黄斑星天牛研究概况

本文综述了黄斑星天牛的研究概况。内容包括分类学,生物学,成虫的寄主选择,幼虫饲养,树木抗虫性,成虫生殖行为和生理学,以及生物防治和化学防治等方面的工作,着重强调过去十年间在黄斑星天牛研究方面的新进展。     

星天牛幼虫人工饲料的饲养效果及温度对其生长的影响（英文）

【目的】研究星天牛人工饲料、饲养方法及温度对其生长发育的影响,为防治技术研究提供大量、生理标准统一的试虫。【方法】通过连续3年在4种不同配比的人工饲料上连续传代饲养星天牛,研究不同人工饲料配方的饲养效果;比较室内自然温度和恒温模式下星天牛在人工饲料上的化蛹和羽化情况;同时定期测定星天牛幼虫在不同饲料、不同温度模式下的体质量变化。【结果】星天牛幼虫在4种不同配方的人工饲料上均可完成生活史并传代饲养,但其化蛹率、羽化率在不同饲料上差异显著,其中以同时含有木麻黄锯屑和麦麸的Diet A和Diet D上饲养效果较好。在Diet A上,3代(持续3年)星天牛幼虫化蛹率依次为100%,90%和95%,羽化率依次为100%,83%和90%;在Diet D上,3代星天牛化蛹率依次为87%,78%和87%,羽化率依次为87%,67%和80%。在室内自然温度模式下,星天牛幼虫的化蛹率和羽化率较恒温模式(25℃和28℃)下高,且化蛹和羽化时间整齐一致(均在4—5月,与林间观察一致);而在恒温模式下化蛹和羽化时间明显延迟,且无规律性。人工饲料饲养条件下,星天牛幼虫体质量先增加,达到最大值后逐渐减小,直至化蛹或死亡。星天牛幼虫在Diet D上的体质量增长速度较其在Diet A上快,体质量最大值及到达时间因饲料种类、温度模式的不同而存在差异;在室内自然温度模式下,星天牛幼虫在饲养16周(11月下旬)后达到最大值,且在Diet D上的幼虫平均体质量(2.077 g)显著高于在Diet A上的体质量(1.685 g)。而在恒温模式(28℃)下,星天牛幼虫平均体质量在Diet D上饲养16周后达到最大值(2.106 g),而在Diet A上饲养20周后达到最大值(1.785 g)。【结论】星天牛幼虫可在筛选出的人工饲料Diet A和Diet D上连续传代饲养并完成生活史,饲养效果稳定,化蛹率和羽化率高;温度条件是决定星天牛化蛹时间的重要因素,星天牛幼虫在发育过程中不一定需要低温滞育,但是其存在可以提高星天牛幼虫的化蛹率和促进化蛹、羽化的一致性。研究结果为星天牛提供了人工饲料及方法,可为科学研究提供大量试虫,同时通过人工饲养有助于更深入了解其生物学特性;研究结果也可为其他天牛类蛀干害虫幼虫的饲养提供参考。     

松褐天牛的人工饲料初步研究

松褐天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)是危害松树的主要蛀干害虫,也是传播毁灭性病害松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)病主要的媒介昆虫,被列为国际国内检疫性害虫.通过用不同配方的人工饲料对该幼虫进行初步饲养研究表明,配方Ⅰ～Ⅷ8种人工饲料均可以将松褐天牛从幼虫饲养到成虫,以配方Ⅵ的人工饲料饲养效果最好,其次是配方Ⅰ和Ⅱ,配方O的饲养效果最差.     

敦煌地区黄斑星天牛化学防治效果研究

通过在黄斑星天牛化学防治区和对照区建立临时标准地,调查树下黄斑星天牛死亡成虫数、刻槽数、3龄以下活幼虫数、3龄以上活幼虫数、羽化孔数等,进行黄斑星天牛化学防治效果的研究,结果表明:"树干注药+树冠喷药"有机结合的防治措施可使树下黄斑星天牛死亡成虫率达到52.1%,刻槽减退率达到89.1%,3龄以下幼虫减退率达到94.3%,且防治效果不受限于天牛重度、中度、轻度发生区。     

杨树天牛的综合防治措施

杨树天牛主要指黄斑、光肩星天牛,系K—对策昆虫,幼虫营钻蛀为害。遭受天牛为害的杨树种群为一特殊的植物生态系统,它不同于短周期、集约经营的农田生态系统,是一种人为的特殊生境下的植物群落(农田防护林、行道树、成片林等)。加之黄斑、光肩星天牛对寄主树种的适应和选择,增加了该虫的防治难度,为此必须从黄斑、光肩星天牛     

