不同比例全株玉米与高粱混贮对青贮发酵品质的影响

试验旨在探究不同比例全株玉米与高粱混贮对青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响,确定全株玉米与高粱青贮的适宜混合比例。试验共设5组,其中3个混贮组,2个单贮组。混贮组全株玉米与全株高粱按3∶1(YG31)、1∶1 (YG11)、1∶3 (YG13)比例分别混合,单贮组为全株青贮玉米（YG10）和全株高粱单独青贮（YG01）,每组3个重复。发酵期60 d。结果显示：与单贮相比,玉米与高粱混贮能够不同程度地提高青贮感官评分与发酵品质,YG31的综合评分显著高于YG10、YG01 (P<0.05),pH值显著低于YG10 (P<0.05),乳酸/总酸显著高于YG01 (P<0.05)。与YG10相比,YG31、YG11的干物质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低（P<0.05）,而相对饲喂质量（RFQ）显著升高（P<0.05）。随着混合青贮中高粱比例增加,青贮饲料有氧稳定性呈先减后增再减的趋势。YG31青贮的有氧稳定性显著低于YG13 (P<0.05)。研究表明,全株玉米与高粱混合青贮能够不同程度地改善青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值,其适宜混贮比例为3∶1～1∶1。     

全株玉米与紫花苜蓿拉伸膜裹包混合青贮的研究

试验以全株玉米和紫花苜蓿为原料,探讨不同混合比例青贮效果,确定最佳混合比例。试验设5个处理组:全株玉米单贮(Y组)、紫花苜蓿单贮(Z组)、75%全株玉米+25%紫花苜蓿(Y75Z25组)、67%全株玉米+33%紫花苜蓿(Y67Z33组)、50%全株玉米+50%紫花苜蓿(Y50Z50组)。结果表明,全株玉米与紫花苜蓿混合青贮的粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分含量介于全株玉米单贮和紫花苜蓿单贮之间。表现为,青贮饲料粗蛋白(CP)、粗灰分(CA)含量随着紫花苜蓿比例的提高,而显著提高(P0.05);酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量随着紫花苜蓿比例的降低,而显著降低(P0.05)。紫花苜蓿单贮,发酵品质较差。与紫花苜蓿单贮相比,混合青贮饲料随着全株玉米比例的提高,青贮效果逐步改善,当比例达到67%时,显著降低了青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮/总氮值(P0.05),显著提高了乳酸含量、乳酸/总酸值(P0.05),并使丁酸含量低于检测水平,获得优质青贮饲料。综合各项指标,以67%全株玉米+33%紫花苜蓿与75%全株玉米+25%紫花苜蓿混合青贮效果较为理想。     

全株玉米青贮和玉米秸秆青贮的品质比较

为探讨不同青贮原料对青贮品质的影响,本试验采用全株玉米青贮、去穗秸秆青贮两种方法处理饲用玉米,经过60d贮存后,取样测定营养成分。结果显示:全株玉米青贮的pH值为3.97,乳酸占总酸的83.50%,乙酸占总酸的15.48%,无丁酸产生;全株玉米青贮的氨态氮占总氮的7.91%,显著(P0.05)低于玉米秸秆青贮组;全株玉米青贮的CP含量为8.38%,显著高于去穗秸秆青贮组(P0.05);NDF和ADF含量相应较低,显著(P0.05)低于玉米秸秆青贮组。综合发酵品质和营养成分得出,全株玉米青贮优于去穗秸秆青贮,适宜推广。     

向日葵秸秆与紫花苜蓿混贮动态品质研究

将向日葵秸秆与紫花苜蓿按鲜重质量比0∶10、2∶8、4∶6、5∶5和10∶0混合青贮,并在青贮1、3、5、7、15、30、45、60 d后分别测定各处理组的营养和发酵指标,探讨混合比例对混贮品质动态影响及青贮过程中品质变化规律。结果显示：向日葵秸秆与紫花苜蓿在混合青贮过程中营养和发酵品质均得到有效提升,其中混贮处理组乳酸含量明显高于紫花苜蓿单贮组,pH值和氨态氮含量显著低于紫花苜蓿单贮组;粗蛋白含量显著高于向日葵秸秆单贮组,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量明显低于向日葵秸秆单贮组。结果表明,将紫花苜蓿与向日葵秸秆以5∶5的比例进行混合青贮的发酵品质和营养成分最佳;且在相同混合比例下,pH值和氨态氮含量随发酵时间的延长呈现先降低后升高的趋势,青贮15 d的发酵品质最优,对降低pH值和氨态氮含量效果最佳。     

