产絮凝剂菌种的筛选及其在猪场污水净化中的应用

分离高效絮凝剂产生菌以有效絮凝猪场污水中的悬浮物。通过稀释平板法和筛选培养基及以发酵液对猪场污水的絮凝率为指标复筛,从猪场污水沉淀池污泥中筛选获得一株产絮凝剂的细菌FD-14,并进行16S r DNA鉴定,然后以絮凝效果为标准,采用La(34)正交设计对其培养条件进行优化;采用单因素试验对其碳氮源进行优化。以最优培养条件下菌株的发酵液实际絮凝猪场污水,与化学絮凝剂的絮凝效果进行比较。分离得到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌FD-14,分子生物学鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),其产絮凝剂最适条件为温度33℃,p H值6.6,转速150 r/min,培养时间42 h。菌株FD-14利用淀粉作为其廉价碳源替代发酵培养基的絮凝率为80.80%,与原标准培养基差异不显著(P0.05);对猪场实际应用结果表明,微生物絮凝剂和化学絮凝剂对猪场污水絮凝率分别为79.0%和62.7%,微生物絮凝剂比化学絮凝剂对猪场污水絮凝率高16.3%。解淀粉芽孢杆菌FD-14是生物絮凝剂高效产生菌,其产生的絮凝剂可用于猪场污水悬浮物絮凝。     

不同壳聚糖改性黏土对小球藻的絮凝效应及絮凝条件优选

微藻个体微小,不易采收,为其开发利用带来了很大困难。利用酸性壳聚糖对3种不同类型的黏土矿物(膨润土、硅藻土、沸石)进行改性,制备无公害复合絮凝剂,探究其对小球藻(C.pyrenoidosa)的絮凝效果,并考察了复合絮凝剂的浓度、静置时间、藻液p H值和壳聚糖与黏土矿物的比例对絮凝率的影响。结果表明:复合絮凝剂的絮凝效果明显高于壳聚糖。其中壳聚糖改性硅藻土对小球藻的絮凝效果最佳,其最佳絮凝条件为p H值为8,壳聚糖和硅藻土的配比为1∶6,浓度为0.2 g/L,沉降120 min。在该条件下,小球藻的絮凝采收率可达到约96.16%。复合絮凝剂无毒环保,不会造成二次污染影响微藻生物质后续加工利用,是一种环境友好,安全健康的微藻絮凝剂,具有良好的应用前景。     

土壤保水扩蓄剂的制备及其性能研究

研究了淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应制备土壤保水剂的工艺,并对其吸水、保水性能进行了考察。最佳合成条件是:在淀粉与丙烯酰胺的质量比为3∶1、氢氧化钠为丙烯酰胺质量的75%、硝酸铈铵的浓度为5mmol/L、交联剂N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰胺的质量比为0.2%、反应温度控制在(60±2)℃的条件下,制得的保水扩蓄剂吸水率可以达到750g水/g。进一步试验表明,该聚合物具有提高土壤持水性和蓄水性、有效抑制土壤蒸发的功能。     

马铃薯淀粉废水生产微生物絮凝剂菌株筛选及其营养条件优化

研究以开发微生物絮凝剂新产品及探索马铃薯淀粉废水资源化利用途径为目的。以活性污泥为材料,分离到100株菌株,通过液体发酵培养,以发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率为评价指标,初筛到13株絮凝活性较高的菌株;根据菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝活性能力,复筛得到一株高产絮凝物质的酵母菌F5,经26SrDNA鉴定为Candida anglica。再通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了该菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件。结果表明,当废水pH值5.6,接种量为10%(体积分数),温度28℃,摇床转速为150r/min条件下,废水不灭菌发酵48h,C.anglica菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件为:以1mL/100mL甘油作为外加碳源,0.05g/100mL(NH4)2SO4为氮源,添加0.1g/100mL MgCl2和0.1g/100mL KH2PO4。验证试验表明,在该条件下,发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达到94.6%,使原废水化学需氧量(COD)去除率达到93.7%,絮凝活性提取物得率为1.36g/L,研究结果可为马铃薯淀粉废水处理及生物再利用提供理论依据和参考。     

Screening of bioflocculant-producing strains and optimization of its nutritional conditions by using potato starch wastewater