柳树化学成分与光肩星天牛危害相关分析

通过对不同柳树化学成分的分析,柳树韧皮部可溶性糖含量与光肩星天牛Anoplophora gla-bripennis Motsch产卵刻槽数、卵孵化数、越冬幼虫存活数显著正相关,木质部可溶性糖含量与光肩星天牛越冬幼虫存活率显著正相关.柳树韧皮部可溶性蛋白质含量与光肩星天牛越冬幼虫存活率显著正相关,木质部可溶性蛋白质含量与产卵刻槽数、卵孵化数、越冬幼虫存活数显著负相关.柳树韧皮部单宁含量与光肩星天牛卵孵化率呈极显著负相关,木质部单宁含量与光肩星天牛越冬幼虫存活率呈显著负相关关系.取食不同柳树的光肩星天牛羧酸酯酶与光肩星天牛越冬幼虫存活数之间相关关系较为密切,但达不到显著水平.     

杨树天牛类害虫防治

杨树天牛类害虫主要是星天牛、光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛、桑天牛、云斑白条天牛等。其防治措施如下。     

替代寄主繁育和饲料饲养对花绒寄甲成虫产卵及存活的影响

花绒寄甲是多种林木蛀干性害虫天牛的重要天敌。该文主要研究了替代寄主(大麦虫蛹和黄粉甲蛹)和寄主(松墨天牛幼虫)繁育及不同饲料(松墨天牛幼虫粉、大麦虫幼虫粉和黄粉甲幼虫粉)饲养对花绒寄甲成虫产卵及存活的影响。结果显示:将花绒寄甲初孵幼虫接种于大麦虫蛹,其平均成虫羽化率为77.22%;将花绒寄甲初孵幼虫接种于松墨天牛幼虫,其平均成虫羽化率为62.08%;单个大麦虫蛹及松墨天牛幼虫繁育出的花绒寄甲数量分别为4.63头和2.48头;而黄粉甲蛹由于表皮硬化过快,花绒寄甲初孵幼虫无法寄生。在相同饲养条件下,相比于松墨天牛幼虫,大麦虫蛹繁育的花绒寄甲成虫在一年的生长中存活率良好,两者单雌虫年均产卵量基本无差异。对以两者繁育的花绒寄甲成虫分别喂以不同饲料,各处理一年内成虫死亡率之间和全年产卵量之间差异不显著。表明大麦虫蛹是非常理想的花绒寄甲替代寄主,且大麦虫幼虫粉、黄粉甲幼虫粉和松墨天牛幼虫粉均可作为花绒寄甲成虫的饲料。     

杨树天牛的危害和防治

杨树天牛,为蛀干性害虫,其生活隐蔽,常见有星天牛、光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛、桑天牛、云斑天牛等。当涂县以光肩星天牛和桑天牛危害为主。光肩星天牛在江南多为一年1代,极少两年1代。11月在树干隧道内或皮下越冬,并于翌年4     

松墨天牛取食为害与松树枯死关系的研究

笔者通过室内外饲养观察,初步掌握了松墨天牛成、幼虫的取食习性;阐明了松墨天牛成虫取食与松树生理衰弱、幼虫钻蛀与松树枯死之间的关系;同时还研究了松墨天牛幼虫与其它蛀干害虫之间的关系;对成虫产卵习性和幼虫种群分布规律也进行了探讨。笔者认为,松墨天牛成、幼虫取食是造成我国松树枯死的主要原因之一。为防止松树的大面积死亡,必须密切注意松墨天牛成虫种群数量的增长。     

Effect of cold storage and different diets on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ephestia kuehniella</Emphasis> Zeller (Lep:Pyralidae)

Ephestia kuehniella adults were stored at 10°C for 1–10 weeks. Reproductive ability and number of living adults decreased depending on the length of the storage period. Long-term exposure to cold lengthened the life of the adults and 50% mortality was reached after 6 weeks. To obtain complete mortality and sterility 10 weeks of storage was needed. The larvae reared on corn flour diet developed to the adult stage more rapidly than that of the other treatments. The adults reared on oat flour produced significantly more eggs than the other diets. There was no difference among diets with regard to emergence rate, longevity or sex ration of E. kuehniella adults. Trichogramma evanescens did not differentiate among hosts from different food sources with respect to parasitization, adult emergence and sex ratio. The suitability of the eggs from cold-exposed adults with respect to parasitization was found to be the same as the control during the first 3 weeks.     

