天牛在龙眼荔枝的发生为害及防治

天牛在龙眼荔枝的发生为害及防治沈育才（诏安县农业局３６３５００）天牛是龙眼、荔枝的重要害虫，主要有龟背天牛和星天牛等，均属于鞘翅目，天牛科．近年来，在龙眼、荔枝发生普遍，为害日趋严重，笔者对其不同虫态发生为害情况进行观察并提出防治方法．１、害虫来源为...     

麻类作物主要害虫的发生及防治概述

我国麻类作物有黄麻、红麻、苎麻、大麻、青麻、亚麻和龙舌兰麻等。由于麻类作物种类多，分布区域广，各地的自然条件、栽培技术以及耕作制度的不同，因而害虫的种类较为复杂，群落组成亦有差异。据不完全统计，全国已发现为害麻类作物的害虫达180种以上。除少数地下害虫和钻蛀性害虫外，     

龙眼角颊木虱发生规律调查研究

龙眼角颊木虱发生规律调查研究白栋梁（安溪县经作局３６２４００）龙眼角颊木虱（ＣｏｒｎｅｇｅｎａｐｓｙｌｌａｓｉｎｉｃａＹａｎｇｅｔＬｉ），又名龙眼木虱，是龙眼的一种新害虫．主要分布于福建和广东，福建省的龙眼产区，已知的福州、莆田、泉州、漳州等地区均有...     

海南腰果病虫害及其防治

对海南腰果病虫害的发生为害和分布情况进行调查,发现为害海南腰果的害虫有28种,病害有6种。主要害虫有腰果角盲蟠、腰果细蛾、咖啡胖天牛、脊胸天牛;主要病害是流胶病。笔者还对主要腰果病虫害提出了相应的防治措施。     

吉林省人参害虫调查初步研究

人参害虫种类较多,为害较重,已直接影响到人参的产量和质量.本文就多年来对我省的人参害虫调查研究,论述了人参害虫分别隶属于九个目二十六个科,约60种.提出此类害虫因不同地区,不同寄生群落,害虫优势种群有所差异,土壤条件和栽培方式不同对种群有影响。     

海南瓜菜鳞翅目害虫种类及发生

2012年6月、9月、12月和2013年3月分别对海南岛的瓜菜进行取样调查,并对每个调查点的鳞翅目幼虫进行分类鉴定,同时记录寄主种类、分布危害等信息。结果表明,海南瓜菜鳞翅目害虫发生最重的为十字花科瓜菜。为害瓜菜的鳞翅目害虫主要有13种,其中最严重的是斜纹夜蛾。斜纹夜蛾虫口数与气温不成正相关关系,气温27℃左右时虫口数出现高峰,气温较低月份,虫口数量较低;同时,降水量最高月份(8月),虫口数量出现低谷。该研究可为生产中对瓜菜鳞翅目害虫的预警监测和防控提供参考。     

花生种植栽培模式对花生地上害虫发生的影响

为明确春花生和夏花生主要地上害虫发生特点的差异,在山东花生主产区进行了不同播期花生主要害虫发生情况田间调查。结果表明,春花生和夏花生上发生的地上害虫优势种和为害盛期有明显不同。危害春花生的主要害虫是花生蚜、花生叶螨、2代棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾和蓟马,且不同播期为害程度存在显著性差异;危害夏花生的主要害虫是3代棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾和蓟马。     

麻类作物主要害虫的发生及防治概述

我国麻类作物有黄麻、红麻、苎麻、大麻、青麻、亚麻和龙舌兰麻等。由于麻类作物种类多,分布区域广,各地的自然条件、栽培技术以及耕作制度的不同,因而害虫的种类较为复杂,群落组成亦有差异。据不完全统计,全国已发现为害麻类作物的害虫达180种以上。除少数地下害虫和钻蛀性害虫外,大部分系叶面害     

花生野生种对害虫的综合抗性

栽培种花生受许多种害虫为害,造成的损失从偶然觅食到全部植株接近枯死而失收。据Van Emder编入的77种主要作物的害虫目录中按害虫数量排列花生居第十位。Smith和Barfield曾报导,为害花生的害虫有360余种。虽然遭受害虫的损失随着年份和地区而异,可是大部分害虫是高度流动的并有着广泛的分布。     

皖西地区大麻主要害虫的发生及防治

皖西麻区是安徽省大麻重点产区，面积大而集中，害虫为害日趋严重。笔者初步调查为害大麻的害虫有30多种，并进行了防治研究，现报道如下。     

茶园昆虫群落稳定性机制

茶园常绿郁闭 ,茶丛内昼夜温差、湿度差小 ,小气候稳定 ,这些是形成稳定的茶园昆虫群落的基础。丰富的茶树种质资源增大了茶树昆虫的多样性 ;我国拥有的群落茶园、纯茶园等茶园生态系统的多样性 ,以及单行条植、双行和多行密植及间作等栽培模式的多样化皆丰富了茶园昆虫的物种多样性 ,从而强化了昆虫群落稳定性。茶园昆虫物种的多样组成了复杂的食物网、链 ,成为茶园昆虫群落稳定性的主要成因     

化学农药对茶园节肢动物多样性的影响

分析了化学农药对茶园节肢动物结构组成、多样性、均匀性等的影响。结果表明化学农药对茶园节肢动物的影响主要表现在物种数量、结构组成、多样性指数、物种分布的均习性等方面。农药费用高的茶园优势害虫种群密度大,尤以假眼小绿叶蝉明显。农药费用低的茶园,天敌的控制作用明显增强,节肢动物的多样性指数、均匀性指数增大。     

稻田田埂植物的生物多样性

 在浙江安吉两个村对利用不同污染程度水源进行灌溉的稻田田埂植物进行了调查。利用未受工业污染的水灌溉的禹山坞稻田田埂植物种数高于受工业废水污染的城北村。在相同类型植物群落中, 禹山坞稻田田埂的植物种总重要值Iv(t)显著高于城北村,两村的田埂植物生物多样性指数也存在类似的变化趋势。不同类型植物群落的生物多样性参数差异极为显著, 矮秆植物占优势群落的植物种数、植物种总重要值和生物多样性指数(H')显著高于高秆植物占优势群落和外来植物占优势群落。应重视防除外来植物空心莲子草, 控制高秆植物和保护矮秆植物。     

不同生境茶园弹尾虫群落的结构与动态

在农业生态系统中,弹尾虫作为天敌的替代食物,起着间接控制害虫种群的作用。2006年3月至2008年4月（不包含2008年3月）,在武夷山星村镇设置了4种不同生境的茶园,分别对其茶冠层和凋落层进行调查分析。在茶冠层,套种百喜草、套种圆叶决明和不除草茶园弹尾虫的物种丰富度（S）,套种圆叶决明和不除草茶园弹尾虫的Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）,都显著高于除草茶园;套种圆叶决明和不除草茶园弹尾虫的物种丰盛度（N）显著高于套种百喜草茶园。在凋落层,套种百喜草、套种圆叶决明和不除草茶园弹尾虫的S、N和绝对丰盛度（$\bar{n}$）均显著高于除草茶园,套种百喜草和不除草茶园弹尾虫的有效多样性指数（e^H′）显著高于套种圆叶决明茶园。4种不同生境茶园对茶冠层弹尾虫的e^H′、均匀性指数（E）和$\bar{n}$及对凋落层弹尾虫的H′ 和E均无显著影响。4种不同生境茶园茶冠层或凋落层的弹尾虫群落相似程度很高。由此可见,合理进行套种,有利于提高茶园生境的多样化,强化中性昆虫在害虫综合治理中的作用。     

Application of biotic indices in assessing the ecological quality status of Bahrekan estuary (Persian Gulf)

The aim of present study was to examine the macro invertebrates as an assessment tool for characterization of the state of Bahrekan estuary in Persian Gulf, by using different biotic indices. An investigation on benthos was carried out during autumn 2008 to summer 2009 in the Bahrekan estuary (Persian Gulf). In order to identify and assess the benthic community structure, seasonal sampling was done from 21 stations with three replicates using van veen grab (./285 m2). The ecological indices, such as (AMBI, BI and Bentix), Shannon-Wiener index (H'), species richness (S) were applied to the available benthic species data, and evaluated comparatively. The grain size of sediments and total organic matter as essential factors in distribution and population diversity of macrobenthos communities were also analysed. According to the results, 17 groups of macrobenthos were identified. Out of 111 genus/species identified in this study, Gastropoda was the dominate group (79.8%), followed by Bivalvia (5.5%). Pyrgohydrobia sp. belonged to gastropoda was dominant in all of seasons. The results showed that all of the stations are characterized as muddy bottom and Bahrekan estuary are classified in slightly to moderate pollution status.     

Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems

The application of diversity/stability considerations in theoretical ecology has led to the emergence of testable hypotheses with implications for biological control and agroecosystem management. The object of applied research in this area has been to achiece predictably stable pest populations (below an economic threshold level) in crop systems. The exacerbation of most insect-pest problems has been associated with increases in crop monocultures at the expense of the natural vegetation, thereby decreasing local habitat diversity. This can seriously affect the abundance and efficiency of natural enemies, which depend on habitat complexity for sources of alternate prey/hosts, pollen and nectar, shelter, nesting and overwintering sites. Plant diversification of agroecosystems can result in increased environmental opportunities for natural enemies and, consequently, improved biological pest control. Agronomically, there are several ways to design plsnt-diverse cropping systems. One way is by manipulating the vegetation of field margins, and managing the species composition and density of plants in ditchbanks, hedgerows, windbreaks and other types of shelter belts. Within-field plant diversity can be manipulated by designing polycultures of various temporal and spatial crop arrangements. The effects of some of these systems on the dynamics of insect populations are discussed, as well as the effects of cover-crop management on pest insects in orchards. Another way to enrich the vegetational structure of cropping systems is through weed management. Weed diversity in the form of weed borders, alternate rows, or by providing weeds in certain periods of the crop growth can have a major impact on insect dynamics.     

茶园昆虫群落多样性和时间格局分析

为明确茶园害虫群落多样性、优势种与昆虫群落的时间格局,对山东省代表性茶园的主要害虫及天敌群落特征进行研究.通过目测法、黄板法、扫网法以及室内观察法,进行害虫和天敌的种类鉴定以及数量统计,共发现害虫(包括害螨)27种,天敌(包括蜘蛛)15种.茶园的主要优势种害虫有黑刺粉虱、小贯松村叶蝉、茶蚜、绿盲蝽与茶黄蓟马.主要优势天...     

我国茶园蜘蛛生态学研究进展

我国茶园中的蜘蛛资源十分丰富,是控制茶树害虫种群的重要天敌类群。茶园蜘蛛生态学研究是与茶园以蛛治虫的研究相应发展的。本文从蜘蛛类群与茶园主要害虫的种群动态关系、群落多样性、栽培和管理方式等对群落多样性的影响、生态因素对蜘蛛的影响、捕食行为生态学和化学生态学等方面简述了近年来我国茶园蜘蛛生态学研究的新进展,并提出了蜘蛛化学生态学是未来茶园害虫防治的重要研究和发展方向。     

Ecosystem Immunity as a Strategy for Controlling Insect Pests in a Biotic Community

Summary

Populations of insect pests sometimes increase beyond the economic threshold to become serious problems in crop production. However, their populations are usually maintained below the economic injury level by natural predator insects and parasites. Living bodies often develop a degree of immunity against pest invasion, such as macrophages in the human body. In this case, macrophages reproduce in the human body at the expense of blood and body fluid, but are suppressed below the level of illness to the human body. This is analogous to crops, which have developed defense mechanism in the biotic community against pests by means of natural enemies and provided immunity in a total system. However, natural enemies, parasites and predators, must be maintained themselves with little compensation or support from the agroecosystem. Some years ago I proposed a model “reproduction curve with two equilibrium points” to describe the fluctuation of insect populations (Takahashi, 1964). The lower equilibrium point in the model can be regarded as a latent period and the higher one as the outbreak level. This model is based on the S-shaped functional response curve of predator to prey density and is applicable in a biotic community where polyphagous predators predominate. To ensure stable populations of natural enemies in the biotic community, it is necessary to maintain their food supply in the field. The populations of monopha-gous predators, such as parasitoids, fluctuate in response to prey or host populations sometimes inducing dramatic increases in pest populations above the economic injury level. On the other hand, polyphagous predators can utilize ordinary organisms as alternate food sources and keep their population stable even when a pest population (i.e., their target food) decreases to low level. This model will be discussed with respect to the diversity of a biotic community.     

芒果园种植大叶油草对果园节肢动物群落结构及多样性的影响

为探究生草大叶油草种植对芒果园节肢动物群落的影响,将种植大叶油草的芒果园与传统清耕生境节肢动物群落结构进行比较,对2种不同生境2018年8月—2019年6月的节肢动物群落物种数量、物种多样性、群落稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,大叶油草生境下芒果园节肢动物物种数量、个体数量约为清耕生境的2倍;物种多样性指数、群落稳定性显著高于清耕生境,在天敌亚群落方面也表现出相似差异。而害虫亚群落方面,清耕生境害虫数量（4730头）约为大叶油草生境（2027头）的2倍。综合分析表明,芒果园种植大叶油草有利于增强节肢动物群落稳定性,减少害虫、提高天敌的种群数量、便于发挥天敌的自然控制作用,是一种较好的绿色防控措施。