建立相似林分样木因子回归模型推算采伐木蓄积

在安化县杉木人工林相似林分内设立样地,测量样地对角线上26株林木的地径、胸径和树高,用Excel软件建立地径与胸径、胸径与树高的回归模型,再测量采伐木地径,用回归模型预测采伐木的胸径和树高,推算采伐木蓄积量。同时,采用地径一元立木材积表法测算林木蓄积量,并与采伐作业设计的二元立木材积表法测算的林木蓄积量相比较。结果表明:采用建立相似林分样木因子回归模型推算采伐木蓄积量方法接近采伐作业设计的蓄积量。     

洞庭湖区短轮伐期杨树人工林生物量调查

为实现杨树人工林的分类经营,提高杨树人工林的经济效益,采用标准木法对洞庭湖区杨树人工林中不同径阶林木生物量进行了测定。结果表明:7年生杨树人工林的径阶集中分布在14~20 cm。不同径阶杨树单株不同器官生物量均遵循树干树枝树根(含桩)树皮树叶的分配规律;随着径阶的增长,树干在单株、林分内所占的比例均呈增长趋势;小于5 cm的主干、树枝和根的生物量与地上部分的胸径和树高均成幂函数关系,相关系数分别为0.839 4、0.940 5和0.994 7。     

A forest biomass yield table based on an empirical model

We report an empirical model for estimating unutilized wood biomass, and its application to Cryptomeria japonica D. Don and Larix kaempferi in Tohno City, Iwate Prefecture, northeast Japan. Outputs from the model are the quantity of unutilized wood biomass and merchantable volume produced by timber harvest. The unutilized wood biomass is divided into stumps, tops, branches, foliages, small trees, and unutilized stems due to their defects. Inputs to the model are mean diameter at breast height (DBH), mean tree height, trees per unit area, and timber utilization standards. DBH distribution, DBH–height curve, stem form, bark thickness, and relationship of stem biomass to foliage and branch biomass could be described by the proposed model, indicating its validity. The proposed model enables us to develop the forest biomass yield tables modified from the existing stem volume yield tables. The developed forest biomass yield tables indicated that the unutilized wood biomass due to defects accounted for the largest part of the whole unutilized wood biomass, and that the ratio of unutilized parts in stem volume to total stem volume could vary with stand age and site productivity class. Based on a comparison of the developed forest biomass yield tables with those reported previously, we concluded that the proposed model-based forest biomass yield table would be useful for estimating the quantity of unutilized wood biomass.     

Allometry, biomass, and chemical content of Novel African Tulip Tree (Spathodea campanulata) Forests in Puerto Rico

The African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata, the most common tree in Puerto Rico, forms novel forest types with mixtures of native and other introduced tree species. Novel forests increase in area in response to human activity and there is no information about their biomass accumulation and nutrient cycling. We established allometric relationships and chemically analyzed plant parts of African tulip trees to determine the concentration and standing stock of chemical elements (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Al, Fe, Na), and ash. Trees ranged in diameter at breast height from 8 to 85 cm and in height from 8.8 to 28 m. The concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca in leaves of the African tulip tree were similar to those of the native pioneer Cecropia schreberiana and higher than those of mature forest tree species in Puerto Rico. The over bark wood volume of African tulip trees in nine forest stands where it was dominant ranged from 163 to 849 m³/ha. Aboveground biomass ranged from 60 to 296 Mg/ha, and N and P stocks ranged from 190 to 988 and 32 to 137 kg/ha, respectively. Novel forests on abandoned agricultural lands can store more biomass and elements than native and plantation forest stands of similar age.     

Wood density,phytomass variations within and among trees,and allometric equations in a tropical rainforest of Africa

The development of tree allometric equations is crucial to accurate forest carbon assessment. However, very few allometric equations exist for sub-Saharan Africa and as a result generalized allometric equations, often established for forests in other continents, are used by default. The objectives of this study were (1) to propose a sampling methodology and calculation procedures to assess biomass for tropical tree species of contrasted tree shapes in Africa, (2) to identify factors affecting within and between trees wood density, (3) to propose an allometric model that integrates these factors and (4) to evaluate the reliability of using generalized allometric equations in this type of forests. Models were developed to predict wood density and phytomass of the trees based on the harvesting of 42 trees from 16 species, representing three guild status in the wet evergreen forest of Boi Tano in Ghana. Results indicated that the wood density was highly influenced by the tree species, guild status, size of the tree and pith to bark distance. Dry mass of a tree was influenced by diameter at breast height, crown diameter and wood density. The wood density depends on the position of the wood within the tree and the guild status considered. The use of generalized allometric models in literature is limited by the specific climate zone, the consideration of tree height and species specific wood density. In considering those factors, using generalized allometric equations could result in an error of 3%. Further research should better consider the bigger trees and the influence of the topography and ecosystem history.     

Biomass, basic density and biomass expansion factor functions for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Denmark

The objective of this study was to analyse the within-tree allocation of biomass and to develop biomass functions for above- and below-ground components of European beech in Denmark. Separate functions were developed for stem, branches, below-ground stump and root system, total above-ground biomass and total tree biomass. For each of these components or aggregate components, models were also developed for the average basic density of wood and bark. To enhance the versatility of the models, a function for estimating the biomass expansion factor (BEF) was also developed. The functions were based on 66 trees measured for total biomass. Model performance was evaluated based on 74 trees measured only for above-ground biomass. The trees were sampled in 18 different forest stands covering a wide range of tree sizes and stand treatments. Models were estimated using a linear mixed-effects procedure to account for within-stand correlations. The functions for biomass and BEFs included only diameter at breast height and total tree height for individual trees as predictor variables. Inclusion of additional variables reflecting site quality or stand density did not improve model performance. The functions for basic density included individual tree diameter, tree height and quadratic mean diameter as predictor variables, indicating an effect of stand density on the basic density of wood and bark.     

桂北桉树生长与材性的比较研究

以广西黄冕林场的几个桉树树种为研究对象,对比分析不同树种生长、立木材性以及林分密度对其影响。结果表明：各树种的生长（树高、胸径、单株材积、冠幅、树皮厚度）和材性（立木Pilodyn值、应力波波速、基本密度）性状均差异显著。比较3种不同林分密度的邓恩桉发现,林分密度对其生长、材质形成等产生显著影响,适宜的林分密度有利于林木生长和材性形成。对各性状采用主成分分析法进行了树种评价,结果表明：巨桉林木生长量大,大花序桉和本沁桉生长量相对较少,但木材材质相近,表现为坚硬,而粗皮桉、柳桉、邓恩桉均低于对照尾巨桉。从林木生长、立木材性方面看,适合于该地区发展的树种有巨桉、大花序桉和本沁桉,其中巨桉最适宜。     

油杉属树种人工造林的试验研究

长期以来,油杉属树种,只开发利用而未人工造林,资源濒于枯竭。国内仅少数植物园引种作观察或观赏,国外也仅英、美、意等国零星引种于公园庭院,尚无系统的作为用材树种造林的研究。广西林业科学研究所从1957年开始油杉人工引种驯化试验,在完成广西油杉属物种资源调查和采种育苗试验基础上,对油杉属中的4个主要树种进行造林试验,至1989年止,已推广造林700ha,并总结了一整套人工造林的技术措施。一、试验内容自1978年以来,先后在全区设试验点8个,试验林80多公顷,进行了造林地选择、物种比较、密度、混交造林、抚育等试验,各试点的试验内容有所不同。1989年5月至9月对各点的试验林及推广林进行了全面的调查、总结。     

Long-term realised and projected growth impacts caused by autumn gum moth defoliation of 2-year-old Eucalyptus nitens plantation trees in Tasmania,Australia

Insect damage to production forests has the potential to reduce financial returns by retarding tree growth and causing mortality, however, long-term realised quantification of these losses is rare. In order to help elucidate economic damage thresholds for making spray decisions we capitalised on a natural outbreak of autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata, in a 2-year-old Eucalyptus nitens plantation. Following the partial chemical control of this insect outbreak we measured the tree growth variables diameter at breast height over bark and height of five differing tree defoliation classes for 75 months following tree damage. At the end of this period a threshold model was fitted to describe the relationship between tree defoliation and realised tree wood volumes. The model revealed that realised stand wood volume was not significantly affected up until defoliation exceeded 60% and then declined sharply after this defoliation level was reached. Further support for this defoliation threshold was evident from multiple comparisons among defoliation classes that showed 50% defoliated trees did not have significantly different wood volume compared to more lightly defoliated trees, but did have significantly greater wood volume compared to trees that were 72% or more defoliated. To determine if the realised differences in wood volume resulted in differences in yield over a plantation rotation the E. nitens growth model NITGRO was used to on-grow trees to age 15 years for a ‘best case’ (type 1 growth response, constant growth rates from last inventory until harvest) and ‘worst case’ (type 2 growth response, divergent growth rates from last inventory until harvest) scenario. The threshold model was then fitted to the outcomes of both scenarios and the economic consequences of defoliation were clearly dependent on the growth function assumed.     

Stem biomass and volume models of selected tropical tree species in West Africa

Estimating tree volume and biomass constitutes an essential part of the forest resources assessment and the evaluation of the climate change mitigation potential of forests through biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration. This research article provides stem volume and biomass equations applicable to five tree species, namely Afzelia africana Sm. (Caesalpiniaceae), Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. (Combretaceae), Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bombacaceae), Dialium guineense Willd. (Caesalpiniaceae), Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC. (Ebenaceae) in natural protected tropical forests and, in addition, Tectona grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae) in plantations. In addition to the tree species specific equations, basic wood density, as well as carbon, nitrogen, organic matter and ash content were determined for these tree species in tropical conditions in West Africa. One hundred and sixty-two sample trees were measured through non-destructive sampling and analysed for volume and biomass. Stem biomass and stem volume were modelled as a function of diameter (at breast height; Dbh) and stem height (height to the crown base). Logarithmic models are presented that utilise Dbh and height data to predict tree component biomass and stem volumes. Alternative models are given that afford prediction based on Dbh data alone, assuming height data to be unavailable. Models that include height are preferred, having better predictive capabilities. Ranges in carbon, nitrogen and ash contents are given as well. The successful development of predictive models through the use of non-destructive methods in this study provide valuable data and tools for use in determining the contribution of these major African rainforest tree species to global carbon stocks, while ensuring the preservation of this valued African resource. This study needs to be expanded to further regions and tree species to complete a full inventory of all tree species, emphasising the relevance of African trees to carbon stocks at a global scale.     

抚育间伐对杉木中幼龄人工林林分生长质量及效益的影响

杉木是江西主要速生用材树种之一。通过对吉水县万华山林场20 a生人工杉木林分进行不同抚育间伐措施处理后,调查分析其平均胸径、平均树高、材种出材量、经济效益等存在明显差异。科学适时抚育间伐,经2次抚育间伐的杉木林分,上述因子高于经1次抚育间伐和未经抚育间伐的杉木林分,说明了抚育间伐能有效提高林分质量及经济效益。     

Variation in wood density and carbon content of tropical plantation tree species from Ghana

Most research on carbon content of trees has focused on temperate species, with less information existing for tropical trees and very little for tropical plantations. This study investigated factors affecting the carbon content of nineteen tropical plantation tree species of ages seven to twelve and compared carbon content of Khaya species from two ecozones in Ghana. For all sample trees, volume of the main stem, wood density, wood carbon (C) concentration and C content were determined. Estimated stem volume for the 12-year-old trees varied widely among species, from 0.01 to 1.04 m³, with main stem C content ranging from 3 to 205 kg. Wood density among species varied from 0.27 to 0.76 g cm^?3, with faster growing species exhibiting lower density. Significant differences in wood density also occurred with position along the main stem. Carbon concentration also differed among tree species, ranging from 458 to 498 g kg^?1. Differences among species in main stem C content largely reflected differences among species in estimated main stem volume, with values modified somewhat by wood density and C concentration. The use of species-specific wood density values was more important for ensuring accurate conversion of estimated stem volumes to C content than was the use of species-specific C concentrations. Significant differences in wood density did exist between Khaya species from the wet and moist semi-deciduous ecozones, suggesting climatic and site factors may also need to be considered. Wood densities for these plantation grown trees were lower than literature values reported for the same species in natural forests, suggesting that the application of data derived from natural forests could result in overestimation of the biomass and C content of trees of the same species grown in plantations.     

An application of mixed-effects model to evaluate the effects of initial spacing on radial variation in wood density in Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi)

The effects of initial tree spacing on wood density at breast height were examined for 22-year-old Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi). The experiment involved the use of three plots with different initial tree spacing densities (300, 500, and 1000 trees/ha). For five trees selected from each plot, the total tree height, diameter at breast height, height to the base of the live crown, and crown diameter were measured. Ring width and wood density for individual growth rings were determined by X-ray densitometry. A mixed-effects model was applied for fitting the radial variation in wood density in relation to initial spacing. Models having various mean and covariance structures were tested in devising an appropriate wood density model. The model, consisting of the mean structure with quadratic age effects and heterogeneous first-order autoregressive covariance, was able to describe the radial variation in wood density. Closer spacing of trees (1000 trees/ha) resulted in a faster increase in wood density from the pith outward than for more widely spaced trees, indicating that initial tree spacing may influence the age of transition from juvenile to mature wood.     

林木高径比研究综述

林木高径比是基本测树因子之一。由于精确树高测定困难（特别是在结构复杂的森林中）,对林木高径比的直接相关研究相对较少。文中从林木高径比的研究对象、影响因素、林木高径比与单一测树因子的关系、林木高径比模型模拟、林木高径比与林木遭受风雪灾害的关系5个方面进行综述,以期为进一步研究林木高径比奠定基础。目前大部分研究是针对结构简单、单层同龄的人工针叶纯林,针对分树种和分林层的研究极少且只有国外报道。林木高径比可能受到树龄、树种、竞争、立地和气候等多种因素的影响。胸径、断面积、材积和地径等单一测树因子与林木高径比关系较为紧密,且呈负相关,而树高、冠长、冠幅、树冠面积、冠径、树冠比和树冠闭合百分比等单一测树因子与林木高径比关系较不紧密。目前的林木高径比模型多以胸径为自变量,然后进行多模型优选,所选的最佳模型多为非线性模型;部分研究则在最佳模型中加入其他的自变量,如竞争、立地、林层和树种等因子。多数研究认为,林木高径比越大,林木越容易遭受风雪灾害。     

Crown area allometries for estimation of aboveground tree biomass in agricultural landscapes of western Kenya

Classical allometries determine biomass from measurements of diameter at breast height or volume. Neither of these measurements is currently possible to be derived directly from remote sensing. As biomass estimates at larger scales require remotely sensed data, new allometric relations are required using crown area and/or tree height as predictor of biomass, which can both be derived from remote sensing. Allometric equations were developed from 72 trees semi-randomly selected for destructive sampling in three 100?km² sentry sites in western Kenya. The equations developed fit the data well with about 85?% of the observed variation in aboveground biomass explained by crown area. Addition of height and wood density as second predictor variables improved model fit by 6 and 2?% and lowered the relative error by 7 and 2?%, respectively. The equation with crown area in combination with height and wood density estimated representative aboveground biomass carbon to be about 20.8?±?0.02?t?C?ha^?1; which is about 19?% more than the amount estimated using an allometry with diameter at breast height as predictor. These results form the basis for a new generation of allometries using crown area as a predictor of aboveground biomass in agricultural landscapes. Biomass predictions using crown area should be supported by height and wood density and the application of crown area equations for remote sensing based up-scaling should consider crown interactions with competing or coexisting neighboring trees.     

尾叶桉、巨桉优树选择标准的建立

尾叶桉、巨桉是华南地区引种成功及重点改良的2种桉树,以往选优基本上是围绕短周期纸浆纤维材改良目标而进行,选优林分的林龄小于15 a,多为6 a以下。本文以林龄16 a以上的尾叶桉、巨桉林分进行选优,以期为中大径材桉树培育提供改良用的优树材料。采用三株优势木对比法和配对T检验法确定优树生长量临界值,并兼顾干形质量指标进行选优。通过对25株候选优树和75株优势木生长量、分枝与干形分值的分析,建立了尾叶桉、巨桉优树选择标准：优树的单株材积≥3株优势木平均单株材积的1.35倍,胸径≥3株优势木平均胸径的1.15倍或树高≥3株优势木平均树高的1.03倍,分枝＋干形得分≥7。在候选的25株优树中有17株符合标准被评为优树,入选率为68%。     

辽西丘陵山地樟子松人工林密度调控技术

为探讨辽西丘陵山地樟子松人工林合理经营密度,选择1984年造林的中龄林,设置75株·hm~(-2),100株·hm~(-2),120株·hm~(-2)三个保留密度,对照为227株·hm~(-2),开展樟子松人工林密度调控技术试验。结果表明:不同密度对樟子松林分树高生长量的影响不大,不同密度对樟子松林分胸径生长量及林分蓄积生长量的影响达到显著水平;同时随着间伐强度的加大,林分中、大径阶立木株数比例呈上升趋势。通过林分密度的调整,可以实现提高林木的质量及目标材种所占比率,以期达到提高商品林经济效益的目的。     

乐昌含笑造林试验及效果分析

对福建省邵武市桂林乡乐昌含笑人工林进行调查,结果表明:8年生乐昌含笑与杉木1∶1混交林的乐昌含笑和杉木胸径、树高年均生长量、单株材积及总蓄积量均大于各自纯林。不同坡位9年生乐昌含笑人工纯林的胸径、树高及蓄积生长量均以下坡林分为最高,表现为:下坡>中坡>上坡。8年生乐昌含笑和杉木人工纯林的平均木生物量分别为31.55 kg和33.74kg;乔木层生物量分别为41.73 t.hm-2和45.55 t.hm-2;地上部分生物量的比例分别为94.28%和96.85%,灌木层和草本层所占比例较少;乐昌含笑和杉木平均木生物量各器官的比例分别表现为:干>根>枝>叶>皮、干>根>叶>枝>皮。     

北京西山油松人工林结构特征研究

以西山试验林场近自然经营试点区建立的11块中龄油松人工林样地为依据,对油松林分的结构特点、表达模型和树种多样性格局进行了分析。结果表明：油松人工林林分平均密度为1069株／hm^2,平均胸径为13．7cm,平均高为8．6m,蓄积量为86．36m3／hm^2。应用正态分布、Weibull分布、对数正态分布、Gamma分布和Beta分布拟合直径和树高结构,发现正态分布拟合直径分布和树高分布效果最好,也符合人工林的林分结构规律;油松人工林层次结构简单,物种多样性较低,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Shannon—wiener指数、均匀度指数分别为0．355、0．726、0．160和0．372、0．651、0．266;幼苗更新各高度级均以构树和栾树为主,他们分别占总体更新树种的72．2％和10．2％。     

Integrated individual tree biomass simultaneous equations for two larch species in northeastern and northern China

Forest biomass estimation at large scale has become an important topic in the background of facing global climate change, and it is fundamental to develop individual tree biomass equations suitable for large-scale estimation. Based on the measured data of biomass components and stem volume from 100 sample trees of two larch species (Larix gmelinii and L. principis-rupprechtii) in northeastern and northern China, an integrated equation system including individual tree biomass equations, stem volume equation and height–diameter regression model were constructed using the dummy variable model and error-in-variable simultaneous equations. In the system, all the parameters of equations were estimated simultaneously, so that the aboveground biomass equation was compatible to stem volume equation and biomass conversion factor (B_CF) function; the belowground biomass equation was compatible to root-to-shoot ratio (R_SR) function; and stem wood, stem bark, branch and foliage biomass equations were additive to aboveground biomass equation. In addition, the system also ensured the compatibility between one- and two-variable models. The results showed that: (1) whether aboveground biomass equations or belowground biomass equations and stem volume equations, the estimates for larch in northeastern China were greater than those in northern China; (2) B_CF of a larch tree decreased with the growing diameter while R_SR increased with the growing diameter; (3) the proportion of stem wood biomass to aboveground biomass increased with the growing diameter while those of stem bark, branch, and foliage biomass decreased.