筋骨草内昆虫蜕皮激素类似物对杨干象的杀虫作用

从不同地点、不同时间采集的多花筋骨草植株不同部位中提取出昆虫蜕皮激素类似物,通过向幼虫人工饲料中添加昆虫蜕皮激素类似物的方法,研究了筋骨草中植物源蜕皮激素对杨干象2龄幼虫的杀虫作用。实验结果表明:(1)在人工饲料中加入1-3 ml的筋骨草提取物,在24天内可以杀死 58%~100%的幼虫;(2)从开花前的筋骨草中提取出的物质的杀虫效果明显优于从花期和开花后的植物中提取出的物质的杀虫作用, 其1 mL、2 mL和3 mL剂量全株提取物的杀虫效果分别达到65.22%、85.07%和98.11%(幼虫校正死亡率);(3)植株的根部提取的昆虫蜕皮激素类似物的杀虫效果要比茎部或叶部提取的好,1 mL、2 mL、3 mL剂量提取物的杀虫效果分别达到100%、98.20%和98.32%;(4)筋骨草提取物的杀虫速度较慢,处理杨干象2龄幼虫16天后杀虫率才超过50%;(5)幼虫取食加有筋骨草提取物的饲料时间长短直接影响幼虫死亡率,16天的取食,幼虫死亡率达到80%以上。筋骨草采集地点和填加植物源蜕皮激素的方式对杀虫效果的影响较小。图3表3参21。     

Effect of adult nutrition and insect density on the performance of spotted stem borer, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chilo partellus</Emphasis> in laboratory cultures

The spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is being successfully reared on artificial diets for screening programmes. Besides quality characteristics of the diet, rearing density and adult nutrition have significant implications on the successful mass multiplication of lepidopterans. The performance of C. partellus moths was assessed on different adult diets (water and sugar solution) and compared with unfed adults. Further, three pairing densities, viz. 2, 5 and 8 pairs/oviposition jar (1177.5 cm³) were compared for their effect on C. partellus longevity and fecundity. In another experiment, different larval densities (100, 150 and 200 neonate larvae/diet jar) were evaluated for their effect on the larval survival. Water-fed moths (both males and females) lived longer (7.32 and 7.26 days, respectively) and showed higher fecundity (307.17 eggs) than the sugar-fed or unfed moths. The latter, however, showed better egg hatchability (76.55%) than the water- or sugar-fed moths (60.45 and 50.59%, respectively). The longevity (5.67 days) and fecundity (258.46 eggs) were significantly greater at pairing density of 2 pairs/jar. The larval survival was higher (58.50%) at rearing density of 100 larvae/jar. The neonate larval release into diet jars was compared with conventional egg release and both modes were no different with respect to larval survival.     

Effect of plant secondary metabolites on legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera

The effect of various flavonoids, lectins and phenyl β-d-glucoside on larval survival, weights and the activities of digestive (total serine protease and trypsin) and detoxifying [esterase and glutathione-S-transferase] enzymes of Helicoverpa armigera larvae at 5 and 10 days after treatment (DAT) was studied through diet incorporation assay. Flavonoids (quercetin, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, trihydroxyflavone, gentisic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid and umbelliferone) were incorporated in artificial diet at 100, 500 and 1000 ppm, lectins: groundnut leaf lectin (GLL), concavalin (ConA) and phenyl β-d-glucoside at 2.5 and 5 μg mL^?1. Flavonoids such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid at 1,000 ppm were more toxic to H. armigera larvae at 10 DAT than quercetin, catechin, cinnamic acid, trihydroxyflavone, gentisic acid, ferulic acid and umbelliferone. Larval growth and development were significantly reduced in H. armigera larvae fed on a diet with GLL and ConA at 5 μg mL^?1 compared to the larvae fed at 2.5 and 1.25 μg mL^?1 concentrations. The enzyme activities of the larvae were significantly reduced in flavonoid-treated diets. The flavonoids such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gentisic acid, trihydroxyflavone, catechin and protocatechuic acid, and lectins, GLL and ConA can be utilized in insect control programs.     

Development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on natural and synthetic diets

The development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was investigated on a newly developed semiartificial diet as compared with two natural diets namely sugarcane stem and banana fruit. The weevil was successfully maintained on these diets and duration of the life cycle for males and females, respectively were 164.97 and 194.61 days on the semiartificial diet, 192.5 and 186.5 days on banana, and 172.00 and 170.00 days on sugarcane. The average egg production per female was shown to be significantly higher on the semiartificial diet, being 184.00?±?18.68 eggs compared with an average of 125.00?±?11.97 and 133.00?±?15.21 eggs on banana and sugarcane, respectively. The fertility ranged between 94?–?100?% in those eggs deposited by females previously reared on the tested diets. The developed semiartificial diet was shown to be suitable for maintaining laboratory colonies of the red palm weevil, and it can substitute natural diets.     

一种桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的配制

以豆渣、麦胚、酵母粉、蔗糖为主要原料,配制成桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料,与天然饲料(水果)和现常用的人工配方饲料进行饲养试验,测定采用3种饲料饲养的桔小实蝇的卵孵化率、化蛹率及羽化率。结果表明,以豆渣为主要原料的人工饲料配制成本低廉,饲养效果接近天然饲料。     

Effect of parathion on honey bee larvae rearedin vitro

First instar honey bee larvae (0.2–0.4 mg) from outdoor (summer season) and flight-room colonies (winter season) were reared in an incubator on a semisynthetic diet. Parathion was either dissolved in the diet (0.01–10.0 μg/ml) or topically applied (0–0.5 μg) to the 3rd instar larvae. Increasing doses of parathion caused a delay in larval development and prepupal mortality. The half lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of the insecticide, if applied in the diet, was 0.02 and 0.14 μg/larva, respectively, for summer and for winter larvae. The half lethal dose (LD₅₀) after topical application was 0.18 μg parathion/larva. The utility of rearing honey bee larvaein vitro for evaluation of pesticide toxicity is also discussed.     

3种饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育的影响

为筛选异色瓢虫的适宜饲料,观察比较了菜缢管蚜、麦蛾卵和人工饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育的影响。结果显示:菜缢管蚜饲养的异色瓢虫发育最快,世代历期为25.3d,产卵前期为11.0d,平均单雌产卵量为929.3粒;麦蛾卵饲养的世代历期为39.5d,产卵前期为18.2d,平均单雌产卵量为391.9粒;人工饲料饲养的世代历期为44.9d,产卵前期为17.2d,平均单雌产卵量为262.3粒。由此表明,菜缢管蚜的饲养效果最好,麦蛾卵和人工饲料虽能满足异色瓢虫世代营养的需求,但发育历期明显延长、产卵量明显下降。因此,在天然食物蚜虫不足时,麦蛾卵和人工饲料可作为补充饲料。     

Einsatz einer Virose gegen den Heidelbeerspanner,Boarmia bistortata (Goeze) im Freiland

On biological control of Boarmia bistortata Goeze (Lep., Geometridae) by help of a virusThere are very few cases of virus diseases in Geometridae known hitherto. During an outbreak ofBoarmia bistortata near Weiden (northern Bavaria) 1974, a single larva infected by a virus was found. The pathogen was reared in 16000Boarmia larvae fed with an artificial diet in 1974/75 for aid of biological control of the pest in the field. After 13 days 100% mortality of the larvae were registered. The virus was specific toBoarmia bistortata.     

Comparative performance of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on different plant diets

Tribolium castaneum is a pest of stored foods that causes serious economic losses. Understanding insect nutritional requirements and the effects of different diets on insect development can provide tools for developing strategies to control insect and integrated pest management systems. In this work we studied the performance of the T. castaneum on different plant diets composed of Vigna unguiculata, Phaseolus vulgaris and wheat flours. The diets interfered differentially with development and insect survival. Larvae size was reduced about 60 % in larvae fed with V. unguiculata flour. A delay in pupae formation was also observed. The larval mortality of 100 % was observed in the P. vulgaris diet. Carbohydrate and triglyceride showed variations during development and with different diets. Larvae fed with wheat diets showed a high concentration of carbohydrates 21 days after hatching (DAH) and triglyceride at 15 and 21 DAH. Larvae fed with wheat diets showed α-amylase activity during development. At 15 DAH the activity of larvae fed with V. unguiculata increased about 50 %. Cysteine protease activity in larvae fed with wheat remained high throughout development. Serine protease activity also varied according to diets. These results show that the nutritional state of developing larvae varies greatly with respect to triglycerides, carbohydrate and digestive enzymes depending on the diet and larval stage. Altogether, these results show that changes in dietary nutrients can interfere with insect physiology. Therefore changes in diet composition that may deprive insects of essential nutrients or include toxic compounds might be a good control strategy for stored product pests.