Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus sylvatica seedlings

Abstract

Actual climate models for central Europe predict prolonged summer droughts. Knowledge on how the interaction between light and water availability affects regeneration will hence be of major importance. In an experiment carried out under controlled conditions, newly emerged beech seedlings were grown in pots with sand during 54 days. Three treatments applying three different light levels (2, 9 and 43% relative light intensity) were combined with two soil water treatments (control and drought). At the end of the experiment, seedlings were separated into leaves, stem and root and the seedlings’ dry mass, leaf area and stem length was determined. Low irradiance (2%) had a strong negative effect on dry weights of seedling components, leaf area and specific leaf mass. Drought clearly affected biomass partitioning for seedlings at high irradiance levels (43%). An interaction between irradiance and drought on biomass partitioning in beech seedlings was observed at medium irradiance level (9%). Within a wide range of light levels in the forests, both light and drought may affect biomass partitioning in young seedlings.     

华北落叶松不同种源苗期生长动态比较

为了解种源间的生长特性,调查分析了华北落叶松25份种源的2a生苗高和地径生长动态,结果表明:华北落叶松种源间苗高和地径年生长量均存在显著差异,具有很大的改良潜力;种源24、7、2和20的苗高年生长量均大于20cm,种源7和2的地径年生长量均大于2.9mm;综合评价苗期生长情况,华北落叶松种源2、21、24、7和15表现优良。     

不同土壤水分胁迫格局对印度沙漠中的黄檀种苗营养吸收和生物量的影响

1998年7月,利用非称重式蒸渗池种植单一种源的一年生黄檀种苗,研究在印度沙漠地区培养黄檀种苗的合理灌水技术参数。当各处理（W1、W2、W3、W4）的土壤水分含量分别降低到7.56%、5.79%、4.44%和3.23%时,通过灌溉使苗木生长保持在一定的土壤的水分状况,如36.2mm（W1）、26.5mm（W2）、20.2mm（W3）和18.1mm（W4）。结果表明,在36.2mm（W1）水平时,种苗的株高、冠径、叶数和叶面积达到最大值（p〈0.01）。在W1和W2处理中,虽然上述参数没有明显差异,但在W2处理中,种苗的每升水分利用率的生物量最大。在W3、W4和W5灌溉水平下,不利于提高种苗的株高、生物量和营养积累。在W2水平以下（5.79%）,土壤水分有效率能提高根系生物量占总生物量的百分比。但在W3和W4处理中,叶干生物量百分比下降,同时在W5处理中,茎干生物量百分比下降。在W5处理中,土壤水势达到-196Mpa,种苗才可以成活。在W3和W4处理中,土壤水分有效率的限额影响黄檀种苗的生长和生物量。在W2处理中,土壤水分有效利用率最高,种苗的生长和生物量达到最高值。因此,在壤砂土条件下,通过灌溉维持幼苗土壤水分含量在5.79%以上时,可获得较好的黄檀种苗的生长和生物量产量。     

Yield-density effects on growth and biomass partitioning in Leucaena leucocephala seedlings

Experiments were conducted to study the effects of density on growth and biomass partitioning of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings.Four plantations with densities of 10,000,20,000,40,000,and 80,000 seedlings ha^-1 were evaluated only from 15 to 25 months after planting.At 15 months,crown height and width decreased with increasing density.Seedling height/dbh ratios increased with increasing density.Biomass increased with greater density according to the yield–density effect equation,which was evident for all densities.With increasing age,biomass division to branches and leaves increased,whereas partitioning to roots decreased in the 10,000 and 20,000 seedlings ha-1 plantings.Partitioning to branches and leaves remained relatively steady,while partitioning to roots increased in the 40,000 and 80,000 seedlings ha^-1 plantings.Biomass division into stem and bark components remained relatively steady in all densities.Yield–density and organ yield–density curves shifted upward with increasing seedling age on a log–log graph throughout the experimental period.     

澳洲坚果幼苗对水分胁迫的生理响应

采用田间防雨旱棚方法研究了8个澳洲坚果品种(Hy、A16、863、951、695、特、D4和Daddow)幼苗对水分胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,所有测定指标在3次测定时间、4个水分处理和8个品种间差异均极显著。在水分胁迫(CK、L)处理下,澳洲坚果幼苗叶片中渗透调节物质可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量增加;活性氧清除系统中的SOD和POD活性先升高后下降,但变化规律又有所不同;叶绿素含量降低。在水分饱和(N、M)处理下,澳洲坚果叶片的各项指标的变化趋势与水分胁迫处理下截然相反。对8个品种综合分析表明,耐旱能力从强到弱依次为951>695>Daddow>Hy>A16>863>D4>特。     

北美鹅掌楸不同种源在闽北山区的生长表现及评价

在福建省洋口国有林场,对从美国引进的北美鹅掌楸3个种源进行苗期试验并建立测定林,在6年生时对测定林进行调查和分析测定。方差分析结果表明,不同种源苗高、地径的差异均达到0.05显著水平;6年生时树高、胸径和单株材积平均值分别达6.41 m、10.94 cm和0.03561 m3,与本地乡土速生落叶树种南酸枣比较,生长性状表现相当,能较好适应闽北地区的生长。各种源间树高、胸径和材积生长量差异均不显著,但在个体水平上仍存在较大的差异,树高、胸径、材积个体水平的变异系数都约为相对应指标种源水平的4倍,从优良种源的292株个体中选择了10株优良的个体作为杂交育种或无性系利用的繁殖材料。     

淹水胁迫对落羽杉等4个树种苗木生长的影响

采用人工控制模拟大田淹水,研究了淹水胁迫下乌桕、落羽杉、山核桃、水松4个树种在生长和形态特征上的响应。结果表明:(1)水松、落羽杉表现出较适应淹水的典型反应,在淹水茎部产生皮孔的膨大和不定根,试验结束时水松、落羽杉受淹的根系表现正常;乌桕、山核桃则表现出淹水胁迫下受到明显的伤害,叶片变小、叶片数量减少,叶片萎蔫、失绿、坏死、脱落;乌桕受淹根系部分腐烂,而山核桃受淹根系大部分腐烂,腐烂程度较乌桕严重。(2)涝处理不同程度地抑制了树种的苗高、地径、生物量、根干质量的积累,涝害指数、叶面积指数能够在一定程度上反映树种的耐涝性。(3)4个供试树种耐涝性可分为3个等级,抗涝型为水松、落羽杉,中等抗涝型为乌桕,不抗涝型为山核桃。     

Growth and biomass production in Azadirachta indica seedlings in response to nutrients (N and P) and moisture stress

Production of quality seedlings is an important aspect of successful tree planting. No information is available on the effect of nutrients and water on the growth and development of the seedlings of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), an important component of many tropical agroforestry systems. In an experiment in central India, the growth and nutrient-use efficiency of neem seedlings grown at various levels of light, nutrients (N and P), and water stress were determined. Seedlings were given light (diffused and complete) and nutrient (N and P) treatments comprising either high N-high P, high N-low P, low N-high P, or low N-low P. Seedlings grown in complete light (800 mol/m²/s) had four times more biomass than those grown in diffused light (200 mol/m²/s). Significant increase in seedling biomass was observed with nitrogen application, while phosphorus had no effect on biomass. Leaves contributed maximum biomass, followed by roots and stem. Nutrient use efficiency decreased with an increase in the supply of nutrients. In another experiment, containerized and bare-root seedlings were subjected to five watering treatments, viz., watering twice a week, watering weekly, watering every alternate week, watering every third week, and natural precipitation. Plant moisture stress affected both growth and survival of neem seedlings. Only 50 per cent of seedlings survived in severe drought treatment (no. 4) whereas 90 to 95 per cent seedlings showed growth in all other treatments. Plant moisture stress in severe drought treatment averaged –21 bar while in other treatments it ranged from –9 to –12 bar. Shoot-root ratio was high in bare-root seedlings as compared to containerized seedlings. Containerized seedlings had shown better endurance against drought than the bare-root seedlings. The results suggest that neem seedlings adjust their nutrient use efficiency and can be grown even under limited available resources. It is also inferred that the species can tolerate soil resource depletion caused by competitor species.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同种源马尾松优树家系在城步的生长表现

以来自湖南省城步、绥宁、通道、会同、安化、浏阳、南岳、慈利、资兴、临武、江永、衡南、茶陵、郴州等14个种源区的82个优树家系种子和城步试验区附近优良林分混合种子(对照)为试验材料,以容器苗造林于城步,对来自不同种源区的家系在城步的生长表现进行研究。结果表明:幼龄期城步本地马尾松优良林分子代表现较好,仅次于江永种源,而浏阳、通道种源幼龄期和中龄期平均胸径均显著小于城步马尾松优良林分子代的,但随着林龄的增长,资兴、会同、江永、临武种源的树高、胸径、材积的表现均逐渐超过了本地优良林分子代的表现。以11年生材积排名,表现最好的是来自于资兴的家系,排前5名的有4个(含前3名);来自于江永的家系表现较好,仅次于资兴的,排前5名的有1个。以11年生材积生长量为优良家系选择标准,按家系总数15%的入选率,江永家系的入选率最高,达50.0%;资兴的次之,为41.2%;临武的较小,为23.1%。马尾松家系的生长表现在幼龄期和中龄期有一定有差异,早晚表现一致的家系仅占50%。     

麻疯树不同地理种源种子性状及苗期生长初报

麻疯树种子性状及育苗试验表明:参试的麻疯树不同地理种源的种子外观差异不大,长度、宽度、侧径变异系数分别为2.9%、4.6%和3.3%;千粒重差异相对较大,变异系数达到7.7%,千粒重表现比较好的种源有6号、12号、17号、20号,千粒重可作为麻疯树优良材料选择的指标;不同种源苗木生长差异较大,综合地径和苗高生长情况,总体生长表现比较好的种源有2号、4号、10号、13号、14号、19号,地径平均值为0.89~1.13 cm,苗高平均值为8.9~10.6 cm;6号、7号种源苗期个体分化比较大;苗高和地径之间相关关系符合幂函数方程y=9.595x0.3134(R=0.642 4);不同地理种源苗期耐寒性差异显著,耐寒性最强的为11号、13号和14号种源;其次为1~5号、10号、12号、20号种源;为了防止冻害,育苗地点应选在福建南部没有霜冻或霜冻时间比较短的地方,播种时间宜在5~8月。     

水分胁迫下实生桑苗光合特性的研究

以1 a生实生桑为试材,采用盆栽控水法,设置了4个土壤水分处理(土壤相对含水量分别为75%~80%、65%~70%、45%~50%和25%~30%),研究水分胁迫对光合作用的影响,意在为不同立地条件下栽培实生桑提供理论依据。结果表明,除土壤含水量为25%~30%处理外,净光合速率日变化均呈现"双峰"型,有明显"午休"现象;在土壤水分胁迫下,叶绿素含量(CHL)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均随土壤含水量下降而下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)在土壤相对含水量45%~50%前后呈先下降后上升的趋势;光合参数间相关性随土壤相对含水量的下降而逐渐下降。     

贵州不同种源棕榈苗期生长性状比较及评价

为给贵阳地区棕榈人工造林的优良种源选择提供参考,以贵州省内遵义、毕节等18个市(县)的棕榈种子为试验材料,采用大田育苗的方法进行培育。对不同种源2年生棕榈苗的地上部分和地下部分的生长指标进行观测,并采用聚类分析法对棕榈种源进行类别划分,对其与种源地地理位置的相关性进行分析,采用主成分分析法对18个种源棕榈苗的生长性状进行综合评价。结果表明:不同种源2年生棕榈苗的高、地径、总根长、主根长、总根表面积、总根体积、根尖数及总生物量等指标均有显著差异(P<0.05),各指标的变幅分别为28.78~51.09cm、8.40~21.93mm、37.41~85.02cm、14.73~41.20cm、127.13~362.82cm2、5.52~19.55cm3、902~1536、4.64~12.32g。聚类分析结果表明,18个种源可分为2大类,其中罗甸、兴义、毕节为苗期生长性状表现较好的一类。相关性分析结果表明,原产地是低纬度和湿润地区的棕榈苗在试验区生长表现较好。主成分分析及综合得分排序的前3名分别为罗甸、兴义、毕节种源,与聚类分析结果一致。初步评价出罗甸、兴义和毕节种源为贵阳地区首选的棕榈种源。     

Survival,growth, wood basic density and wood biomass of seven-year-old Casuarina species/provenances grown at Kongowe,Kibaha, Tanzania

A performance comparison of seven-year-old individuals of 13 Casuarina species/provenances in terms of survival, growth (diameter, height and volume), wood basic density and wood biomass was undertaken at Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania. The trial was laid out using a randomised complete block design with four replications. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) in all parameters. Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest untransformed survival (48.8%), whereas C. equisetifolia from Wagait Tower (North Timor), Indonesia, had the highest survival (87.5%). Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest mean diameter (8.6 cm) while the C. junghuhniana provenance from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19489) had the highest diameter (14.8 cm). Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest mean height (16.2 m), volume (22.1 m³ ha^?1) and biomass production (23.5 t ha^?1), whereas C. equisetifolia from Hadsamira Songkhla, Thailand, had the highest mean height (24.3 m), volume (66.4 m³ ha^?1) and biomass production (72.9 t ha^?1). In terms of wood basic density, the C. junghuhniana provenance from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19489) had the lowest (617 kg m^?3), whereas C. equisetifolia from Wagait Tower (North Timor), Indonesia, had the highest (731 kg m^?3). Ordinal ranking for the best-performing species/provenances revealed that the best two provenances were C. equisetifolia from Hadsamira Sonkhla, Thailand, and C. junghuhniana from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19491). The two poorest-performing provenances were C. equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, and C. equisetifolia from Cotonou, Benin. The outstanding species/provenances are recommended for pilot planting at Kibaha and similar sites.     

Physiological responses of seedlings of two oak species to flooding stress

The physiological responses of 2-year-old seedlings of Nuttall＇s oak （Quercus nuttallii） and Southern red oak （Q.falcata） with two treatments i.e., deep-drowning and shallow-drowning, were studied. Taxodium distichum was selected as a control. The survival rates of seedlings were calculated, the photosynthetic indices were detected by Licor-6400 photosynthetic system instrument, and the root activities of seedlings were tested by the method of triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC）. Results showed that： 1） By experiencing flooding for 76 d and recovering for 60 d after water was drained off, all seedlings survived under the shallow-drowning treatment. None of Q. falcata seedlings died in the deep-drowning treatment until the 49th day. The survival rate of Q. falcata in the deep-drowning treatment was 30%. 2） Within 61 d of waterlogging treatments, the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, stomatal conductance （gs） and transpiration rate （Tr） showed a tendency of declining, but intercellular concentration of CO2 （Ci） increased. With the prolongation of flooding stress, the extents of variation for all indices under deep-drowning treatment were larger than those under the shallow-drowning treatment. The variation of Q. falcata in flooding stress was larger than that of Q. nuttallii. 3） The root vigor and alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） activities were detected at the 61st day in flooding stress. Waterlogging obviously inhibited root activities. Shallow-drowning made root vigor of Q. nuttallii decreased by 11.7%, and for Q. falcata, by 51.88%. Shallow-drowning treatment had no remarkable effects on ADH activities of seedlings, but deep-drowning increased those of Q. nuttallii seedlings by 227.24%, and decreased those of Q. falcata seedlings by 59.22% in the meantime. We conclude that Q. nuttallii had a stronger waterlogging resistance than Q. falcata, but weaker than T. distichum.     

水分胁迫对短梗大参生理生化特征的影响

为了探索短梗大参对水分胁迫的适应性,提供其引种驯化和园林栽培依据,以2年生短梗大参苗木为试验材料,采用盆栽试验和称重控水法进行土壤水分胁迫(设置土壤相对含水量分别为田间最大持水量的80%、70%、60%和50%,以田间最大持水量100%为对照),研究不同水分胁迫对短梗大参生理生化特征的影响。结果表明:短梗大参叶片相对含水量随着土壤水分胁迫程度加强而降低,最大降幅达34.50%;质膜在水分胁迫下易遭受破坏,在严重水分胁迫下相对质膜透性高达79.85%,丙二醛(MDA)含量增幅达121.07%;渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量在水分胁迫下增加,至土壤相对含水量70%时达到最高,分别比对照升高34.73%和40.39%,而可溶性蛋白质含量下降;总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量在水分胁迫下降低,而叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值升高。     

赤峰36号杨幼苗对水分协迫的生理响应

以赤峰36号杨1 a生幼苗为材料,采用渗透胁迫处理的方法,研究杨树幼苗生理指标对水分不同强度胁迫的响应,结果表明:在3种水分强度胁迫下,杨树幼苗各生理指响应不同,当PEG体积分数为10%时,苗木水势和POD活性较对照变化明显,但MDA含量和质膜相对透性变化不显著,说明该强度的水分协迫未对杨树幼苗造成生理伤害;当PEG质量分数为15%时,虽然MDA含量较对照变化不显著,但苗木水势、POD活性和质膜相对透性却发生了显著变化,尤以质膜相对透性变化明显,说明该强度的水分协迫已对细胞造成了伤害;当PEG质量分数达到20%时,4种生理指标较对照均出现显著变化,说明该强度的水分胁迫对幼苗造成了严重伤害。     

Variability in height growth,survival and nursery carryover effect of Betula papyrifera provenances

Eleven paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) provenances from a single geographic region in northern Idaho and four geographic regions in British Columbia (BC) were studied to determine whether morphometric variability was due to species' genetics, growing environment, or their interaction. Seedlings were grown at three nurseries in BC and Idaho and planted in a randomised single-tree interlocking block design at Skimikin (50°47′) and Red Rock (53°45′) common gardens in BC. Geographic variation in birch height growth was regulated by genetics and a complex interaction with environmental factors. Growth does not follow latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational clines although provenances at the southern garden showed better height growth compared to the northern garden. Greater percentages of seedling mortality were observed at the northern garden compared to provenances planted at the southern garden. Birch height growth was significantly influenced by nursery displacement effects up to four years after establishment. The safe range of southward seed-transfer distance may be as much as 5°, and beyond this limit a detrimental effect likely occurs. Collectively, these results suggest that a provenance best suited to one environment might not be the best for another environment. However, these findings will be useful in understanding the genecology of paper birch when establishing operational seed-transfer guidelines in BC.     

Growth and survival of Fagus sylvatica seedlings in relation to light intensity and soil water content

Previous investigations have shown different growth and root/shoot ratio increases of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica) with increased light intensity. In the present investigation both light intensity and soil water content were regulated on four levels in a factorial experiment. At the highest level of soil water content the seedling growth increased linearly with light intensity while the root/shoot ratio decreased with light intensity. At low levels of soil water content both the growth and root/shoot ratio slightly increased with increased light. The soil water content was also affected by the light intensity indicating that the soil water content may have caused unobserved effects in responding to increased light in previous investigations. It is concluded that both light intensity and soil water content should be quantified or manipulated even if only the effect of one of the two growth factors are investigated.     

Effects of solid water and foliar fertilizer on survival and growth of seedlings in sand prevention and control

To promote afforestation in sandy lands and increase the effects of prevention and control of desertification, the application of a new drought-resistant product—solid water and foliar fertilizer “Shifengle”—was studied. A comparison of three treatments (solid water, foliar fertilizer, and control) showed that both solid water and foliar fertilizer increased plant survival rate by 10% and 18.2%, respectively. Afforestation survival rates of Salix psammophila and Hedysarum mongolicum reached over 90%. In addition, height and crown growth as well as biomass of seedlings were improved by the treatments. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(3): 76–80 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

马尾松优良种源对磷肥的生长反应和肥效持续性

利用闽西地区缺磷立地上的10年生马尾松种源与磷肥交互作用试验林,研究优良种源施用磷肥10年内的生长反应特性和肥效持续性差异.结果表明:5个马尾松优良种源对施用磷肥的生长反应差异显著,进一步证实广东信宜和福建武平是2个耐低磷优良种源,而广西岑溪种源早期生长对磷肥敏感而后期敏感性较小,广东高州和江西崇义2种源在造林头几年的磷肥效应主要体现在树高生长上,10年生时则体现在胸径和材积生长上,应依据种源对磷肥生长反应特性差异科学施用磷肥.各参试种源的肥效大小有异,但都较为明显且持续时间较长.较之树高生长,径生长的肥效高、持续稳定,而高磷处理的肥效大于中磷处理,意味着施用磷肥与应用良种一样皆是营造马尾松速生丰产用材林的重要技术途径.种源与磷肥交互效应虽然在生长早期显著,但在进入快速生长期后则未显现,说明施用磷肥不会改变种源间的相对生长表现.施用磷肥能促进种源间树高生长的分化,但径生长的种源分化却明显减弱.施用磷肥能显著降低各种源林分内个体生长的异质性.