贵阳市及其郊区土壤大气界面间汞交换通量的初步研究

利用动力学通量箱与高时间分辨率测汞仪联用技术对贵阳市市区及其郊区4个点的土壤大气界面间的汞交换通量进行了测定,用小型多功能气象仪记录了采样期间的气象参数。结果显示:4个采样点的大气汞含量都明显高于全球背景值(1.5~2.0 ng m-3),显示出贵阳市市区及郊区都遭受了不同程度的大气汞污染。土壤大气界面间的汞交换通量与光照强度具有显著的相关关系,与土壤温度也有很好的相关性。     

强烈人为作用下城镇周围汞的空间变异及其积累迁移规律

研究土壤中汞(Hg)元素积累的空间变异和迁移转化规律对土壤利用、环境评价和污染修复具有重要参考价值。本研究选择经济发展迅速的苏南某地为研究区域,对土壤、水稻和大气降尘中的Hg进行了详细分析。结果表明,该区域土壤全汞平均含量达1 345μg kg-1,有效汞(HC l-Hg)平均含量51μg kg-1,水稻Hg平均含量20μg kg-1,大气Hg沉降量为5.13 g km-230 d-1。土壤和水稻高含量Hg主要积聚于城镇周边,随着与城镇距离的增加其含量逐渐减少。大气Hg沉降量在空间上变化不大。进入土壤中的Hg主要在土壤表层0~20 cm范围内富集,但直至60 cm深处依然存在积累现象,整个剖面土壤活性态汞和半活性态汞含量占全汞的比例变化不大。研究区土壤出现了明显Hg积累,导致水稻Hg吸收明显增加,不少样点超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准(300μg kg-1)和国家食品污染物限量标准(20μg kg-1),可能对环境和人体健康产生危害。较低的大气Hg沉降量和土壤积累的Hg已与土壤条件达到平衡的事实表明,目前Hg的积累已明显减少。今后应采取措施修复污染土壤或者通过改变作物种类来减少土壤Hg含量或抑制作物对Hg的吸收,达到环境治理的目的。     

天津污灌区水稻土壤汞形态特征及其食品安全评估

选择天津污水灌溉区作为研究区域,该文的主要研究目的是分析土壤不同形态汞对水稻不同组织中总（THg）和甲基汞MeHg富集的影响以及评估污灌区稻米食用汞暴露风险,并对污灌区土壤溶解与可交换态汞安全阀值进行了初步分析。结果表明,北塘、大沽和北京污灌区稻田土壤THg和MeHg浓度显著高于对照区海河土壤THg浓度。大沽、北京河污灌区和海河土壤汞的形态为残渣态浓度最高,而北塘污灌区为有机结合态浓度最高。由于水稻地上组织中THg浓度受到大气汞浓度影响,各组织中汞浓度在不同污灌区分布规律不同。水稻籽粒的 MeHg 富集系数为1.63～3.70,通过人体每天摄入MeHg量的安全值计算得出土壤溶解与可交换态汞质量分数应低于9.19 ng/g。污灌区食用稻米MeHg暴露对居民健康存在较大风险,人体MeHg每天摄入量超标率达到20.83%。因此,可以对超标土壤进行治理或改变耕作方式来降低土壤污染对人体MeHg暴露造成的影响。     

南京沿江典型蔬菜生产系统土壤重金属异常的源解析

以南京沿江典型蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,通过测定并分析表层土壤、剖面土壤、肥料及大气降尘中重金属含量,揭示了土壤重金属异常的空间变异特征以及土壤重金属的来源。结果表明,(1)研究区表层土壤镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和铬(Cr)平均含量均高于南京市土壤背景值,部分样点土壤Cd含量超过了国家土壤环境质量标准的二级标准,在土壤中呈现较高的累积;(2)除Cr以外,其他表层土壤重金属均呈现东南偏高西北偏低的空间分布特征,与土壤有机质的空间分布规律一致;(3)土壤重金属累积和分布状况与研究区的地形、周边工农业布局以及风向有关;(4)除土壤重金属累积的自然背景原因以外,农业施肥和大气沉降对土壤重金属的累积具有非常重要的贡献。     

土壤表面CO_2通量的原位测定方法

研究介绍了一种土壤表面CO2通量原位测定的方法及装置。利用二氧化碳对红外线气体具有特殊吸收、土壤空气与大气间对流和扩散的原理,设计了一条测定土壤表面CO2通量的技术路线进行原位测定。本测定装置由两部分组成:仪器和气体收集容器。用胶管连接仪器和气体收集容器,形成一个闭路系统,即可完成瞬间或某一时间段土壤表面二氧化碳浓度值测量工作,通过公式计算得到通量值。本方法和装置可用于陆地生态系统土壤二氧化碳的释放或吸收的原位测定;用于自然状况下多地点、多样地(点)土壤表面二氧化碳通量测定,具有便携、花费小、简单易操作、直接、快速等优点。     

三江平原湿地土壤汞的分布特征及影响因素分析

三江平原湿地土壤汞的含量具有随深度增加总汞含量逐渐降低的特点,表层总汞含量具有小叶樟湿地＜乌拉苔草沼泽＜毛果苔草沼泽的特点,与水分特征一致,与地势的高低相反.植被在土壤与大气汞的交换中有重要的作用,植物汞是土壤汞的主要来源.有机质和总硫浓度与总汞含量具有强烈的相关关系,可以通过回归方程Y(总汞,ng/g)=0.0586479X(有机质,%)+19.4338和Y(总汞,ng/g)=0.0586479X(总硫,mg/kg)+19.4338加以预测.有机质和总硫影响着汞的形态和迁移.总汞含量与pH具有一定的负相关关系.地势、水分条件和植被是影响3种类型沼泽湿地总汞含量的主要驱动因子.     

硝酸一次消解同时测定土壤中Cd、As、Hg的方法研究

硝酸在水浴中一次性消解土壤样品,用石墨炉原子吸收测定镉、原子荧光光谱法同时测定砷和汞。其检出限镉为0.053 ng m l-1、砷为0.011 ng m l-1、汞为0.008 ng m l-1,线性范围镉为0~4 ng m l-1、砷为0~40ng m l-1、汞为0~2 ngm l-1。回收率在93.0~104.0%。本方法简便了消煮过程,一次消解能同时测定土壤中的多种重金属。     

塿土剖面CO2浓度的动态变化及其受环境因素的影响

CO₂是土壤空气的重要组成,土壤空气CO₂浓度一般高于大气几倍到数十倍,甚至上百倍^[1]。土壤空气中CO₂主要来源于土壤呼吸,其浓度主要决定于生物因素(植物根系、土壤微生物活性等)和环境因素(土壤温度、含水量等)^[2～4]。土壤空气CO₂浓度可以反映和影响土壤向大气释放CO₂的通量^[4,5],同时对植物根系生长发育、土壤微生物活动和各种养料物质转化也有很大影响^[1]。研究了解土壤空气CO₂浓度剖面分布、季节动态及其影响因素,有助于人们认识土壤中CO₂产生、累积、输运以及向大气排放的生物和物理过程,制定和实施合理的农作措施以改善作物生长环境和减少土壤向大气排放的CO₂。国外已在森林、草地和农田土壤上开展了较长时间的土壤空气CO₂浓度观测研究^[4~7],但我国的研究和报道很少^[8,9]。本文通过土壤剖面不同深度CO₂浓度的定位观测,初步揭示了土剖面CO₂浓度的分布特征、季节动态及其受水热条件的影响。     

塿土剖面CO_2浓度的动态变化及其受环境因素的影响

CO2 是土壤空气的重要组成 ,土壤空气CO2 浓度一般高于大气几倍到数十倍 ,甚至上百倍[1] 。土壤空气中CO2 主要来源于土壤呼吸 ,其浓度主要决定于生物因素 (植物根系、土壤微生物活性等 )和环境因素 (土壤温度、含水量等 ) [2～ 4 ] 。土壤空气CO2浓度可以反映和影响土壤向大气     

青紫泥-水稻作物系统中汞污染的微生物学效应

选择长江三角洲地区代表性人为耕作土壤青紫泥为研究对象,通过网室盆栽试验研究了青紫泥-水稻作物系统中汞的微生物学效应。结果表明:水稻收获后,除土壤的代谢商随汞处理浓度的增加而增加外,不同汞处理后土壤微生物量碳、呼吸强度和微生物生物商均表现为在低浓度汞处理(≤1.5 mg/kg)时有促进作用,在高浓度汞处理(≥2 mg/kg)时则表现出抑制作用。综合来看,土壤微生物商是汞处理后比较敏感的微生物学指标。此外,种植水稻后,随处理水平的增加,与对照相比,青紫泥各汞处理土壤微生物群落的代谢剖面AWCD值均降低;青紫泥中各处理的AWCD值均随培养时间的增加而增强,且呈"S"型指数增长模式;青紫泥中各处理的Simpson指数和McIntosh指数均比对照低,其中Simpson指数和外加汞浓度之间存在显著的相关性,可作为反映青紫泥微生物群落结构受汞污染程度的有效指标。     

Soil and Foliar Mercury Emission as a Function of Soil Concentration

The goal of this study was to investigate net mercury flux associated with seedlings of two species (Populus tremuloides and Pinus ponderosa) grown in three soil exposure concentrations (0.010 ± 0.001, 6.15 ± 0.86, and 25.56 ± 2.10 µg Hg g^-1) and to determine if mercury flux from vegetation was directly correlated with mercury concentration in the soil. Net mercury flux was measured using a gas exchange system. Mercury emission from foliage was not influenced by mercury concentration in the soil. Experiments were also done to assess the significance of mercury emission from vegetation relative to that occurring from associated soils. Mean soil mercury emissions were 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that from plants grown in similar soil mercury concentrations. Light and the addition of water were found to significantly increase mercury emission from soils, and the magnitude of the flux response to watering was correlated with soil mercury concentration.     

A Simple and Accurate Method to Measure Total Gaseous Mercury Concentrations in Unsaturated Soils

The goal of this project was to develop a method to measure the total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in unsaturated soils. Existing methods did not allow for easy replication, were costly, and were more suited for other gases, such as CO₂, that do not react with collection surfaces. To overcome these problems, we developed a method that simultaneously collects up to ten soil pore air samples. We used a single mass flow controller, one pump, and two banks of rotameters to draw soil air out of the ground at 25?smL?min^?1 onto gold-coated quartz traps. Analysis of the gold traps was performed with a Tekran 2500 CVAFS mercury detector. The system was field tested at the Piney Reservoir Ambient Air Monitoring Station in western Maryland. Our system was relatively precise and accurate. For example, replicate TGM concentrations differed by less than 25% and recovery of known amounts of mercury were greater than 95%. Field measurements showed that the maximum soil pore air TGM concentrations, between 3 and 4?ng?m^?3, occurred at the Oe?CA soil horizon interface. At all other depths, the total mercury concentrations were lower than the ambient air concentrations of 1.8?ng?m^?3. We believe our new method can be used to precisely and accurately measure the TGM concentrations in unsaturated soils at multiple locations simultaneously.     

地膜覆盖的玉米地的土壤空气状况

The effects of plastic mulching on soil aeration at the soil depth of 0-100 cm were studied in a corn field. The results indicated that the CO₂ concentration of unmulched soil in the 0-100 cm layer ranged from 0.001 to 0.016 m³/m^3, and that of mulched soil 0.002 to 0.018m³/m³, about 32.39% higher than the former on the average. Such a CO₂ concentration in the soil air is still suitable for crop growth. The O₂ concentration was inversely correlated with CO₂ concentration in the soil air (unmulching r=-0.92^**, mulching r=-0.79^*). O₂ concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 m³/m³ in the mulched soil and 0.13 to 0.18 m³/m³ in the unmulched soil. By contrast, N₂ concentration in soil air remained relatively steady, with no difference between the two treatments. The relationship between the soil respiratory intensity and the depth of a soil layer appeared to be a power function. At the layer of 0-20 cm, the soil respiration intensity in the mulched soil was obviously higher than that in the unmulched. Plastic mulching could also affect soil structure. In comparison with the unmulched soil, the content of >0.25 mm aggregate and 0.05-0.001 mm microaggregate in the mulched soil was reduced by 82.1% and 35.8%, respectively; the soil total porosity, gaseous phase rate and aeration porosity in the depth of 10-20 cm were reduced by 2.85%, 19.89% and 26.54% respectively, but contrary at the depth of 0-10 cm.     

Phosphorus status of some paddy soils in Bangladesh

Abstract

Phosphorus status of Bangladesh paddy soils covering the major paddy soil types was assessed in terms of parent materials and physiography. Total P concentration ranged from 172 to 604 mg kg^?1 in the topsoil and from 126 to 688 mg kg^?1 in the subsoil, and varied with the physiography to which the soils belonged. In most soils, the available P concentration was much higher for the topsoil than for the subsoil. The inorganic P concentration was higher than the organic P concentration, except for one soil series from the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain, and was significantly and positively correlated with the total P concentration. Among the inorganic forms, only the concentration of Al-bound P showed a significant correlation with that of available P based on the Bray P-2 method in both topsoil and subsoil. In general, the P status was critically low in paddy soils of the terrace area. Normal growth of paddy rice in this area is expected to be difficult without application of P fertilizer.     

Soil degradation in Kabd area,southwestern Kuwait City

Adverse environmental impacts of human activities are the main causes of soil degradation in the desert of Kuwait in general, and in Kabd area in particular. In this study, assessment of soil degradation in open and protected sites has been carried out using field measurements and laboratory investigations. The overall status of vegetation is nearly twice as low in vegetation cover in the open sites than in the protected ones due to overgrazing and off‐road transport. Compaction of soil due to pressure exerted on the soil by vehicles led to a significant reduction in its porosity, permeability and infiltration capacity. The average infiltration rate of the compacted soils is 51 per cent lower than that of the non‐compacted soils. The bulk density of the non‐compacted soils is 3.4 per cent lower than that of compacted soil. The average topsoil resistance of compacted soils has increased by 83 per cent in comparison with non‐compacted soil. Using the least squares method a relation between infiltration rate (IR) and penetration resistance (PR) of the topsoil for the study areas is found (i.e. IR = −0.148 PR + 1.85 with R² = 25 per cent). Soil strength within the soil profile shows maximum penetration resistance readings at 11.5 cm depth in average in compacted soils, while it shows maximum readings at 34.6 cm depth in average in non‐compacted soils. The adverse changes in the chemical properties due to soil compaction is also investigated. A restoration plan is needed in order to reduce land degradation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北方地区滨海盐渍土型稻田土壤供氮能力的研究

采用短期淹水密闭淋洗培养法(恒温30℃),研究北方地区滨海盐渍土型旱地土壤(种植苜蓿草)开垦种植水稻5年和30年稻田土壤供氮能力。结果表明:(1)3种土壤初始矿质氮主要分布在0~20 cm土层,且土壤初始矿质氮含量的高低顺序为旱地土壤>30年稻田土壤>5年稻田土壤;5年稻田土壤与旱地土壤之间初始矿质氮含量差异达5%显著水平。(2)相同土层,土壤矿化氮量高低顺序为30年稻田土壤>旱地土壤>5年稻田土壤;任意2种土壤之间矿化氮量差异均达1%显著水平。(3)相同土层,土壤供氮能力大小为30年稻田土壤>旱地土壤>5年稻田土壤;其中,在0~20 cm和40~60 cm土层,任意2种土壤之间供氮能力差异均达1%显著水平,在20~40 cm土层,30年稻田土壤与旱地土壤、5年稻田土壤之间供氮能力差异均达1%显著水平,而旱地土壤与5年稻田土壤之间供氮能力则无明显差异。这表明滨海盐渍土型旱地土壤开垦种植水稻后,不仅影响了土壤有机质(氮)含量,而且也影响了土壤有机氮品质,种植水稻5年使土壤供氮能力显著下降,而种植30年使土壤供氮能力显著上升。     

淡水湿地不同围垦土壤非耕季节呼吸速率差异

选择何种湿地利用方式,使得土壤固碳能力及CO₂气体排放受到的影响最小,是合理利用湿地、减少温室气体排放的关键所在,湿地土壤呼吸不仅受环境条件的影响,还受土壤本身性状的影响。以皖江地区为研究区域,利用定位试验对天然湿地及不同围垦利用方式下土壤在非耕季节CO₂排放通量、大气温度及表层土壤温度进行测定,并对其土壤TOC含量进行分析。结果表明,CO₂排放通量:水稻田[700.70 mg/(m²·h)]> 旱地[433.80 mg/(m²·h)]> 天然湿地[302.66 mg/(m²·h)],天然湿地土壤TOC含量明显高于围垦旱地及水稻田(0-30 cm),说明天然湿地较围垦旱地和水稻田对大气中CO₂浓度贡献最小,能存储更多的碳。探讨了CO₂排放通量与温度的相关性,得出3种土壤类型CO₂排放通量与大气温度和表层土壤温度均呈正相关关系。     

Estimating Gaseous Mercury Emissions from Contaminated Floodplain Soils to the Atmosphere with Simple Field Measurement Techniques

The atmospheric emission of mercury (Hg) from a contaminatedwetlands system was studied in the floodplains along the riverElbe (Northern Germany). Results suggest that wetlands can beimportant transformation and phase transfer regions, linking theterrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric compartments of regionalbiogeochemical Hg cycles. Fluxes determined by flux chambermeasurements averaged 43 ± 5 ng m^-2 h^-1. Additionally,soil gas probe sampling was introduced to determine mercuryconcentrations in soil air. This technique shows some promise fordetecting and confining mercury contamination in soils. We alsopropose that measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in soilair and the near-surface atmosphere, in combination with simplesoil physical parameters, may be suitable for calculatingsemiquantitative estimates of Hg evaporation from contaminatedsoils, based on laminar diffusion considerations. The results arecompared to other Hg flux measurements, and the advantages anddisadvantages of different approaches to quantify Hg emissionsfrom soils are discussed, especially with regard to possiblesystematic bias.     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响

以潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土为研究对象 ,探讨了长期施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响。结果表明 ,长期施用 NPK化肥、有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土耕层的有机质、腐殖质和活性腐殖质含量 ,其中胡敏酸、富里酸也相应地增加 ,但以有机无机肥配施的效果最好。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施还能提高土壤腐殖质的胡 /富比值。施肥对土壤有机质的影响不仅局限于土壤耕层 (0～ 2 0 m) ,而且影响耕层以下层次 ,但以 0～ 6 0 cm土层的效果显著 ,且以潮土的效果明显     

臭氧污染对麦田土壤不同活性有机碳库的影响

近年来大气臭氧危害加剧,臭氧浓度升高影响植物—土壤系统进而影响土壤有机碳库周转。本研究在开放条件下,采用Chan修订的Walkley-Black方法,研究了连续5年增加稻—麦轮作系统大气臭氧浓度(较周围大气高50%)对麦季农田土壤不同活性有机碳库的影响。结果表明,大气臭氧浓度升高致使0~3 cm、10~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量显著降低,累积导致耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳含量下降18.4%(p0.05)。臭氧浓度升高显著降低了0~3、3~10、10~20 cm 3个土层中的活性有机碳含量;臭氧升高使0~3 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量增加了10.8%(p0.05),并使未受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.7%(p0.05);臭氧升高条件下10~20 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.6%(p0.05)。臭氧升高对不同活性碳占总有机碳比例的影响受活性碳类型和土壤层次的制约,显著降低了3~10 cm土层活性有机碳所占比例(p0.05),未对耕层各层次上的稳定有机碳含量及其分配产生显著影响。臭氧升高导致土壤中占土壤有机碳比重59.3%~69.8%的活性碳库的库容变小,应是土壤有机碳库下降的直接原因。本研究表明长期大气臭氧浓度增加具有降低土壤有机碳含量并改变不同活性有机碳库分配与周转的态势。