Antioxidative activity and safety of the 50 ethanolic extract from red bean fermented by Bacillus subtilis IMR-NK1

This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activities and the safety of 50% ethanolic extract from red bean fermented by Bacillus subtillis IMR-NK1. The antioxidative activities, including alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging effects, Fe(2+)-chelating ability, and reducing power, were studied in vitro. It was found that the antioxidative activity increased with the concentrations of the extract to a certain extent and then leveled off as the concentration further increased. As compared to the commercial antioxidants, the fermented red bean extract showed less scavenging effect on the DPPH radical and reducing power than alpha-tocopherol and BHT, but better Fe(2+)-chelating ability. No mutagenicity or toxicity effect toward all tester strains was found in the 50% ethanolic extract of fermented red bean by means of the Ames test. The results suggested that the 50% ethanolic extract was safe in genotoxicity.     

Antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir

This study was aimed at evaluating the antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir. Such antimutagenic activity was determined by means of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, whereas the antioxidant properties of kefir were evaluated by assessing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation inhibition activity, ferrous ion chelating ability, reducing power, and antioxidative enzyme activity. Both milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir demonstrated significantly greater antimutagenic activity than milk and soymilk. Milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir also displayed significantly greater scavenging activity upon DPPH radicals, an inhibition effect upon linoleic acid peroxidation, and more substantial reducing power but displayed a reduced glutathione peroxidase activity than was the case for milk and soymilk. Milk and soymilk fermented by kefir grains did not alter the ferrous ion chelating ability and superoxide dismutase activity of the original materials. These findings have demonstrated that milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir possess significant antimutagenic and antioxidant activity and suggest that milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir may be considered among the more promising food components in terms of preventing mutagenic and oxidative damage.     

Antioxidant and antimelanogenic activities of polyamine conjugates from corn bran and related hydroxycinnamic acids

The antioxidant activity of three major polyamine conjugates, N,N'-dicoumaroyl-putrescine (DCP), N-p-coumaroyl-N'-feruloylputrescine (CFP), and N,N'-diferuloyl-putrescine (DFP) isolated from corn bran, and their related hydroxycinnamic acids, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, were evaluated by three antioxidant in vitro assay systems, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide and hydroxyl radicals generated by enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions. Additionally, five phenolic compounds were evaluated for melanogenesis inhibitory activity using mushroom tyrosinase and B16 melanoma cells. Most of the phenolic compounds significantly scavenged DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, DFP showed potent DPPH (IC50 = 38.46 microM) and superoxide (IC50 = 291.62 microM) radical scavenging activities, while DCP exhibited the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 120.55 microM). CFP also exerted moderate DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Meanwhile, DCP (IC50 = 181.73 microM) showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity toward l-tyrosine as the substrate, whereas DFP (IC50 = 733.64 microM) significantly inhibited melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells. These current results indicate that these three polyamine conjugates from corn bran may be useful potential sources of natural antioxidants and skin-whitening agents.     

Active recombinant thioredoxin h protein with antioxidant activities from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam Tainong 57) storage roots

Recombinant thioredoxin h (Trx2) overproduced in Escherichia coli (M15) was purified by Ni2+-chelated affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of Trx2 is approximately 1.4 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Total antioxidant status, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) staining, reducing power method, Fe2+-chelating ability, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method, and protection of calf thymus DNA against hydroxyl radical-induced damage were studied. The thioredoxin h protein with a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL exhibited the highest activity (expressed as 0.37 +/- 0.012 mM ABTS* radical cation being cleared) in a total antioxidant status test. In the DPPH staining thioredoxin h appeared as white spots when it was diluted to 50 mg/mL (a final amount of 15 microg). Like the total antioxidant status, the reducing power, Fe2+-chelating ability, FTC activity, and protection against hydroxyl radical-induced calf thymus DNA damage were found with the thioredoxin h protein. It was suggested that thioredoxin h might contribute to its antioxidant activities against hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals.     

Antioxidative ability of lactic acid bacteria

Nineteen strains of lactic acid bacteria were investigated for antioxidative activity. These includedLactobacillus acidophilus B, E, N1, 4356, LA-1, and Farr; Lactobacillus bulgaricus 12 278, 448, 449, Lb, 1006, and 11 842; Streptococcus thermophilus 821, MC, 573, 3641, and 19 987; and Bifidobacterium longum B6 and 15 708. Intracellular cell-free extract of all strains demonstrated antioxidative activity with inhibition rates of ascorbate autoxidation in the range of 7-12%. Antioxidative mechanisms including metal ion chelating ability, scavenge of reactive oxygen species, enzyme inhibition, and reducing activity of intracellular cell-free extract of lactic acid bacteria were studied. S. thermophilus 821 had the highest metal ion chelating ability for Fe(2+), and B. longum 15 708 showed the highest Cu(2+) chelating ability among the 19 strains tested. All strains demonstrated reactive oxygen species scavenging ability. L. acidophilus E showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and B. longum B6 had the best hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability. Reducing activity was also found in all strains. Most of the strains tested demonstrated excellent reducing activity. B. longum B6 showed the highest reducing activity among the 19 strains tested. In enzyme inhibition, superoxide dismutase activity was not found in these 19 strains, and the activity of superoxide dismutase was not induced when metal ion Mn(2+), Fe(2+), or Cu(2+)Zn(2+) was present.     

海马水解蛋白的氨基酸组成与抗氧化能力的关系

为了探讨大海马蛋白质的高效利用方法,本试验将脱脂大海马粉经碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶联合消解后,酶解液(PH)经超滤膜分离为5组分(PH-Ⅰ、PH-Ⅱ、PH-Ⅲ、PH-Ⅳ、PH-Ⅴ),结合各组分的氨基酸组成,回归分析了各组分的自由基清除能力与氨基酸组成间的相关关系。结果表明,酶解液经超滤膜分离的5组分中PH-Ⅴ(<2 500 Da)抗氧化能力较强,清除DPPH自由基能力为34.2%±0.1%,对超氧阴离子的清除能力为29.2%±0.1%,Fe³⁺还原力为0.28%±0.1%。海马酶解多肽各组成中疏水性氨基酸含量低于亲水性氨基酸,但疏水性氨基酸对自由基的清除能力起着决定性作用,极性氨基酸和非极性氨基酸可通过协同作用来增强海马多肽清除自由基的能力,且每个单位极性氨基酸的抗氧能力是非极性氨基酸的1.2倍,每个单位芳香族氨基酸的抗氧化能力是脂肪族氨基酸的2倍。本研究不仅制备了一类具有开发价值的抗氧化多肽,并且分析了多肽抗氧化能力与氨基酸组成的相关关系,为大海马的高值化利用提供了理论依据。     

Antioxidative capacity of extracts and constituents in Cornus capitata adventitious roots

Radical scavenging activities of extracts and constituents in Cornus capitata adventitious root cultures were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion radicals. Inhibitory activity against peroxidation of linoleic acid was assayed by using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were prepared from adventitious roots cultured in Murashige-Skoog liquid medium with 0.1 microM Cu(2+) (0.1CuMS) or 10 microM Cu(2+) (10CuMS). The highest scavenging activities on DPPH and superoxide anion radicals were observed in the ethyl acetate fraction from 0.1CuMS. In the inhibitory activity against linoleic acid oxidation, the ethyl acetate fraction from 10CuMS was highest among the fractions tested. The ethyl acetate fraction of adventitious roots cultured in 0.1CuMS contained mainly galloylglucoses (1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose and 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose). The ethyl acetate fraction of adventitious roots cultured in 10CuMS contained mainly ellagic acid derivatives [3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-(5"-acetyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside and stenophyllin H1]. Aqueous fractions prepared from both media contained iridoid glycosides (dihydrocornin and cornin). Tetra- and pentagalloylglucoses showed strong inhibitory activities (61.9 and 85.2%, respectively) against linoleic acid oxidation relative to those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (91.1%) or alpha-tocopherol (49.5%) at 50 microM concentration. Although both ellagic acid derivatives had weak activities (<50%) on DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging, 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-(5"-acetyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside was stronger (74.7%) than alpha-tocopherol (49.5%) in inhibiting linoleic acid oxidation at 50 microM concentration. Iridoid glycosides exhibited little activity against DPPH and superoxide anion radicals or against oxidation of linoleic acid.     

Isolation and characterization of antioxidant protein fractions from melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds

The protein from the seeds of melinjo ( Gnetum gnemon ) was purified using a precipitation method and ion exchange chromatographic techniques to identify the potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Two antioxidant protein fractions were isolated from G. gnemon seed with molecular weights of approximately 30 kDa (Gg-AOPI) and 12 kDa (Gg-AOPII) by SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of Gg-AOPII is Gly-Asn-Gly-Lys-Ala-Thr-Val-Ala-Ile-Leu-Val-Lys-Glu-Lys-Val-Glu-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Glu, and the result of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis showed that they were distinct from each other; no protein in database matching was found to both Gg-AOPI and Gg-AOPII. The antioxidant or free radical scavenging activities of Gg-AOPs were investigated by employing in vitro assay systems including the inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation, scavenging effect on α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), reducing power, chelating abilities of metal ions Cu(2+) and Fe(2+), and protections against hydroxyl radical-mediated DNA damages. The result showed that two protein fractions exhibited significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities against free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion and showed activities similar to those of glutathione (G-SH) and BHT in a linoleic acid emulsion assay system. Moreover, Gg-AOPI and Gg-AOPII also exhibited notable reducing power and strong chelating effect on Fe(2+) and protected hydroxyl radical induced oxidative DNA damage. The data obtained by the in vitro systems obviously established the antioxidant potency of Gg-AOPs.     

Antioxidant properties of a radical-scavenging peptide purified from enzymatically prepared fish skin gelatin hydrolysate

Hoki (Johnius belengerii) skin gelatin was hydrolyzed with three commercial enzymes to identify radical-scavenging potencies of derived peptides. Peptides derived from tryptic hydrolysate exhibited the highest scavenging activities on superoxide, carbon-centered 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals assessed by ESR spectroscopy. Following consecutive chromatographic separations of tryptic hydroolysate, the peptide sequence His-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Leu (797 Da) acted as a strong radical scavenger under studied conditions. Further, this peptide could act as an antioxidant against linoleic acid peroxidation and the activity was closer to the highly active synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In addition, antioxidative enzyme levels in cultured human hepatoma cells were increased in the presence of this peptide and it was presumed to be the peptide involved in maintaining the redox balance in the cell environment. Present data indicate that free-radical-scavenging activities of hoki skin gelatin peptides substantially contribute to their antioxidant properties measured in different oxidative systems.     

Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils

The essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L., and Thymus vulgaris L. were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was evaluated as a free radical scavenging capacity (RSC), together with effects on lipid peroxidation (LP). RSC was assessed measuring the scavenging activity of the essential oils on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH(*)) and OH(*) radicals. Effects on LP were evaluated following the activities of essential oils in Fe(2+)/ascorbate and Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) systems of induction. Essential oils exhibited very strong RSCs, reducing the DPPH radical formation (IC(50)) in the range from 0.17 (oregano) to 0.39 microg/mL (basil). The essential oil of T. vulgaris exhibited the highest OH radical scavenging activity, although none of the examined essential oils reached 50% of neutralization (IC(50)). All of the tested essential oils strongly inhibited LP, induced either by Fe(2+)/ascorbate or by Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2). The antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and six fungi. The most effective antibacterial activity was expressed by the essential oil of oregano, even on multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. A significant rate of antifungal activity of all of the examined essential oils was also exhibited.     

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil

The present study describes antimicrobial and free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) together with the effects on lipid peroxidation (LP) of Melissa officinalis essential oil. The chemical profile of essential oil was evaluated by the means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). RSC was assessed measuring the scavenging activity of essential oil on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(*)) and OH(*) radicals. The effect on LP was evaluated following the activities on Fe(2+)/ascorbate and Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) systems of induction. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and six fungi. The examined essential oil exhibited very strong RSC, reducing the DPPH radical formation (IC(50) = 7.58 microg/mL) and OH radical generation (IC(50) = 1.74 microg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. According to the GC-MS and TLC (dot-blot techniques), the most powerful scavenging compounds were monoterpene aldehydes and ketones (neral/geranial, citronellal, isomenthone, and menthone) and mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (E-caryophyllene). Very strong inhibition of LP, particularly in the Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) system of induction (94.59% for 2.13 microg/mL), was observed in both cases, also in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective antibacterial activity was expressed on a multiresistant strain of Shigella sonei. A significant rate of antifungal activity was exhibited on Trichophyton species.     

A DSC study on the gel-sol transition of a starch and hsian-tsao leaf gum mixed system

Differential scanning calorimetric analysis was performed on the admixture of 4% hsian-tsao leaf gum and 8% wheat starch as a function of salt types and concentrations. The salt concentrations (C(s)) studied were 5-100 mM for sodium and potassium chloride, and 3.4-34 mM for calcium and magnesium chloride. It was found that hsian-tsao leaf gum or starch alone did not present a readily recognizable exothermic peak or endothermic peak during cooling or heating in DSC. However, mixing these two polymers promoted the intermolecular binding and subsequent gelation of the mixtures as evidenced by the DSC exothermic and endothermic peaks during cooling and heating, respectively. The setting and melting temperatures of such a mixed system shifted progressively to higher temperatures with increasing concentrations of added salts. It was considered that the aggregated mixed polymers formed thermally stable junction zones with higher binding energies. The thermal behavior change was more remarkable by the addition of K(+) than by Na(+), and by Ca(2+) than by Mg(2+). For monovalent cations, the DSC heating and cooling curves showed a single endothermic and exothermic peak. For divalent cations at low concentration, the DSC curves showed a single peak. However, with sufficient divalent cations, the DSC curves eventually developed a bimodal character. A mixed system with sufficient Ca(2+) could form firm gel that was difficult to remelt completely upon heating to 130 degrees C, indicating the possibility of the formation of ionic bonds through cross-links with the carboxyl groups in hsian-tsao leaf gum.     

Antioxidative activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from alkaline-aided channel catfish protein isolates

Antioxidative activity of hydrolyzed protein prepared from alkali-solubilized catfish protein isolates was studied. The isolates were hydrolyzed to 5, 15, and 30% degree of hydrolysis using the protease enzyme, Protamex. Hydrolyzed protein was separated into hydrolysates and soluble supernatants, and both of these fractions were studied for their metal chelating ability, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and their ability to inhibit the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in washed tilapia muscle containing tilapia hemolysate. Both hydrolysates and supernatants were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results showed that DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power of catfish protein hydrolysates decreased, whereas the ORAC value, metal chelating ability, and ability to inhibit TBARS increased, with an increase in the degree of hydrolysis. Hydrolysate samples showed higher DPPH radical scavenging ability and Fe(3+) reducing ability, and supernatant samples had higher metal chelating ability. In general, low molecular weight (MW) peptides had high ORAC values and high metal chelating ability, and high MW peptides had a higher reducing power (FRAP) and were more effective in scavenging DPPH radicals. In a washed muscle model system, the ability of catfish protein hydrolysates and their corresponding supernatants to inhibit the formation of TBARS increased with an increase in the degree of hydrolysis.     

Free radical scavenging activity of chitooligosaccharides by electron spin resonance spectrometry

The radical scavenging effects of chitooligosaccharides (COSs) on hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, alkyl radical, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were investigated using a spin-trapping electron spin resonance (ESR) method and compared with the ESR signal intensity. COSs exhibited strong scavenging activity on hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical and weak scavenging activity on alkyl radical and DPPH radical. The radical scavenging activity of COSs increased with increment of concentration, and it was also dependent on molecular weight. These results suggest that the scavenging activity of COSs is dependent on their molecular weights and tested radicals.     

Antioxidant activity and protective effect of anthocyanin oligomers on H₂O₂-triggered G2/M arrest in retinal cells

In this study, the free-radical-scavenging properties of anthocyanin oligomers for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, alkyl radical, and hydroxyl radical were evaluated using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The DPPH radical, alkyl radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of anthocyanin oligomers increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC??) value of 13.0, 14.0, and 448.0 μg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effect of anthocyanin oligomers on lipid peroxidation was examined with ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The inhibitory activity of anthocyanin oligomers was found to be comparable to that of vitamin E. In addition, anthocyanin oligomers enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) in ARPE-19 cells. In addition, anthocyanin oligomers inhibited the H?O?-induced G2/M phase arrest in ARPE-19 cells. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that anthocyanin oligomers have high antioxidative activity.     

Identification and antioxidant activity of novel chlorogenic acid derivatives from bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)

One known and two novel antioxidant compounds have been isolated from bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). The butanol-soluble extract of the bamboo leaves was found to have a significant antioxidant activity, as measured by scavenging the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and the superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)) in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay system. Antioxidant activity-directed fractionation of the extract led to the isolation and characterization of three structural isomeric chlorogenic acid derivatives: 3-O-(3'-methylcaffeoyl)quinic acid (1), 5-O-caffeoyl-4-methylquinic acid (2), and 3-O-caffeoyl-1-methylquinic acid (3). Compounds 2 and 3 were isolated and characterized for the first time from the natural products. In the DPPH scavenging assay as well as in the iron-induced rat microsomal lipid peroxidation system, compounds 2 (IC(50) = 8.8 and 19.2 microM) and 3 (IC(50) = 6.9 and 14.6 microM) showed approximately 2-4 times higher antioxidant activity than did chlorogenic acid (IC(50) = 12.3 and 28.3 microM) and other related hydroxycinnamates such as caffeic acid (IC(50) =13.7 and 25.5 microM) and ferulic acid (IC(50) = 36.5 and 56.9 microM). Among the three compounds, compound 1 yielded the weakest antioxidant activity, and the DPPH scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 16.0 and 29.8 microM) was lower than those of chlorogenic and caffeic acids. All three compounds exhibited both superoxide scavenging activities and inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase. Their superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) scavenging activities (IC(50) = 1, 4.3 microM; 2, 2.8 microM; and 3, 1.2 microM) were markedly stronger than those of ascorbic acid (IC(50) = 56.0 microM), alpha-tocopherol (IC(50) > 100 microM), and other test compounds, although their inhibition effects on xanthine oxidase may contribute to the potent scavenging activity. alpha-Tocopherol exerted a significant inhibitory effect (65.5% of the control) on superoxide generation in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells, and compound 3 showed moderate activity (36.0%). On the other hand, other compounds including 1, 2, chlorogenic acid, and other antioxidants were weakly active (24.8-10.1%) in the suppression of superoxide generation.     

