羊魏氏梭菌PCR方法的建立及初步应用

根据羊魏氏梭菌A、B、C、D、E型共有的α毒素基因,设计了1对引物,通过对PCR反应条件进行优化,建立了羊魏氏梭菌PCR检测方法。该方法扩增条带大小为255 bp,最低核酸检测量A型为0.39 ng/L、B型为0.62 ng/L、C型为0.52 ng/L、D型为0.87 ng/L、E型为0.92 ng/L,而对羊大肠杆菌、羊链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、羊多杀性巴氏杆菌的扩增结果均为阴性。应用该PCR方法对54份临床样本进行检测,PCR检测结果高于细菌学和生化检测结果。结果表明,该PCR方法具有很好的特异性和敏感性,可用于临床羊魏氏梭菌病的早期快速诊断。     

山东疫区魏氏梭菌血清型的多重PCR检测

采用多重PCR对从流行过魏氏梭菌病的牧场粪便样品中分离魏氏梭菌的α、β、ε、ι毒素基因进行了检测,确定了血清型。电泳成像显示,仅魏氏梭菌扩增出了特异性条带,其他对照菌株无,说明该方法具有很高的特异性。通过对山东德州、枣庄、泰安、临沂、青岛等地养殖场的418个样品分离的62个菌株的检测,检出率为14．8％,均为A型。研究确认,多重PCR是魏氏梭菌血清型鉴别的一种快速、简便的研究方法,山东省流行型别与国外报道不完全一致。     

山东疫区魏氏梭菌血清型的多重PCR检测

采用多重PCR对从流行过魏氏梭菌病的牧场粪便样品中分离魏氏梭菌的α、β、ε、ι 毒素基因进行了检测,确定了血清型。电泳成像显示,仅魏氏梭菌扩增出了特异性条带,其他对 照菌株无,说明该方法具有很高的特异性。通过对山东德州、枣庄、泰安、临沂、青岛等地养殖场 的418个样品分离的62个菌株的检测,检出率为14．8％,均为A型。研究确认,多重PCR是 魏氏梭菌血清型鉴别的一种快速、简便的研究方法,山东省流行型别与国外报道不完全一致。     

肠致病性大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌PCR诊断方法的建立

本研究建立了一种同时检测大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌的二重PCR方法,根据兔肠致病性大肠杆菌(REPEC)的eae毒力基因和魏氏梭菌的α-toxin毒力基因的基因文库,设计了两对分别与eae基因和α-toxin基因互补的引物,用这两对引物对同一样品中的REPEC和魏氏梭菌模板进行二重PCR扩增。结果均得到了两条特异性大小与试验设计相符的833bp(REPEC)和324bp(魏氏梭菌)的扩增条带,而对其它3种病原菌的PCR扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性试验结果表明,该二重PCR技术能检出10cfu的REPEC,10cfu的魏氏梭菌。     

利用多重PCR检测兔肠致病性大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌的毒力基因

我们建立了一种同时检测兔肠致病性大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌毒力基因的二重PCR方法。在一次PCR反应中同时扩增兔肠致病性大肠杆菌（REPEC）的eae毒力基因和魏氏梭菌的α-toxin毒力基因，扩增产物经电泳，出现与阳性对照细菌条带大小一致的条带即判断为该标本阳性，本试验还对79份腹泻兔粪便或肠内容物样品进行了检测，结果35.4％（28／79）检出eae＋的REPEC，而魏氏梭茵的检出率为。6．3％。敏感性试验结果表明，该二重PCR能检出10 CFU的REPEC，10 CFU的魏氏梭菌，具有简便、快速、特异、经济等特点，宜于临床应用。     

魏氏梭菌α-毒素基因探针的制备及应用

以A型魏氏梭菌贵州分离株为材料,提取染色体DNA，经PCR扩增和酚：氯仿抽提回收得到242bp的α-毒素基因部分片段，用地高辛标记制备了α-毒素基因探针。该探针不与埃希氏大肠杆菌、都柏林沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、猪丹毒杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌及多杀性巴氏杆菌等细菌的DNA样品发生反应,只与魏氏梭菌DNA样品呈阳性反应，能检出300pg的DNA样品；应用探针对40株魏氏梭菌进行了Dot-Blotting检测,结果与生化试验鉴定的符合率达到90％，表明该探针具有较高的特异性和灵敏度，可应用于临床上魏氏梭菌的检测。     