西藏地区荞麦与玉米混合青贮对发酵品质和微生物多样性的影响

为探究西藏林芝市全株荞麦与全株玉米混合青贮对青贮饲料发酵品质和微生物多样性的影响,分别设定全株荞麦单独青贮组(A)、全株荞麦∶全株玉米=4∶1混合青贮组(B)、全株荞麦∶全株玉米=3∶2混合青贮组(C)、全株荞麦∶全株玉米=2∶3混合青贮组(D)和全株荞麦∶全株玉米=1∶4混合青贮组(E)共5个处理组。分别在青贮第7、14、30和60天时,开窖取样,测定青贮饲料的发酵品质和微生物菌群结构。结果表明,与全株荞麦单独青贮组相比,全株荞麦与全株玉米混合青贮组在一定程度上改变了青贮的发酵品质,混合青贮组降低了青贮饲料的pH值,提高了乳酸含量,且氨态氮/总氮的值和丁酸含量均符合优质青贮饲料的要求量。从微生物菌群结构来看,混合青贮改变了青贮饲料的菌群结构,相比与全株荞麦单独青贮组,混合青贮组提高了厚壁菌门和LAB菌种的丰度,有效地抑制了腐败菌的生长,且这种效果随着全株玉米混合比例越高而越显著。综合考虑全株荞麦利用最大化和发酵品质,建议将全株荞麦和全株玉米以2∶3混合青贮较为适宜。     

西藏地区荞麦与玉米混合青贮对发酵品质和微生物多样性的影响

为探究西藏林芝市全株荞麦与全株玉米混合青贮对青贮饲料发酵品质和微生物多样性的影响,分别设定全株荞麦单独青贮组(A)、全株荞麦∶全株玉米=4∶1混合青贮组(B)、全株荞麦∶全株玉米=3∶2混合青贮组(C)、全株荞麦∶全株玉米=2∶3混合青贮组(D)和全株荞麦∶全株玉米=1∶4混合青贮组(E)共5个处理组。分别在青贮第7、14、30和60天时,开窖取样,测定青贮饲料的发酵品质和微生物菌群结构。结果表明,与全株荞麦单独青贮组相比,全株荞麦与全株玉米混合青贮组在一定程度上改变了青贮的发酵品质,混合青贮组降低了青贮饲料的pH值,提高了乳酸含量,且氨态氮/总氮的值和丁酸含量均符合优质青贮饲料的要求量。从微生物菌群结构来看,混合青贮改变了青贮饲料的菌群结构,相比与全株荞麦单独青贮组,混合青贮组提高了厚壁菌门和LAB菌种的丰度,有效地抑制了腐败菌的生长,且这种效果随着全株玉米混合比例越高而越显著。综合考虑全株荞麦利用最大化和发酵品质,建议将全株荞麦和全株玉米以2∶3混合青贮较为适宜。     

紫花苜蓿与全株玉米混合青贮研究

以全株玉米和紫花苜蓿为原料,设置全株玉米单贮、紫花苜蓿单贮、30%全株玉米+70%紫花苜蓿混贮、50%全株玉米+50%紫花苜蓿混贮、70%全株玉米+30%紫花苜蓿混贮5个处理,研究全株玉米和紫花苜蓿混合青贮的效果和最佳比例。结果表明,混贮处理的粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量介于全株玉米单贮、紫花苜蓿单贮之间,且与2组单贮的差异显著(P0.05),其中30%全株玉米+70%紫花苜蓿混贮的粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量最高;各混贮p H值与全株玉米单贮相比差异显著(P0.05),70%全株玉米+30%紫花苜蓿的p H值最接近全株玉米单贮;各混贮处理乳酸占总酸含量均达到80%以上,无丁酸产生;混贮各处理的氨态氮占总氮的比例低于紫花苜蓿单贮,高于全株玉米单贮,其中70%全株玉米+30%紫花苜蓿的处理氨态氮含量最低,为8.21%。通过V-Score青贮发酵品质评价体系评分,各混贮处理的发酵品质均优于紫花苜蓿单贮,以70%全株玉米+30%紫花苜蓿发酵品质最佳,是攀西地区开展紫花苜蓿与全株玉米混贮的最佳配比。     

山阴地区窖贮和裹包全株玉米青贮品质的比较分析

试验旨在探究窖贮和裹包青贮两种调制方式对全株玉米青贮饲料品质的影响,选用山阴地区的郑单958玉米为原料,以窖贮和裹包青贮的方式分别调制全株玉米青贮饲料,青贮3个月后,进行取样分析,分别对所取样品进行感官评定、发酵品质和营养物质测定。结果表明:两种方式所调制出的全株玉米青贮饲料感官评定均为优良,二者的pH值均低于4.20。以3种不同的评分标准对供试样品进行评分,窖贮全株玉米青贮饲料的得分较裹包全株玉米青贮饲料更高。此外,裹包全株玉米青贮饲料中的灰分(Ash)含量极显著高于窖贮全株玉米青贮饲料(P<0.01),其淀粉含量显著低于后者(P<0.05)。综上所述,在山阴地区,两种方式所调制出的全株玉米青贮均能取得较好的发酵品质,且窖贮方式对青贮玉米淀粉的保存性能优于裹包青贮,灰分含量也显著低于裹包青贮。     

紫花苜蓿与全株玉米裹包混合青贮试验研究

本试验研究了苜蓿和全株玉米混合青贮时的最佳混合比例。试验设苜蓿单贮组、玉米单贮组,及苜蓿与全株米玉比例分别为25∶75、33∶67、40∶60、50∶50、60∶40、67∶33、75∶25的混合青贮组7个,共9个处理组。结果表明：与苜蓿单贮相比,混合青贮能有效提高青贮饲料的发酵品质,但营养品质降低。所有混合青贮处理中,苜蓿与全株米玉比例为60∶40、67∶33、75∶25组的混合青贮饲料发酵品质较好,这三个组中混合比例为60∶40的混合青贮饲料相对饲用最高,可在生产中推广应用。     

苎麻与水稻/玉米秸秆混合青贮饲用价值评价

以青刈苎麻(Boehmeria nivea)与玉米(Zea mays)、水稻(Oryza sativa)秸秆为原料,调制鲜苎麻∶玉米秸∶水稻秸重量比分别为1∶1∶0(ZY)、1∶0∶1(ZD)、2∶1∶1(ZH)、1∶1∶1(ZL)及苎麻∶蔗糖重量比为99∶1(ZT)的混合青贮饲料,并以全苎麻青贮为对照(ZQ),通过感官评定和营养品质分析,探讨苎麻混合青贮的可行性及其饲用价值。结果表明:1)苎麻可单独调制青贮饲料,并可降低中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)含量,显著提高干物质摄入量(dry matter intake,DMI)和相对饲料价值(relative feed value,RFV),但造成23.6%的粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)损失,且因pH高、饲料质地差,导致发酵品质较低;2)单独添加外源糖分(蔗糖)可减少CP损失但整体饲用价值下降;3)添加玉米、水稻秸秆可显著减少CP损失、提高青贮饲料发酵品质、均衡养分结构,但提高NDF、ADF含量,整体降低饲用价值;4)苎麻与水稻秸秆混贮饲用价值优于与玉米秸秆混贮,但苎麻与玉米秸秆混贮对保存CP效果更为明显;5)苎麻、水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆三类原料混合青贮劣于苎麻与其中一类秸秆混合效果。本研究认为与鲜苎麻混合青贮是挖掘南方青粗草料饲用价值的有效途径,但需针对NDF、ADF含量调控进行深入研究。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -