性、酸性蔗糖转化酶和多酚氧化酶在MAP贮藏中活性呈上升趋势,贮藏至30 d,总糖有2.8%～20.9%的损失,还原糖升高134.3%～523.1%,茎秆失重率为1.37%～1.51%.甜高粱茎秆在厚度为0.034 mm的低密度聚乙烯包装中蔗糖转化酶和多酚氧化酶活性增加幅度较小,总糖损失减少.该项研究为解决甜高粱茎秆制取燃料乙醇过程中的茎秆贮藏问题提供了科学的参考.     

果蔬气调包装内相对湿度的预测模型与试验验证

包装内相对湿度调节控制是保证果蔬产品气调保鲜包装质量的重要技术环节。该文较完整地考虑果蔬包装内外热量交换和气体质量传输,依据质量与能量守恒定律,建立包装内质量与能量平衡关系。在此基础上,导出气调包装内产品呼吸－蒸发模型,得到包装内相对湿度变化的预测模型。以香菇产品为研究对象,测定表征香菇呼吸速率,设计3种工况(不同质量、初始气体组分),对香菇气调包装内的湿度进行预测与验证测试。结果表明,理论预测与试验结果总体上吻合,在包装的初始阶段理论结果稍有偏高;初始气体组分对包装内相对湿度影响较大,低氧高二氧化碳组分显著降低了相对湿度上升的速率,同时延长了达到饱和状态的时间。     

膨化食品充气包装瘪袋问题分析及测试验证

食品气调枕形包装被广泛用于农产品的贮藏、运输和消费全流程,尽管工厂广泛使用的现代包装机械和人工检验手段减小了漏气风险,但是封口缺陷、贮藏和运输中的挤压、人工检验时的人为差错等造成漏气甚至瘪袋的情况时有发生,变质的袋内食品既影响了消费者身体健康又导致厂商声誉受损。该文针对食品气调枕形包装的漏气检测问题,提出了一种基于多维视角融合的Vision Transformer漏气检测方法（multi-dimentional fusion vision transformer, MdF-ViT）。通过包装袋的主视角、侧视角和俯视角的融合,提取3个视角包装袋轮廓特征,综合判断包装袋形变量,完成对枕形包装的漏气检测。对样本A、样本B、样本C的测试结果表明,该种模型准确率均达到97.5%,F₁值分别达到97.6%、97.6%和97.4%。该研究提出的模型可以有效应用于工厂生产并节约成本。

     

Composition of humic acids extracted under air and nitrogen atmosphere

Abstract

Differences in nature and composition of humic matter, attributed to NaOH extraction under air or a N₂ gas atmosphere, were investigated. Samples from the Ap horizons of a Cecil and Onaway soil, and lignite were shaken with 0.1 M NaOH in the presence of air or under N₂ gas. The humic (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) separated were weighed, and analyzed for C, H, O, N, and S contents. Total acidity, carboxyl and phenolic‐OH group contents were determined by chemical analysis. Characterization was performed by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that differences in amounts of HA and FA, attributed to NaOH extraction under air and N₂ gas, were small and no definite trend was noted for more HA and FA extracted under air. No differences in C, H, O, N, and S contents of HA and FA were also noticed as a result of the influence of air or N₂ gas during extraction. However, HA and FA exhibited larger values for total acidities when extracted under a N₂ gas atmosphere than under air. The lower amounts of carboxyl and phenolic‐OH group contents in HA and FA as a result of NaOH extraction under air, however, do not support the idea of increased oxidation by NaOH. No differences were noticed in NMR and IR spectra of HA and FA attributable to the two extraction methods. The differences in NMR and IR features obtained were more the result of differences in origin than in methods of extraction.     

Germination-enhancing and zinc-sparing roles for selenium in broccoli

Large areas of China have soils low in both available selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). In order to investigate whether Se supplied as either selenate or selenite can increase germination and growth compared with low-Se controls we used broccoli, an important vegetable with anticancer effects, especially when biofortified with Se. Broccoli was grown under both Zn adequacy and Zn deficiency to determine whether interactions between these minerals affect plant growth. Selenite and selenate at a wide range of doses increased the speed and extent of germination. Both inorganic Se forms increased early root and shoot growth at low concentrations, with selenite having a stronger effect than selenate. A sand culture trial showed a similar growth increase due to low-dose Se under Zn deficiency but not under Zn adequacy. Conversely, at high Se levels, the results provided evidence from biomass, water use, photosynthesis and gas exchange that broccoli growth was inhibited at high Se levels, with selenite being more toxic than selenate. In this broccoli trial, the two Se forms were equally effective in increasing leaf Se concentration, whereas in most plants selenite is largely converted to organic Se forms and stored in the roots. This study suggests that Se, supplied either as selenate or selenite, may improve germination and growth in broccoli, especially on Zn-deficient soils. Field trials conducted on soils which are very low in both plant-available Se and Zn are needed.     

不同气调包装方式对冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的理化及感官特性的影响

冷却猪肉分别采用真空包装、CO+CO₂+N₂气调包装、高浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂气调包装和低浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂气调包装后，在(4±1)℃贮存至21 d，贮存过程中每周测定理化指标(pH值、TVB-N值、TBA值、汁液流失率)，并进行感官评定。实验结果表明：1)CO-MAP是目前冷却肉保鲜方法中比较理想的一种，采用CO-MAP的冷却猪肉在21 d的贮存过程中，不仅TVB-N值和TBA值低，红色稳定，而且无任何异味。2)真空包装的冷却猪肉TVB-N值和TBA值也比较低，但色泽呈淡紫色，汁液流失率高。3)含氧气调包装中，冷却猪肉的TVB-N值和TBA值相对较高，特别是脂肪氧化加速，鲜红色泽1周后很快变为褐色，并有不良气味产生，但汁液流失率比较低，所以含氧包装仅适合保质期在1周以内的冷却猪肉。     

天然保鲜剂与气调包装对牛肉火腿切片货架期的影响

该文以真空包装组为对照,在9℃、光照贮藏条件下,采用天然保鲜剂和气调包装对牛肉火腿切片进行了保鲜试验。结果表明：真空包装组(对照组)中的乳酸菌数量上升很快,28 d时就已大大超过6.70 log(cfu·g)^-1。随着乳酸菌的生长繁殖,各处理组产品的pH值不断下降。气调包装(60%CO₂+40%N₂)未显示出明显的抑菌作用,气调包装产品的a^*值(红度)随着贮藏时间的延长显著下降(p<0.05),褪色明显。天然保鲜剂(150 mg/kg Nisin+0.3%茶多酚)对乳酸菌有很好的抑制作用,采用切片后浸渍方式比腌制前添加方式的效果更好,能够延长牛肉火腿切片的货架期,保鲜剂对产品a^*值影响不明显(p＞0.05)。天然保鲜剂、气调包装对硫代巴比妥酸反应物(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS)变化的影响都不大(p＞0.05)。