肠致病性大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌PCR诊断方法的建立

本研究建立了一种同时检测大肠杆菌和魏氏梭菌的二重PCR方法,根据兔肠致病性大肠杆菌（REPEC）的eae毒力基因和魏氏梭菌的α—toxin毒力基因的基因文库,设计了两对分别与eae基因和α—toxin基因互补的引物,用这两对引物对同一样品中的REPEC和魏氏梭菌模板进行二重PCR扩增。结果均得到了两条特异性大小与试验设计相符的833bp（REPEC）和324bp（魏氏梭菌）的扩增条带,而对其它3种病原菌的PCR扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性试验结果表明,该二重PCR技术能检出10cfu的REPEC,10cfu的魏氏梭菌。     

魏氏梭菌α毒素核酸探针的制备和应用

根据GeneBank上发表的A型魏氏梭菌α毒素基因序列,设计合成了一对特异性引物,通过PCR的方法,扩增出了大小为470 bp的α毒素基因的部分片段。应用地高辛标记法来标记该片段,制备了α毒素基因探针,该探针只与魏氏梭菌DNA发生阳性反应,与其它多种细菌DNA不发生反应;该探针在1∶1000的工作浓度下,能检出1~5pg/uL的魏氏梭菌基因组DNA。应用该探针对33株魏氏梭菌进行核酸杂交(Dot-Blotting)检测,结果表明该探针具有良好的特异性和灵敏性,可用于对魏氏梭菌的诊断检测以及流行病学调查。     

魏氏梭菌α毒素核酸探针的制备和应用

根据GeneBank上发表的A型魏氏梭菌α毒素基因序列,设计合成了一对特异性引物,通过PCR的方法,扩增出了大小为470bp的α毒素基因的部分片段。应用地高辛标记法来标记该片段,制备了α毒素基因探针,该探针只与魏氏梭菌DNA发生阳性反应,与其它多种细菌DNA不发生反应;该探针在1：1000的工作浓度下,能检出1-5pg／uL的魏氏梭菌基因组DNA。应用该探针对33株魏氏梭菌进行核酸杂交（Dot-Blotting）检测,结果表明该探针具有良好的特异性和灵敏性,可用于对魏氏梭菌的诊断检测以及流行病学调查。     

贵州省某羊场魏氏梭菌病的诊断

为摸清贵州省某羊场羊只发病死亡原因,采用临床症状观察、病理解剖诊断、细菌分离培养及鉴定和PCR检测等方法,对该规模化羊场发病羊只进行诊断。结果表明:临床症状观察和病理剖检初步诊断该羊场发病羊疑似支原体和魏氏梭菌混合感染;支原体PCR检测未检测出支原体特异性阳性条带,细菌分离培养、生化特性鉴定确诊为魏氏梭菌感染,最终确诊造成该羊场羊只发病死亡的原因为魏氏梭菌感染。     

产气荚膜梭菌毒素基因分型PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

建立一种快速鉴别诊断不同型产气荚膜梭菌的PCR检测方法,为动物产气荚膜梭菌病的快速诊断及流行病学调查提供有效的技术手段。克服传统鉴定方法耗时长、费用高的缺点,提高了检测效率。通过对产气荚膜梭菌α毒素、β毒素、ε毒素和ι毒素基因序列分析,利用Premier5.0软件设计并合成了5对特异性引物,建立了针对5种不同型产气荚膜梭菌的PCR鉴别诊断方法。通过反复试验确定了最佳退火温度为53℃。通过灵敏度试验表明,PCR检测方法最低能检测到的DNA浓度α毒素为308pg/μL,β毒素、ε毒素为30.8pg/μL,ι毒素A为0.122pg/μL,ι毒素B为0.05pg/μL。通过特异性试验表明,本方法具有较高的特异性。同时,通过对本方法检测出的阳性样品16S rRNA序列分析发现,与GenBank中的其他产气荚膜梭菌的16S rRNA序列同源性均在98%以上。表明建立的检测方法灵敏度高、特异性强,可以应用于动物产气荚膜梭菌病的实验室诊断。     

Clostridium perfringens toxin types from freshwater fishes in one water reservoir of Shandong Province of China, determined by PCR

Four hundred and twenty intestinal content samples (not including intestinal tissues) of freshwater fishes (60 silver carps, 100 carps, 100 crucian carps, 60 catfishes and 100 zaieuws) caught from one water reservoir were examined bacteriologically for the occurrence of C. perfringens. Isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genes encoding the four lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) for classification into toxin types and for genes encoding enterotoxin and the novel beta2 toxin for further subclassification. C. perfringens could be isolated in 75 intestinal contents samples (17.9%) from freshwater fish including: 13 silver carps, 2 carps, 12 crucian carps, 40 zaieuws, and 8 catfishes. In 75 isolates, 58 strains (77.3%) were C. perfringens toxin type C (alpha and beta toxin positive), 13 strains (17.3%) were toxin type A (alpha toxin positive) and 4 strains (5.3%) were toxin type B (alpha, beta and epsilon toxin positive). In addition, the gene encoding for beta2 toxin was found in 47 strains (62.7%) of all the isolates, seven from type A, two from type B, and 38 from type C. The gene encoding for enterotoxin was not found in any isolate. These amplified toxin gene fragment were cloned and sequenced and compared with reference strains, the identity varied from 98.15% to 99.29%. This is the first report of C. perfringens alpha, beta, epsilon, beta2 toxins in freshwater fish and of beta, epsilon toxins in fish in general, and is the first discovery that the beta2 toxin could be detected in strains of type B. The origin of this bacterium and its importance to human food poisoning in freshwater fish is discussed.     

Molecular and phenotypical characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates from poultry flocks with different disease status

Due to the diminished use of growth-promoting antibiotics in the European Union, Clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis and subclinical disease have become important threats to poultry health. A study was set up to genotypically and phenotypically characterise C. perfringens isolates from poultry flocks with different health status. Animals from healthy flocks were sampled by cloacal swabs, while intestinal and liver samples of animals suffering from necrotic enteritis were analysed. A total of 27 isolates was obtained from 23 broiler flocks without clinical problems and 36 isolates were obtained from 8 flocks with clinical problems. Using PFGE typing, high genetic diversity was detected between isolates from different flocks. Isolates derived from flocks where disease outbreaks occurred were clonal within each flock, but each flock harboured a different clone. All isolates were of toxin type A. Isolates from 5 out of 35 PFGE types carried the cpb2 gene, encoding the beta2 toxin, and isolates from 2 out of 35 PFGE types harboured the cpe gene, encoding the enterotoxin. In vitro alpha toxin production for all isolates was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was shown that in vitro alpha toxin production of C. perfringens isolates from diseased flocks was not higher than in vitro alpha toxin production from isolates derived from healthy flocks.     

Clostridium perfringens toxin types in hooded seals in the Greenland Sea, determined by PCR and ELISA

Very little is known about the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens and of diseases caused by this anaerobic bacterium in marine mammals, especially those that are free-living. During a scientific expedition to the Greenland Sea (West Ice) in spring 1999, faeces samples from 70 hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) were taken to isolate C. perfiringens. Subsequently, PCR analysis of the isolates was performed with oligonucleotide primers of the genes encoding the four major lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) for classification of toxin type and of the genes encoding C. perfringens beta2-toxin and enterotoxin for further subclassification. In addition, a commercial ELISA kit for detection of C. perfringens alpha, beta- and epsilon-toxin was used. C. perfingens was isolated in samples from 38 (54.3%) hooded seals. All isolates were C. perfringens toxin type A (alpha-toxin positive). This is the first report on the occurrence of C. perfringens in this arctic marine mammal species. Myositis and enterotoxemia caused by C. perfrigens were described in other marine mammals and it may be assumed that the pathogenesis of an outbreak of disease is similar to that encountered in terrestrial animals. Although there is some controversy surrounding the enteropathogenicity and virulence of alpha-toxin (concerning enterotoxemia), this study suggests that a possible outbreak of enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens type A in hooded seals may, however, not be excluded.     

Isolation and characterization of Clostridium perfringens from apparently healthy animals of the Shandong province of China

In a pilot study the presence and frequency of Clostridium (C.) perfringens was investigated among apparently healthy farm animals in the Shandong province of China. 748 faecal samples were collected from 9 pig-, 4 sheep-, 7 cattle- and 5 rabbit farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 124 samples (16.6%). The isolates were classified into major toxin types by using PCR analysis detecting the genes encoding these toxins. All isolates were identified as C perfringens toxin type A. There are also some reports from different regions in China linking C. perfringens toxin type A strains to gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore further investigations about the epidemiologic role of C perfringens toxin type A strains in the Shandong region are necessary. Currently, cases of enterotoxemia from this region are investigated for the presence of C perfringens.     

