中国草地外来入侵植物现状研究

草地是中国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,外来入侵植物已对我国草地造成了严重的生态危害和经济损失。了解草地外来植物的种类组成和入侵现状,是加强草地入侵植物管控,开展有效防控措施的基础。本文基于文献报道和数据库资料,系统分析了我国草地外来入侵植物的种类组成、起源、生活型、入侵途径和分布区域。结果表明,我国草地生境现有外来入侵植物183种,隶属41科123属。其中,菊科植物最多,有47种;禾本科和豆科分别有30种、21种。入侵植物来源于美洲的物种最多,共占总数的56.2%;其次是欧洲和亚洲,分别占比23.14%,13.22%。生活型以一年生和多年生草本植物为主;有意引进是最主要的引入途径。我国草地外来入侵植物种类繁多且分布范围广,急需对其开展进一步的调查,全面监测追踪入侵种群动态,积极控制已产生严重危害的植物种类,实行预防在先、防治结合的原则。本文旨在为我国草地外来入侵植物防控工作提供可靠的理论参考。     

西藏昌都地区天然草地有毒植物调查

昌都天然草地作为西藏草地的重要部分,其草地类型、有毒植物种类及分布状况等基础数据缺乏。本研究通过实际调查,结果显示,昌都地区有毒植物约150种,其中草地有毒植物104种,隶属24科54属。有毒植物成为严重危害该地区草地畜牧业发展和生态安全的问题之一。本次调查为该地区草地有毒植物防控及开发利用奠定了基础。     

围栏封育对昭苏马场春秋草场植被恢复的影响

对昭苏马场未封育与封育春秋草场植被进行了调查分析,结果表明:未封育草地植物优势种是亚洲百里香和草原苔草,封育草地植物优势种是针茅和草原苔草;未封育草地植物种类为28种,群落盖度为62.8%,地下植物量1 452.7 g/m2;封育后草地植物种类为31种,群落盖度和地下植物量分别增加了41.0%和34.5%;禾本科草类的重要值由未封育的17.6%增加到封育后的35.2%,豆科和菊科草类基本保持稳定,封育后藜科和杂类草的重要值比未封育时减小了13.5%;封育草地的丰富度指数和多样性指数均大于未封育草地,而均匀度指数则相反。     

辉河国家自然保护区草地植物区系及多样性空间分布研究

保护区的建立对于保护物种多样性,保护生态环境尤为重要.对保护区草地植物区系、物种多样性的空间分布现状及规律的研究有助于保护区的管理.于2009年7-8月,对辉河国家自然保护区草地植物区系及植物多样性空间分布现状进行了研究,以期为辉河国家自然保护区的管理实践提供理论依据.结果表明:研究区有种子植物154种,分属30科,108属;研究地区草地植物区系地理成分较为简单,以世界广布类型占主导地位,草地植物以旱生草本为主;研究区域草地植物种类存在空间异质性,从高纬度到低纬度,草地植物种类呈现先增加后减少的趋势;在经度方向,自西向东植物种类同样呈现先增加后减少的趋势,且这种变化趋势与海拔高度变化有关.     

封育对云南退化山地草甸植物种类及盖度的影响

对云南退化的山地草甸进行了为期3年的禁牧封育,并对其进行监测,研究了禁牧封育对退化山地草甸的改良作用。结果表明,禁牧封育对恢复退化山地草甸物种丰富度和草地盖度有明显的效果。禁牧封育后草地植物的盖度明显提高,植物种类增加很快,植物组成发生了显著变化。经过3年的封育,植物种类由27种增加到57种,是封育前的2倍多,封育第4年,植物物种基本稳定。封育措施有效恢复了不同退化程度山地草甸的物种丰富度和草地盖度,遏制了草地退化,是治理南方草地退化的有效途径。     

蒙辽农牧交错区草地资源植物组成及分布概况

为了解蒙(内蒙古)辽(辽宁)农牧交错区草地资源植物概况,以内蒙古自治区与辽宁省交界处17个半农半牧县的草地为研究区域,采用野外样点调查与统计分析相结合的方法,确定研究区域主要草地资源植物类型,并分析蒙辽农牧交错区草地生态系统资源植物的种群分布特征和开发利用现状。结果表明:蒙辽农牧交错区有118种草地资源植物,隶属32科88属,药用资源植物85种,占总资源植物的72.03%;食用资源植物22种,占18.64%;工业用资源植物20种,占16.95%;防护和改造环境的资源植物14种,占11.86%。说明蒙辽农牧交错区药用资源植物和食用资源植物丰富,其中科尔沁左翼后旗、库伦旗和阜新市草地资源植物类型齐全,种类最为丰富。     

四川省甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布调查

1997～1999年对甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布进行了调查,主要有毒有害植物共计33科、81属、239种。通过调查,掌握了有毒有害植物的种类、分布、以及发生规律,可为有毒有害植物防除提供依据。     

饲用植物资源在我国天然草地上分布特征

我国饲用植物资源丰富，种类繁多，是草地资源的主要组成部分，但不同类群的饲用植物在草地上的地位和作用不同。根据全国草地资源调查研究资料分析，禾本科饲用植物是构成我国天然草地的主体，饲用植物价值最大；豆科饲用植物种类多、营养丰富，在草群中参与度低；莎草科饲用植物在高寒地区草地上占优势；杂类草数量多、分布广，除少数种类外，在草群中多为伴生种类。     

四川省甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布调查

1997～1999年对甘孜州天然草地有毒有害植物种类及分布进行了调查,主要有毒有害植物共计33科、81属、239种.通过调查,掌握了有毒有害植物的种类、分布、以及发生规律,可为有毒有害植物防除提供依据.     

科尔沁草地有毒植物及其防除

根据大量的调查和资料整理，查明科尔沁草地有毒植物共１６４种，隶属于４２科９３属。生活型和水分生态类型分析表明，该草地的有毒植物成分中多年生中生、中旱生草本植物占多数。在水分条件较好的草地类型或局部地段有毒植物分布较多。本文归纳了有毒植物所含的毒物成分，指明了引起家畜中毒机会较多的植物种类，探讨了草地有毒植物的防除措施，指出毒草防除工作应列为草原建设的一项内容。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein