奶牛乳房炎的研究新进展

奶牛乳房炎是制约乳业发展的重要因素之一,有临床型乳房炎和隐性乳房炎两种类型,引起2种类型乳房炎的主要病原微生物为葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌,分别占40.13%、23.08%、20.40%;其它杂菌占16.56%。季节、气温、心理等因素对该病的发生有显著的影响;微量元素的缺乏可以使易感奶牛发病。另外乳房炎的发生还与管理因素有一定关系。笔者还总结了针对该病的部分预防和治疗措施。     

奶牛乳房炎的诊断与治疗

乳房炎是奶牛最常见疾病之一,是造成奶牛生产经济损失的重要原因之一,发病率高、奶产量降低、延长产后发情时间和妊娠时间、医疗费用高。该病的发生在不同年龄奶牛间差异显著,同一奶牛的乳区也有一定差异。该病常见病原有金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌等。季节、气温等因素对该病的发生有显著的影响,微量元素的缺乏可以使易感奶牛     

影响奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率的主要因素

为了研究影响奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要因素,从而制定出一套合理有效的奶牛隐性乳房炎综合防治措施,通过对延庆县存栏奶牛进行隐性乳房炎普查,找出奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律,分析致病因素。结果表明:在季节、饲养管理以及环境条件等基本相同的情况下,其他影响因素,①三种养殖模式(规模养殖场、养殖小区和散户)下,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率差异不显著(P0.05);②随着胎次的增加,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率呈升高的趋势;③不同卫生状况造成奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率差异显著(P0.05)。说明搞好环境卫生对防控奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生有重要意义。     

影响奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率的主要因素

为了研究影响奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要因素,．从而制定出一套合理有效的奶牛隐性乳房炎综合防治措施,通过对延庆县存栏奶牛进行隐性乳房炎普查,找出奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律,分析致病因素。结果表明：在季节、饲养管理以及环境条件等基本相同的情况下,其他影响因素,①三种养殖模式（规模养殖场、养殖小区和散户）下,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率差异不显著（P〉0．05）;②随着胎次的增加,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率呈升高的趋势;③不同卫生状况造成奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率差异显著（P〈0．05）。说明搞好环境卫生对防控奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生有重要意义。     

长春地区奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况调查与分析

为了解长春地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病情况及发病规律,试验于2017年对长春地区多个大型奶牛场共1 900头奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况进行调查,采用奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断液(LMT)检查方法对不同地区、乳区、胎次、月份、挤奶方式及泌乳阶段的奶牛隐性乳房炎进行统计分析。结果表明:奶牛隐性乳房炎平均发病率为56.32%,其中九台市发病率最高,为76.69%;农安县发病率最低,为24.52%。奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生受不同月份的影响较大,其中7—9月份发病率最高,为77.86%;6胎次奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率较高,达到42.07%;该病也与不同泌乳阶段、挤奶方式及乳区等因素有关,泌乳高峰阶段及机械挤奶发病率较高,各乳区发病率变化均差异不显著(P0.05)。说明奶牛乳房炎受多种因素影响,应合理饲养、制订科学免疫计划、加强营养、增强机体抵抗力、严格消毒、减少外界应激等因素,综合防控奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

陕西省某牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律调查分析

奶牛隐性乳房炎的危害远远高于临床型乳房炎,为了解奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生因素和发病规律,本研究以陕西省某牛场2014—2018年的奶牛群体改良(DHI)数据为主,对该奶牛场各年不同月份的奶牛体细胞评分、不同月份的奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率、不同胎次的奶牛、不同泌乳天数分组的奶牛和不同日产奶量分组的奶牛发病情况等方面进行调查分析。结果表明:夏季和秋季是奶牛隐性乳房炎的高发季节;不同胎次的隐性乳房炎发病率差异极显著(P0.01),胎次和发病率呈正相关关系;不同泌乳天数分组的隐性乳房炎发病率差异不显著(P0.05),奶牛泌乳天数在1～44,45～99 d的发病率最高,305 d以上的发病率较高;不同日产奶量分组的隐性乳房炎发病率差异不显著(P0.05),日产奶量与发病率呈负相关关系。     

奶牛乳房炎防治的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎不仅是制约乳业发展的重要因素之一,同时还危害着人类的健康。病原及饲养管理是引起该病的主要原因,季节、气温、心理等因素对该病的发生也有显著的影响。本文针对奶牛乳房炎防治的研究进展进     

奶牛乳房炎的病因、检测与防治应用

奶牛乳房炎是指奶牛的乳房受到了物理、化学、微生物等因素刺激所引起的一种炎性疾病。在基层奶牛养殖中,该病发病率较高,据调查约40%~60%的产奶牛都不同程度地发生过乳房炎。奶牛乳房炎按临床表现可分为临床型乳房炎和隐性乳房炎。奶牛乳房炎的发病多因病原微生物感染、环境卫生条件差、饲养管理不当、营养搭配不合理、挤奶操作不规范、干乳不当或奶牛自身因素等。要针对病因有效防治奶牛乳房炎。     

奶牛乳房炎的发生与防治

奶牛乳房炎的发生较为复杂,发病后容易传播,因此危害性极大。该病往往导致奶牛产奶量减少、奶品质差,给奶牛养殖户造成了一定的经济损失。本文分析了奶牛乳房炎的发病原因,并介绍了相应的治疗方法和预防措施,以供参考。     

奶牛乳房炎发病原因与预防概述

<正>奶牛乳房炎是奶牛场中的常见病、多发病,给对奶牛生产带来巨大危害。本文结合生产实际浅析该病的发病机理以及在生产中如何通过精细化管理来预防该病的发生。奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺因感染、外伤或化学刺激而发生炎性的一种反应,是奶牛常见的一种多发性疾病,同时也是奶牛生产中危害最大的疾病之一[1]。据统计,奶牛乳房炎在我国的平均发病率高达40%~65%,其中临床型的乳房炎的平均发病率为2%~3%,隐性乳房炎的发病     

Experimental infection of the udder of ewes due to Mycoplasma bovis

Twelve freshly lactating ewes were experimentally infected with 2 Mycoplasma (M.) bovis strains via the teat canal in the left udder. The M. bovis infection produced a febrile clinical mastitis in all infected animals. M. bovis could be re-isolated regularly from the experimentally infected udder halves and the infection spread to the other halves. Some contact animals and 4 suckling lambs became naturally infected. Antibody titres were detected by means of the indirect hemagglutination test in blood sera 2 to 3 weeks post infectionem. The pathological lesions were similar to those of the M. bovis mastitis of cows. By the end of the trial the ewes had recovered from the clinical mastitis.     

某新建大型奶牛场临床乳房炎病原菌分离及发病规律

对我国南方地区某新建大型奶牛场2010年10月至2012年7月间头胎及二胎共2006头荷斯坦牛临床乳房炎发病情况进行调查,结合病原菌感染类型结果,用x^2检验分析不同胎次临床乳房炎发病次数和发病率及不同致病菌导致的临床乳房炎在不同季节和泌乳阶段发病率的差异。结果表明,该牛场一胎和二胎奶牛临床乳房炎发病率分别为11．81％和9．02％（按头数算）,但二胎牛多次发生临床乳房炎的比例较大。一胎奶牛仅发现大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌单独感染及葡萄球菌一大肠杆菌混合感染3种病原菌组成类型,二胎奶牛比头胎牛增加了金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和链球菌一葡萄球菌混合感染4种类型。致病菌类型以大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌单独感染为主,一、二胎奶牛均占总发病数85％以上;季节和泌乳阶段对一、二胎奶牛临床乳房炎发病率具有显著影响（P〈0．05）,一胎牛秋季发病率最高,而春季发病率最低,而二胎牛冬季发病率最高（33．33％）,秋季最低（16．88％）;2个胎次奶牛泌乳早期临床乳房炎发病率明显高于其他阶段。大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌在整个泌乳期均可发生,酵母菌主要出现在二胎牛泌乳中期,平均感染时间分别为（148．75±69．60）d,而金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌主要发生在二胎牛泌乳后期,平均感染时间分别为（213．60±55．88）和（234．43±42．35）d。结果对该地区同类型奶牛场临床乳房炎防控有重要的参考价值。     

A mild outbreak of bovine mastitis associated with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium.