枯草芽孢杆菌Y-6产抗菌肽的体外抗氧化效果研究

为研究枯草芽孢杆菌Y-6产抗菌肽的抗氧化活性,通过化学发光法测定抗菌肽清除H2O2、·OH和O2·3种氧自由基的性能,再通过分光光度法测定抗菌肽的还原能力、对DPPH·的清除率以及对肝匀浆丙二醛(MDA)生成的抑制率.结果表明,抗菌肽有一定清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化的作用,试验范围内抗菌肽浓度越高,抗氧化效果越好.抗菌...     

Radical scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative activities of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaf extracts

Radical scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative effects of two organic fractions and two aqueous extracts from the leaves of a neglected Andean crop-yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl., Asteraceae) were determined using various in vitro models. The extracts' total phenolic content was 10.7-24.6%. They exhibited DPPH (IC50 16.14-33.39 microg/mL) and HO* scavenging activities (4.49-6.51 mg/mL). The extracts did not scavenge phenylglyoxylic ketyl radicals, but they retarded their formation. In the xanthine/xanthine oxidase superoxide radical generating system, the extracts' activities were 26.10-37.67 superoxide dismutase equivalents/mg. As one of the extracts displayed xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, the effect of the extracts on a nonenzymatically generated superoxide was determined (IC50 7.36-21.01 microg/mL). The extracts inhibited t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipoperoxidation of microsomal and mitochondrial membranes (IC50 22.15-465.3 microg/mL). These results make yacon leaves a good candidate for use as a food supplement in the prevention of chronic diseases involving oxidative stress.     

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils

The essential oils of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and 6 fungi, including Candida albicans and 5 dermatomycetes. The most important antibacterial activity of both essential oils was expressed on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, S. enteritidis, and Shigella sonei. A significant rate of antifungal activity, especially of essential oil of rosemary, was also exhibited. Antioxidant activity was evaluated as a free radical scavenging capacity (RSC), together with the effect on lipid peroxidation (LP). RSC was assessed by measuring the scavenging activity of essential oils on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals. Effects on LP were evaluated following the activities of essential oils in Fe(2+)/ascorbate and Fe(2+)/H2O2 systems of induction. Investigated essential oils reduced the DPPH radical formation (IC50 = 3.82 microg/mL for rosemary and 1.78 microg/mL for sage) in a dose-dependent manner. Strong inhibition of LP in both systems of induction was especially observed for the essential oil of rosemary.     

辐照对黄原胶分子量及抗氧化活性的影响

以0~500kGy 60Co γ射线对固态黄原胶进行辐照,研究辐照对黄原胶分子量及还原力、清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基（DPPH·）、超氧自由基（O2-·）及羟自由基（·OH）能力等抗氧化活性的影响。研究表明,10kGy的辐照可使黄原胶粘均分子量从1.71×106增加到2.23×106,超过10kGy后,黄原胶粘均分子量随辐照剂量的增大逐渐减少,500kGy时降为1.59×104。低于10kGy辐照,黄原胶的还原力、对DPPH·和对O2-·的清除率与剂量呈负相关,与对照相比,还原力降低了3.16%,对DPPH·和O2-·的清除率分别从17.37%和18.18%减少到16.87%和8.51%,增大辐照剂量,黄原胶的还原力和对DPPH·和O2-·的清除率与剂量呈正相关,500kGy时黄原胶的还原力比对照增加164.22%,对DPPH·和O2-·的清除率升高至60.79%和30.06%;对·OH清除能力与辐照剂量呈负相关,清除率从0kGy时的9.29%降低到500kGy时的3.63%。辐照可以引起黄原胶聚合或降解,从而导致其分子量及抗氧化活性发生显著变化。