产气荚膜梭菌多重PCR定型方法的建立及其应用

建立了多重PCR检测产气荚膜梭菌α、β、ε和ι毒素基因的方法。该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,只有产气荚膜梭菌呈现阳性,被检验的其他梭菌以及大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌均为阴性;将肉汤菌液样品10倍系列稀释后进行检测,检测灵敏度达到1.2×104CFU/mL。收集40份牛粪便样品,进行PCR检测,32份样品中成功扩增出589 bp的α毒素基因片段,阳性率为80%。结果显示,建立的多重PCR检测方法可取代血清中和试验,用于产气荚膜梭菌分型,同时表明A型产气荚膜梭菌在当地奶牛场中较为普遍。     

Toxin types of Clostridium perfringens isolated from free-ranging,semi-domesticated reindeer in Norway

Samples of faeces were taken from 166 healthy domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from three flocks in different reindeer husbandry districts in northern Norway and examined bacteriologically for the presence of Clostridium perfringens. The organism was isolated from 98 (59 per cent) of the reindeer. The isolates were classified into C perfringens toxin types by PCR analysis specific for the genes encoding the four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and tau) and were subclassified by the detection of the genes encoding C perfringens beta2-toxin and enterotoxin. All the isolates belonged to C perfringens toxin type A. In addition, 15 of the 98 isolates were PCR-positive for the beta2-toxin gene, and two of the isolates had the the gene encoding for enterotoxin.     

青岛地区兔源产气荚膜梭菌的分离鉴定及遗传多样性分析

兔的梭菌性肠炎是由产气荚膜梭菌感染引起的严重危害养兔业的一种疾病,为了更好地控制此病,本研究调查了青岛地区规模化兔场爆发此病时产气荚膜梭菌的毒素型及遗传多样性。2010年11月-2012年5月期间,采集青岛地区规模化养兔场疑似产气荚膜梭菌感染兔的肝脏进行产气荚膜梭菌的分离鉴定,采用Multiple—PCR方法对分离菌株进行毒素型分析,应用ERIC-PCR方法分析分离菌株的遗传多样性。共分离到25株产气荚膜梭菌,其中A型24株（96％）,C型1株（4％）。用ERIC—PCR方法将25株分离株分于9个聚类中,其中V型为主要流行型。结果表明：青岛地区规模化兔场中产气荚膜梭菌流行的毒素型主要为A型,且具有多种基因亚型,其中V型为主要流行型。此结果为该地区兔产气荚膜梭菌病的免疫和微生态防治提供了重要的参考依据。     

Evaluation of two PCR-based procedures for typing Clostridium perfringens

Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedures for typing Clostridium, perfringens, which affects most domestic animals, were compared and evaluated for efficiency as substitute to the guinea-pig intradermal test routinely used in our laboratory, namely a multiplex PCR and a protocol based on the individual amplification of gene sequences specific for each toxin. Reference isolates of C. perfringens types A, B, C and D as well as cultures from clinical specimens were tested. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR was confirmed on reference isolates. There was similarity in results on 43 of the 46 samples typed by all 3 methods. Clear results were obtained by PCR on 5 clinical samples that showed either equivocal or weak skin reactions in guinea-pigs. The multiplex PCR protocol, in combination with the evaluation of bacterial growth, is a better alternative to in vivo toxin typing, since C. perfringens can only be incriminated as cause of a disease when it is present in large numbers in the intestine.     

Survival of clostridium perfringens during simulated transport and stability of some plasmid-borne toxin genes under aerobic conditions

Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen of great concern in veterinary medicine, because it causes enteric diseases and different types of toxaemias in domesticated animals. It is important that bacteria in tissue samples, which have been collected in the field, survive and for the classification of C. perfringens into the correct toxin group, it is crucial that plasmid-borne genes are not lost during transportation or in the diagnostic laboratory. The objectives of this study were to investigate the survival of C. perfringens in a simulated transport of field samples and to determine the stability of the plasmid-borne toxin genes cpb1 and etx after storage at room temperature and at 4 degrees C. Stability of the plasmid-borne genes cpb1 and etx of C. perfringens CCUG 2035, and cpb2 from C. perfringens CIP 106526, JF 2255 and 6 field isolates in aerobic atmosphere was also studied. Survival of C. perfringens was similar in all experiments. The cpbl and etx genes were detected in all isolates from samples stored either at room temperature or at 4 degrees C for 24-44 h. Repeated aerobic treatment of C. perfringens CCUG 2035 and CIP 106526 did not result in the loss of the plasmid-borne genes cpb1, cpb2 or etx. Plasmid-borne genes in C. perfringens were found to be more stable than generally reported. Therefore, C. perfringens toxinotyping by PCR can be performed reliably, as the risk of plasmid loss seems to be a minor problem.