脱硫石膏与结构改良剂配合施用对龟裂碱土理化性状和水稻生长的影响

[目的]筛选出最适宜宁夏回族自治区银北灌区盐碱地水稻生长的土壤结构改良剂施用量,为中国同类型地区盐碱地的改良应用提供科学依据。[方法]设置田间定位试验,研究银北灌区龟裂碱土在施用不同剂量土壤结构改良剂(0,150,270,375kg/hm~2)与统一施用定量脱硫石膏(22.5t/hm~2)对土壤基本理化性质及水稻生长的影响。[结果]在施用不同剂量结构改良剂后,0—20cm土层的土层容重、全盐量和pH值呈降低趋势,总孔隙度和水稳性团聚体则呈增加趋势。在0—20cm土层,各处理改良效果均较显著,当深度大于40cm时,所有处理的改良效果不明显。施加改良剂增加了水稻的成活率、株高和产量,且各处理间均差异显著(p0.05)。[结论]脱硫石膏与结构改良剂配合施用能显著改善龟裂碱土理化性状,促进水稻成长。综合考虑经济因素,脱硫石膏(22.5t/hm~2)+土壤结构改良剂(270kg/hm~2)的施用量效果最佳。     

氮镁耦合对寒地早粳龙粳20商品品质影响

以龙粳20为供试材料,经2009年与2010年2年试验,研究了氮镁耦合对寒地早粳稻品质的影响.结果表明,氮或镁肥单独施用时,籽粒直链淀粉含量随氮肥增加而降低,增施氮肥使垩白率、粗蛋白含量提高,施氮量与整精米率呈二次曲线,镁肥单独施用能够提高籽粒粗蛋白含量,施镁量与垩白率及整精米率呈二次曲线;氮镁耦合后,镁处理对籽粒垩白率、整精米率的影响均达到极显著水平;籽粒粗蛋白含量与垩白率呈正相关、与整精米率呈负相关;直链淀粉含量与粗蛋白含量呈负相关.2年试验表明,在不同氮水平处理下,以施镁225.0～337.5kg·hm-2范围内籽粒的垩白率、整精米率及粗蛋白含量较理想.     

氮肥施用量与水稻品质的关系

试验结果表明:氮肥用量0～128 9kg/hm2条件下,随着氮肥用量的提高直链淀粉含量随之增高,否则反之;氮肥用量在0～112 8kg/hm2条件下,氮肥用量愈高蛋白质含量逐渐增高;氮肥用量高于112 8kg/hm2蛋白质含量下降。氮肥用量与垩白米率和垩白度分别呈显著和极显著正相关。水稻产量与品质表现明显的矛盾。在产量因素中穗数越多精米率和整精米率越低,垩白米率和垩白度也越大;千粒重、成熟度愈高精米率和整精米率亦高,而垩白米率、垩白度则下降。     

氮肥施用量与水稻品质的关系

试验结果表明：氮肥用量0～128．9kg／hm^2条件下，随着氮肥用量的提高直链淀粉含量随之增高，否则反之；氮肥用量在0～112．8kg／hm^2条件下，氮肥用量愈高蛋白质含量逐渐增高；氮肥用量高于112．8kg／hm^2蛋白质含量下降。氮肥用量与垩白米率和垩白度分别呈显著和极显著正相关。水稻产量与品质表现明显的矛盾。在产量因素中穗数越多精米率和整精米率越低，垩白米率和垩白度也越大；千粒重、成熟度愈高精米率和整精米率亦高，而垩白米率、垩白度则下降。     

硅肥与基本苗配置对水稻生长发育、产量及品质的影响

以优质水稻品种盐丰47为供试材料进行田间试验,采用小区对比方法,设施肥量(7个)和移栽基本苗两因素,共14个处理,研究了硅钙肥和液态硅两种硅肥与基本苗配置对水稻生长发育、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用两种硅肥都能使水稻分蘖数增加,提高成穗率,增加产量,增强抗倒伏及抗病能力,改善稻米品质,使稻米的垩白度、垩白粒率降低的同时,提高稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精率。其中在基本苗64.5×10~4株/hm~2中,C5-1喷施处理(基本苗64.5万株/hm~2条件下,拔节期、抽穗期各喷施450 mL/hm~2)产量最高,为10 893.0 kg/hm~2。     