Mycoplasma bovigenitalium was isolated from milk samples from 16 of 99 cows on one farm during a 15-week period in the summer of 1986. One cow was severely affected, four cows had relatively mild signs of mastitis, and three had only altered dry-cow udder secretions. Eleven of the infected cows were dry and three had been calved less than 48 hours. The abrupt method of drying-off and improvements in cleaning of the milking equipment were introduced, but no other control measures were instituted to eradicate the mycoplasma infections. After this mild outbreak of mastitis the herd was monitored for the next 17 months. In total 19 cows had a mycoplasma isolated from udder secretions. Acholeplasmas were isolated from 14 cows but were not associated with clinical mastitis. The udder infections with mycoplasmas apparently resolved without resorting to the segregation and culling of infected animals.     

中药治疗奶牛乳房炎的疗效观察

[目的]为了有效治疗临床型和隐型奶牛乳房炎。[方法]笔者选用中草药方剂仙方活命饮灌服15头奶牛,通过观察临床治疗效果、对奶质的影响和经济成本的计算。[结果]表明中药复方仙方活命饮对奶牛乳房炎疗效好。[结论]且对奶牛品质无影响,经济效益高于用抗生素类药物治疗。     

Nocardia mastitis in cattle. 1. Clinical observations and diagnosis in 7 particular cases

Lately reports of nocardial mastitis have been increasing. Therefore the clinical aspects of 7 individual cases were investigated. Pathologic-anatomical changes of the udder were registered and bacteriological examination of tissue and milk probes were performed. All of the cows had a mastitis during previous lactation periods which had to be treated with antibiotics. The infected quarters recovered in no cases. Shortly after parturition 6 cows had a severe acute mastitis. The cows were treated intramammarily and parenterally with various antibiotics during several days. The infected quarter became indurated and strongly enlarged. These changes were not influenced by therapy, and the cows lost weight. 14 days after the outbreak of the illness, all 6 cows were culled. One cow had a chronic Nocardia mastitis with involution of the affected quarter. Though treated several times, this cow did not recover either. The histopathological examination of the affected quarters revealed an acute to chronic, necrotic to granulomatous mastitis. Nocardia asteroides was histologically and bacteriologically proven to be the causative agent. The reason for the frequent infections with Nocardia and the way of infection is not clear yet. Therapy with antibiotics brought no recovery in any cases. The infected cows should be removed from the herd or culled.     

The use of a hand-held conductivity meter for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows during late lactation

AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of a hand-held electrical conductivity meter for the detection of subclinical mastitis in an Australian dairy herd in late lactation. METHODS: A hand-held conductivity meter was evaluated during late lactation in a herd of dairy cows that had a high prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infection. The ability of the conductivity meter to accurately discriminate between uninfected quarters and those infected with major pathogens was assessed, using bacteriology as the definitive test for infection status. Milk samples for bacteriology, and electrical conductivity measurements, were collected from 233 quarters from 59 cows. The ability of the device to identify infected and uninfected cows was also assessed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for a range of threshold values, using absolute values, the range of quarter values within a cow and the ratio of quarter values within a cow. RESULTS: Electrical conductivity was higher in infected quarters than uninfected quarters, but the degree of overlap between the populations was substantial, even when quarters were assessed as case-control pairs from the same cow. Use of the device according to the manufacturer's recommendations for diagnostic criteria of mastitic quarters had a sensitivity of 51% and a specificity of 71%. The ability of the device to correctly diagnose the infection status of cows was dependent on both the analytical method and the threshold value used. Applying the manufacturer's recommended criteria to the diagnosis of the status of cows, the sensitivity of the test was 91% and the specificity 17%. CONCLUSION: The variability between individual quarters and between cows in this study was such that the use of this device to measure the conductivity of milk was not a reliable method by which to diagnose subclinical mastitis in cows in late lactation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Interpretation of results from handheld conductivity meters when used for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows needs to be made with care. In some circumstances the results obtained do not accurately reflect the bacteriological status of either individual quarters, or cows.     