不同生态条件下氮肥优化管理对杂交中稻稻米品质的影响

在四川省温江和射洪试验点,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,以‘F优498’水稻品种为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥处理[普通尿素优化施肥、减氮15%优化施肥、增氮15%优化施肥,PASP（聚天门冬氨酸）尿素1次施肥、2次施和优化施肥]对稻米品质的影响。结果显示,温江的碾米品质、外观品质和籽粒粗蛋白含量较优;射洪的峰值黏度和崩解值较高,消减值较低,蒸煮食味品质较好,同时直链淀粉含量较高。随着氮肥的施用,稻米碾米品质、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量显著提高,崩解值显著降低;同时导致射洪生态点的峰值黏度增加,消减值减少;温江生态点的稻米外观品质变优,峰值黏度减小,消减值增加。较农民经验性施肥处理,普通尿素优化处理和PASP尿素处理提高了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量,降低了温江垩白粒率和垩白度,改善了外观品质;氮肥优化处理降低了峰值黏度和崩解值,提高了消减值,使稻米蒸煮食味品质变差,同时提高了射洪精米率和温江整精米率。较优化施肥处理,PASP尿素处理降低了两试验点的精米率、整精米率和温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪的垩白粒率和垩白度,使外观品质变差;同时PASP尿素1次施肥和2次施肥处理降低了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量;PASP尿素优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的峰值黏度、崩解值和温江直链淀粉含量,提高了两试验点的籽粒粗蛋白含量和射洪直链淀粉含量。较优化施肥处理,减氮15%和增氮15%优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的直链淀粉含量、整精米率及温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪垩白粒率和垩白度。与PASP尿素1次和2次施肥相比,PASP尿素优化施肥显著降低了垩白度、峰值黏度和崩解值,增加了消减值和籽粒粗蛋白含量;同时导致射洪生态点的整精米率降低,垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量增加;温江生态点的垩白粒率降低,整精米率增加。综合稻米碾米品质、外观品质、淀粉RVA、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量的关系,射洪PASP尿素2次施肥处理稻米综合品质较好,温江优化施肥处理稻米综合品质较好。     

钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻和常规粳稻丰产优质适宜施氮量分析

研究钵苗摆栽下籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻丰产优质施氮量及综合效益,提出安徽沿江地区钵苗摆栽下适宜粳稻类型及施氮量。于2016—2017年连续2 a开展大田试验,以当地主栽籼粳杂交稻甬优1540和常规粳稻镇稻18为供试品种,设置0、195、255、315、375 kg/hm~2共5个氮肥水平(分别用N0、N195、N255、N315、N375表示),研究不同施氮水平对钵苗摆栽下不同类型粳稻产量、品质、相关农艺性状及经济效益的影响。结果表明,籼粳杂交稻甬优15402a均在N315处理下产量最高,达到10.30～11.55t/hm~2。常规粳稻镇稻18各施氮处理下水稻产量无显著差异,产量为7.43～8.91 t/hm~2。增施氮肥,不同程度增加了2个品种的糙米率、精米率和蛋白质含量,提高了加工品质和营养品质,但垩白率和垩白度整体有所提高,直链淀粉含量增高,不利于外观品质和食味的改善。甬优1540在N315处理下的整精米率与N375无差异,且在N315处理下的垩白度与N195无显著差异。另外,镇稻18在N195处理下的整精米率、蛋白质含量、垩白度和直链淀粉含量与其他氮肥处理无显著差异。钵苗摆栽下籼粳杂交稻丰产优质施氮量为315kg/hm~2,常规粳稻为195 kg/hm~2。在适氮水平下,钵苗摆栽甬优1540较镇稻18提高水稻产量22.9%～23.2%,整精米率2.15%～4.50%,蛋白质含量30.44%～37.41%,经济效益51.07%～53.33%,同时降低垩白度9.52%～13.73%。总的来说,在适宜氮肥水平下,钵苗摆栽下籼粳杂交稻较常规粳稻提高了水稻产量、品质和经济效益。     

脱硫石膏糠醛渣对新垦龟裂碱土的改良洗盐效果

为了探讨脱硫石膏及糠醛渣对新垦龟裂碱土改良洗盐效果,在统一施用脱硫石膏（28 t/hm2）的基础上,该文于2012年在宁夏平罗县西大滩农场,研究了不同淋洗水平（3 600、4 500和4 800 m3/hm2）和不同糠醛渣施用量（0、15、22.5和30 t/hm2）对新垦龟裂碱土碱化度、总碱度、pH值、全盐及盐分离子分布特征、油葵出苗生长及产量的影响。结果表明：在淋洗水量4 500 m3/hm2和施用糠醛渣（22.5 t/hm2）的条件下,土壤0～20 cm深的pH值由初始的9.65降到了7.6（P＜0.05）,碱化度、总碱度和全盐分别下降了60.2%、39.2%和69.1%,油葵产量3 195.8 kg/hm2,碱土改良效果明显,表明适当的脱硫石膏、糠醛渣、淋洗量可降低土壤盐分增加油葵产量。结果可为新垦龟裂碱地的改良利用、水盐调控提供依据。     

火电厂烟气脱硫石膏重金属含量监测与分析

为有效利用脱硫石膏改良盐碱地,避免改良过程中带来土壤重金属污染风险,在山西省境内不同地区选择有代表性的8个火电厂烟气脱硫废弃物-脱硫石膏采样点,在1a内每月定期进行脱硫石膏的采集及重金属(Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Hg、As)浓度的分析。结果表明,8个采样点脱硫石膏中重金属Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As含量基本低于适用于耕地的国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618-1995),而1~8号采样点只有一小部分脱硫石膏中Hg含量低于适用于耕地的国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618-1995)。8号采样点除极个别批次重金属含量较1~7号采样点低之外,其余均高于1~7号采样点脱硫石膏中重金属浓度。因此,在利用脱硫石膏改良盐碱地之前,要明确脱硫石膏中不同重金属元素浓度,适量施用脱硫石膏,达到改良盐碱地,保证农产品安全,提高作物产量的目的。     

淋洗水质和水量对宁夏龟裂碱土水盐运移的影响

为了探明龟裂碱土土壤剖面盐分分布与淋洗水质和水量的定量化关系,为宁夏引黄灌区龟裂碱土改良提供科学依据,通过室内土柱淋洗试验,开展了脱硫石膏施用下水质和水量对宁夏龟裂碱土水盐运移影响的研究。结果表明:脱硫石膏施用下龟裂碱土随着入渗时间的增加,累积入渗水量和湿润锋深度呈先急剧增加再缓慢增加的趋势,同一淋洗水量下入渗历时表现为黄河水沟水农田排水,淋洗水中的Na~+对龟裂碱土土壤入渗能力的影响较大;与土壤初始值相比,各处理0—20cm土层土壤pH值均有不同程度的降低,土壤脱盐率在79.53%~90.83%之间,阳离子溶脱率均表现为Mg~(2+)Na~+;利用农田排水淋洗龟裂碱土在降低0—40cm土层土壤全盐和主要盐分离子Na~+、Cl~-、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-含量方面效果较黄河水更为明显,淋洗水质对0—40cm土层Mg~(2+)和HCO_3~-溶脱率的影响表现为黄河水沟水农田排水。由于所用农田排水矿化度较低,农田排水淋洗处理土壤下层盐分聚积现象并没有比黄河水处理更明显。     

Performance of Slag-Based Gypsum on Maize Yield and Available Soil Nutrients over Commercial Gypsum under Acidic and Neutral Soil

ABSTRACT

Effect of slag-based gypsum (SBG) and commercial gypsum (CG) on maize was investigated in acidic and neutral soils. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments consisting of three levels (150, 450, and 750 kg ha^?1) of SBG and CG with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and one control was maintained. Application of SBG @750 kg ha^?1 recorded significantly higher (8.61 and 8.69 t ha^?1, respectively) cob yield of maize compared to CG and control treatments in both soil condition. Increased levels of SBG application increased soil pH and EC in both the soils, but decreased with the application of CG. Application of 750 kg SBG ha^?1 recorded significantly higher soil available nutrients like phosphorus in acidic soil and potassium in neutral soil. Higher exchangeable calcium and magnesium in acidic soil and exchangeable calcium in neutral soil were recorded with the application of CG @750 kg ha^?1. Available sulfur was significantly higher with CG @750 kg ha^?1 applied treatment in both soils. CaCl₂Si content in acidic soil varied significantly and recorded higher with application of SBG, while CaCl₂Si content in neutral soil and AASi in both soils had no significant effect by application of SBG. Significantly higher DTPA extractable micronutrients in acidic and neutral soil were noticed in SBG @750 kg ha^?1 applied treatment. However, application of SBG had no significant effect on iron and copper content in neutral soil. Higher uptake of nutrients was recorded with 750 kg SBG ha^?1 compared CG applied and other treatments.     

Utilization of fluidized bed material as a calcium and sulfur source for apples

Abstract

Fluidized bed material (FBM), a dry, high Ca, alkaline waste product which results from combining coal and limestone, was used as a Ca or S source or lime substitute in an established apple orchard (Malus domestica Borkh., cv. ‘York Imperial') over a four year period. Treatment comparisons were made between FBM applied at one or two times (1x or 2x) the soil lime requirement and CaCO, applied at the lime requirement (lx). Additionally, FBM lx was compared to a combination treatment consisting of CaCO₃ plus gypsum to apply similar amounts of Ca and S. All treatments were also compared to an untreated control.

No significant treatment comparisons were noted on leaf Ca levels however leaf Mg significantly decreased when FBM applied at the 1x or 2x level compared to CaCO₃ 1x. When FBM was compared with CaCO. plus gypsum there was a significant decrease in leaf Ca with FBM but no difference in leaf Mg. These effects were probably due to either a solubility difference between nutrients or to actual amount of Mg applied by the different sources. Leaf S levels were unaffected by treatments. Yields, fresh fruit weight and the incidence of cork spot were little affected by treatments.

Soil extractable Mg, 1N NH₄Ac, was not a good prediction of leaf Mg content or Mg added to the soil. Only soil Al was significantly reduced, compared to the control, by the treatments among the metals studied (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Al). FBM applied at twice the lime requirement (wt. basis) resulted in similar soil pH to CaCO₃ applied at the lime requirement.     

3种固沙材料与风沙土复配后土壤改良效应及其质量评价

揭示风沙土复配其他固沙材料后的土壤质量变化及改良效应对研发防沙固沙新材料具有重要的指导意义。以乌兰布和沙漠风沙土为对照(CK),采用粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、牛粪3种固沙材料按干质量比15%,25%与风沙土进行复配,研究了不同材料与配比复配土壤对机械组成、养分含量、金属含量的改良效应,运用最小数据集构建、隶属度计算与土壤质量指数计算等方法评价了复配土壤质量。结果表明：(1)不同复配土壤的机械组成均发生了改变,粉粒、粗砂等难蚀、较难蚀颗粒体积分数增加,易蚀的细砂体积分数降低。(2)除石膏复配土壤各养分指标与CK相近外,其余复配土壤有机碳含量较对照提高1.2～10.4倍,牛粪复配土壤在提高养分含量方面显著高于其他材料;以牛粪和石膏为材料的复配土则分别增加或降低了沙土中的金属含量,而粉煤灰复配土的Cr, As较CK下降。(3)不同复配土对土壤理化性质作用影响各异,粉煤灰在粒径改良方面较优,牛粪在养分提升方面效果显著,石膏在重金属含量降低方面作用明显,粉煤灰石膏混合复配则综合了二者的优势。(4) 3种固沙材料均在不同程度上提高了复配土壤的质量,但复配土壤质量仍处于较低水平。综上,不同复配比例组合中,1...     

Soil amelioration effects on boron uptake by sunflowers

Abstract

Results of field trials with sunflowers grown on an Ultisol over three seasons indicated that applications of lime and gypsum had little effect on the boron concentration in plant tissues. Only when 30 kg borax/ha/annum had been applied did soil amelioration slightly but significantly decrease the B concentration in 1‐month‐old sunflower seedlings. Liming for three seasons significantly decreased the B concentration in the topmost mature leaf at flowering only when 30 kg borax/ha/annum had been applied and the pH (N KCl) was 4.4 and above. A pot experiment with the same soil was designed to test whether high pH levels affected B uptake. The reduction of toxic aluminum markedly increased top and root growth but higher rates of line had no further benefit. Liming significantly decreased the B concentration in seedling tope but the total B content of the tops was increased by liming. It appeared that liming to pH (N KCl) 7.0 did not adversely affect the uptake and translocation of B by sunflower roots, and that the decreased B concentration in seedling tops resulted from a dilution effect due to the benefit from liming.     

The effect of elemental sulfur,gypsum and ammonium thiosulfate as sulfur sources on yield of rapeseed

Abstract

A growth chamber experiment was conducted to compare ammonium thiosulfate, gypsum and elemental sulfur in the form of Agrisul as sources of sulfur for rapeseed (Brassica napus var. Regent). Rapeseed supplied with ammonium thiosulfate or gypsum produced significantly higher yields than treatments supplied with elemental sulfur. Powdering and mixing of elemental sulfur, as opposed to banding granules, significantly increased dry matter yield of rapeseed. While not always significant, there was a trend towards higher dry matter yields where gypsum granules were mixed as opposed to banded and where ammonium thiosulfate was placed in a band as opposed to being mixed throughout the soil.     

Mechanism of reduction of exchangeable aluminum by gypsum application in acid andosols

Mechanism of reduction of exchangeable aluminum in acid Andosols treated with gypsum was studied by using cation exchange resin methods to determine the amount of polymerized aluminum. Two types of acid Andosols were used as test soils: Kitakami light colored Andosol (fine, mixed, mesic, Andic Dystrochrept) and Kawatabi thick high humic Andosol (medial, mesic mixed Alic Pachic Melanudand). Polymerization of aluminum in the soil solution of both Kitakami and Kawatabi Andosols treated with gypsum was suggested based on an analysis using cation exchange resin methods, whereas that in monomer aluminum solution was not detected. Accumulation of polymerized aluminum in both Kitakami and Kawatabi Andosols was determined by using cation exchange resin, and the amounts of polymer aluminum trapped by the resin and the ratio of polymer aluminum to monomer aluminum were increased with the incubation time. The values of CEC which decreased in the Kitakami Andosol after gypsum treatment were almost equivalent to the amounts of cation exchange sites occupied by polymer aluminum ions which were calculated based on the decrease of the values of Y _l. We conclude that the mechanism of reduction of exchangeable aluminum in strongly acid Andosols treated with gypsum is as follows: firstly, exchangeable aluminum adsorbed on the cation exchange sites of soils may be released into the soil solution due to the increase in the ion strength caused by gypsum application, and then monomer aluminum in soil solution may be polymerized in the presence of soil colloidal materials. Consequently, the polymer aluminum formed in the soil solution may be selectively and irreversibly fixed on the cation exchange sites of 2 : 1 clay minerals.     

脱硫石膏对碱化土壤胶体絮凝的影响

为明确脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤胶体絮凝过程的离子交换作用,设置了碱化土壤组和碱化土壤胶体组.在不同土水比(1 ︰ 5、1 ︰ 10、1 ︰ 20(m ︰ V))条件下加入不同量脱硫石膏量(0.1％～2％,m ︰m)作为碱化土壤组,以及向利用土水比为1 ︰ 100的方法制备碱化土壤胶体中加入不同量的脱硫石膏作为胶体组,以分析...     

Nitrate assay by multiple wavelength spectroscopy and analysis of kinetic parameters of net nitrate uptake by barley seedlings

A method for determination of nitrate concentration and estimation of kinetic parameters of nitrate uptake by spectroscopy based on absorbances at multiple wavelengths has been developed to estimate nitrate uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Steptoe) seedlings. Nitrate concentration in the nutrient solution was determined from the slope of the linear regression line of the absorbances to nitrate absorption coefficients at 12 wavelengths. Interference by root exudates was only due to an absorption component changing with wavelength in correlation with nitrate absorption. The standard error of the determination decreased in reverse proportion to the square root of the number of the wavelengths. A linear form of the net uptake equation, NUR = I_maxC/K_m+C‐E, could be expressed as NUR = (I_max ‐ E) ‐ K_m NUR/C ‐ K_mE I/C where NUR is net uptake rate, Imax is maximum influx, C is concentration, Km is the Michaelis constant, and E is an efflux constant. The method described here was used to determine the time course of nitrate depletion by barley seedlings from their nutrient solution. The isotherm of net nitrate uptake rates derived from the time course was analyzed after modifications based on the linear form of the net uptake equation. The analysis yielded highly significant results (P<0.0001).     

Sulfur nutrition for enhancing rainfed groundnut productivity in typical alfisol of semi-arid regions in India

The field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years from 2011 to 2014 to evaluate the influence of graded levels of gypsum as a source of sulfur and different times of application on soil fertility and yield parameters and yield of groundnut (TMV 7) under rainfed condition at Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Chettinad, Tamil Nadu, India. It is observed that sulfur nutrition significantly influenced growth, yield attributing characters and yield over control. Sulfur nutrition through gypsum as a source 400 kg ha^?1 in split mode viz., 200 kg as basal and 200 kg as top dressing during receipt of rains recorded highest plant height, more number of filled pods per plant, higher values for 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight, pod yield and haulm yield. Split application of gypsum 400 kg ha^?1 has increased pod yield to the tune of 31, 21 and 36 percent during 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively.     

The effect of gypsum on copper nutrition of wheat grown in marginally deficient soil

This study reports an interaction between copper nutrition of wheat and application of gypsum. A pot experiment and two years of field trials on a sandy duplex soil in the southern Wimmera, Australia showed that the efficacy of copper applied to the soil is increased by the application of gypsum. Severity of attack by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis (take‐all) was greatly reduced in the pot experiment by the addition of either copper or gypsum to the soil. In the second year of the field experiments, copper deficiency occurred only on areas which had been ripped. These results are discussed in relation to factors controlling the availability of copper in soil.