Economic evaluation of the method of gradual formation of groups of dairy cows from primiparae free of infectious mastitis]

Employing the turnover of a dairy-cow herd with primiparas to control infectious mastitis is beneficial because young dairy cows, as a rule free of inflammations of the mammary gland, are not included among dairy cows already infected or suspected of being infected and so it is possible to form groups of dairy cows free of mastitis. For this intention an agricultural enterprise was chosen in potato production region I. In the given period 316 to 336 dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted breed were followed. To express the impact of the infection on the milk efficiency and to draw economic conclusions on the efficiency of treating infectious mastitis we observed the total milk yield of the different dairy cows in one lactation. In the given enterprise unsuccessful treatment of an infected dairy cow in three lactations resulted in a total loss of 4,648 Kcs. Therefore from the economic aspect it appears to be profitable to replace productive, but ill, older dairy cows by healthy first-calvers because the negative effect of the mastitis on the production of milk increases with every successive lactation.     

Test-day somatic cell score, fat-to-protein ratio and milk yield as indicator traits for sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cattle

Test-day (TD) records of milk, fat-to-protein ratio (F:P) and somatic cell score (SCS) of first-lactation Canadian Holstein cows were analysed by a three-trait finite mixture random regression model, with the purpose of revealing hidden structures in the data owing to putative, sub-clinical mastitis. Different distributions of the data were allowed in 30 intervals of days in milk (DIM), covering the lactation from 5 to 305 days. Bayesian analysis with Gibbs sampling was used for model inferences. Estimated proportion of TD records originated from cows infected with mastitis was 0.66 in DIM from 5 to 15 and averaged 0.2 in the remaining part of lactation. Data from healthy and mastitic cows exhibited markedly different distributions, with respect to both average value and the variance, across all parts of lactation. Heterogeneity of distributions for infected cows was also apparent in different DIM intervals. Cows with mastitis were characterized by smaller milk yield (down to -5 kg) and larger F:P (up to 0.13) and SCS (up to 1.3) compared with healthy contemporaries. Differences in averages between healthy and infected cows for F:P were the most profound at the beginning of lactation, when a dairy cow suffers the strongest energy deficit and is therefore more prone to mammary infection. Residual variances for data from infected cows were substantially larger than for the other mixture components. Fat-to-protein ratio had a significant genetic component, with estimates of heritability that were larger or comparable with milk yield, and was not strongly correlated with milk and SCS on both genetic and environmental scales. Daily milk, F:P and SCS are easily available from milk-recording data for most breeding schemes in dairy cattle. Fat-to-protein ratio can potentially be a valuable addition to SCS and milk yield as an indicator trait for selection against mastitis.     

生物氧疗法在治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎上的应用

本试验采用生物氧(成分为臭氧)结合抗生素治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎,并对生物氧疗法的疗效进行评价。2009年9月份~11月份,选取患有临床型乳房炎的奶牛30头并随机分为两组,每组15头。试验组采用生物氧结合抗生素疗法,对照组只采用抗生素疗法。结果发现,试验组平均治愈时间为7.4d,治愈14头,治愈率为93.33%,而对照组平均治愈时间为12.6d,治愈11头,治愈率为73.33%。从试验结果可以发现生物氧疗法在治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎上效果显著,有良好的应用前景。     

A comparative field trial of cephalonium and cloxacillin for dry cow therapy for mastitis in Australian dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare the therapeutic efficacy of dry cow agents containing either cephalonium or cloxacillin within Australian dairy herds. DESIGN: A treatment-control trial. METHODS: Milk from infected quarters of cows with high somatic cell counts in milk on eight Australian dairy farms was cultured to identify bacterial pathogens. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups and one group was treated with cephalonium at drying off and the other group was treated with cloxacillin at drying off. Milk samples from infected quarters were collected immediately after calving and were cultured for pathogens. The effect of treatment on bacteriological cure was examined and somatic cell counts from infected cows from the first two herd tests after calving were examined for a treatment effect. On four farms, milk samples were collected for culture from all cases of clinical mastitis identified within the first 7 days after calving. The effect of treatment upon incidence of clinical mastitis after calving was examined. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between treatments on quarter cure rates for new infections, for chronic infections and for infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis. Infected quarters treated with cephalonium had a significantly higher cure rate than quarters treated with cloxacillin when Corynebacterium bovis and Staphylococcus epidermids were included as pathogens combined (80.3% versus 70.7%). There was no significant difference between the treatments on somatic cell counts of infected cows at the first two herd tests after calving. There was no difference between treatments on the incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 7 days after calving.