研究以开发微生物絮凝剂新产品及探索马铃薯淀粉废水资源化利用途径为目的。以活性污泥为材料,分离到100株菌株,通过液体发酵培养,以发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率为评价指标,初筛到13株絮凝活性较高的菌株;根据菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝活性能力,复筛得到一株高产絮凝物质的酵母菌F5,经26SrDNA鉴定为Candida anglica。再通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了该菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件。结果表明,当废水pH值5.6,接种量为10%（体积分数）,温度28 ℃,摇床转速为150 r/min条件下,废水不灭菌发酵48 h,C. anglica菌株利用马铃薯淀粉废水发酵产絮凝剂的最佳营养条件为：以 1 mL/100 mL甘油作为外加碳源,0.05 g/100 mL (NH4)2SO4为氮源,添加0.1 g/100 mL MgCl2和0.1 g/100 mL KH2PO4。验证试验表明,在该条件下,发酵液对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达到94.6%,使原废水化学需氧量（COD）去除率达到93.7%,絮凝活性提取物得率为1.36 g/L,研究结果可为马铃薯淀粉废水处理及生物再利用提供理论依据和参考。     

糖接枝处理改善大豆蛋白纤维聚集体泡沫稳定性

为了探究糖接枝对大豆蛋白纤维聚集行为和泡沫性质的影响,明确蛋白质结构与功能的关系,该研究以大豆蛋白(soy protein isolation,SPI)和乳糖(lactose)为原料,通过干热法制备糖接枝大豆蛋白(SPI-lactose conjugate,SPI-Lac),以及在酸性条件下加热诱导其形成纤维聚集体(p H值2.0),制备了一种糖接枝大豆蛋白纤维聚集体(SPI-lactose conjugate fibillar aggregates),并考察了糖接枝对大豆蛋白的纤维聚集行为及泡沫性质的影响。研究结果表明:大豆蛋白在酸性条件下(p H值2.0)经加热后会发生水解,同时水解产物不断聚集形成大分子的纤维聚集体。糖接枝导致大豆蛋白的水解速度下降,但荧光光强和粒径的结果表明糖接枝能增强纤维聚集能力。SPI-Lac在中性条件下的溶解度(p H值5.0—7.0)显著高于SPI(P0.05),且不同时间处理的SPI-Lac纤维聚集体均能改善SPI在酸性条件下的溶解度(p H值2.0—5.0)。此外,不同时间处理的SPI-Lac纤维聚集体在酸性条件下的起泡能力均高于SPI纤维聚集体。SPI和SPI-Lac纤维聚集体的形成会导致SPI起泡能力的下降,但是短时间酸热处理形成的纤维聚集体泡沫稳定性得到显著改善。因此,糖接枝结合短时间酸热处理制备的糖接枝大豆蛋白纤维聚集体在中性条件下的泡沫稳定性显著提高(P0.05),是合理有效的蛋白质改性方法。     

甲醛交联工业碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜的力学性能(英文)

以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇为原料,以甲醛为交联剂,利用流延法制备了碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联反应膜。通过单因素实验探索了碱木质素含量、甲醛含量、反应温度、交联时间、溶液p H值对碱木质素-PVA反应膜力学性能的影响。经甲醛交联反应,交联反应薄膜液的黏度大于共混薄膜液的黏度。结果表明,制备最佳力学性能薄膜的条件为碱木质素和聚乙烯醇的质量比为2∶8、甲醛占干物质量为8.8%、交联时间为40 min、反应温度为90℃、p H值为9。在保持薄膜仍然具有较好力学性能的前提下,碱木质素的加入量可达到20%。在最佳力学性能条件下,纯聚乙烯醇薄膜和碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联薄膜的断裂伸长率分别是205%和236%,拉伸强度分别是52和46 MPa。与纯聚乙烯醇薄膜相比,反应薄膜的断裂伸长率得到了提高,而拉伸强度降低。适当量的交联剂和较高的溶液温度有利于薄膜力学性能的提高。由于木质素在碱性条件下溶解,溶液p H值对薄膜的力学性影响较大。红外衰减全反射分析证明碱木质素和聚乙烯醇之间发生了交联反应。与纯聚乙烯醇薄膜相比,由于碱木质素的加入使聚乙烯醇分子间的距离增大,使薄膜内分子流动性增大,碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜的能量损耗和玻璃化转变温度降低。该研究为制备具有良好力学性能的薄膜提供了详细的数据。     

淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸钠高吸水树脂的电子束法制备及结构表征

本文将电子束辐照技术和功能材料制备技术相结合,采用10 Me V电子束辐照法引发糊化的木薯淀粉与部分中和的丙烯酸单体进行接枝共聚反应,并采用N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制备出一种淀粉接枝聚丙烯酸钠系高吸水树脂,并通过红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术对木薯淀粉和共聚产物的官能团结构和表面形态进行验证。采用正交试验设计方法分析单体/淀粉比、辐照剂量、交联剂/单体比以及单体中和度对该反应接枝参数以及吸水性能的影响,4种因素的变化均可引起共聚产物的吸水能力变化,影响显著性次序为:单体中和度单体/淀粉比交联剂/单体比辐照剂量。获得最佳吸水性能的反应条件为:AA/St=3.5 g·g-1,MBA/AA=5 mmol·mol-1,辐照剂量D=6k Gy,中和度为70%,上述条件下获得共聚产物的吸水倍数为435 g·g-1。本文为采用电子束法制备高吸水材料提供了科学依据与技术支持。     

积盐条件下土壤酸化过程的特异性研究

为探求设施内土壤积盐酸化与露地酸化的区别,人为模拟酸化和盐基淋失(自然洗盐)过程,分析洗盐前后土壤酸度特征的变化。结果表明:洗盐使电导值、有效钙(A-Ca)、交换性酸(EA)、有效阳离子交换量(CEC)、活性锰(Ac-Mn)含量均显著降低,活性铁铝(Ac-Fe、Ac-Al)含量、盐基饱和度(BSP)保持稳定或显著增高,p H显著升高。洗盐前后,土壤的EA、Ac-Al和Ac-Fe均随着p H的降低显著增高,而Ac-Mn、CEC均随着p H的降低显著下降;在出现一定量EA以后,BSP随p H降低显著下降,表明积盐酸化与露地酸化本质相同。但在等量酸加入时,设施内积盐土壤耕层酸化更快,酸害更严重,且易积盐,在治理酸化时须避免引入更多的盐分,以防加重盐害。     

壳聚糖絮凝回收分级等电沉淀后鱼糜漂洗水中蛋白质

为实现鱼糜漂洗水中蛋白质的洁净回收,同时达到净化鱼糜漂洗水及提高资源利用率的目的,该文针对分级等电沉淀回收蛋白质之后的低蛋白浓度废水,研究了蛋白-壳聚糖絮凝过程,探索了主要动力学和热力学因素对絮凝过程的影响;并根据Box-Benhnken设计进行了优化试验。结果表明,狭鳕鱼鱼糜漂洗水中蛋白质等电点主要集中在4.30和5.50,分级回收后蛋白质的回收率达到77.7%。其中絮凝时间、壳聚糖用量和脱乙酰度、絮凝温度和p H值对壳聚糖絮凝蛋白质均有影响,而絮凝温度的影响更多体现在50℃以上的较高温度区域。根据响应面分析结果,在脱乙酰度95%,反应时间90 min,p H值8.04,壳聚糖用量369 mg/L,温度19.6℃的条件下,可获得94.75%的蛋白总回收率,废水中蛋白质量浓度降至0.37 mg/m L以下。研究结果为富蛋白生产废水处理提供了技术参考。     

Extraction and isolation of lignin for utilization as a standard to determine lignin concentration using the acetyl bromide spectrophotometric method.

Lignin extracted with acidic dioxane was investigated as a possible standard for quantitatively determining lignin content in plant samples using the spectrophotometric method employing acetyl bromide. Acidic dioxane lignins were analyzed for carbohydrate, total protein, nitrobenzene oxidation products, and UV spectral characteristics. Total carbohydrate content of isolated lignins ranged from 2.21 to 5.70%, while protein ranged from 0.95 to 6.06% depending upon the plant source of the original cell wall sample. Nitrobenzene analysis indicated differences in the amount of guaiacyl and syringyl units making up the lignins, but this did not alter the UV spectrum of lignin solubilized in acetyl bromide. Regression equations developed for the acetyl bromide method using the isolated lignins for all the plant samples were similar to each other. Lignin values obtained by the acetyl bromide method were similar to the lignin values obtained as acid insoluble residues following a Klason lignin procedure.     

Behavior of monolignol glucosides in angiosperms

To examine the behavior of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol glucosides in lignifying tissues, angiosperms were subjected to tracer experiments using radioisotope-labeled and stable isotope-labeled glucosides. The aglycone from coniferaldehyde glucoside was efficiently incorporated into guaiacyl and syringyl lignin as a cinnamyl alcohol unit. The aglycone from coniferin was also incorporated into guaiacyl and syringyl lignin. However, some of the coniferin-derived aglycone that was incorporated into lignin passed through a cinnamaldehyde form prior to dehydrogenative polymerization. When coniferin was administered together with coniferaldehyde glucoside, syringyl units were rarely synthesized from coniferin via the cinnamyl alcohol stage, whereas numerous syringyl units were synthesized from coniferaldehyde glucoside. These observations suggest that the coniferaldehyde form is crucial for the biosynthesis of syringyl lignin in angiosperms.     

Characterization of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) lignin by analytical pyrolysis

Dioxane lignin prepared from sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) was characterized by analytical pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Large abundances of the p-hydroxybenzoates ester-linked to the lignin were proven by analytical pyrolysis as well as by mild alkaline treatment that produced p-hydroxybenzoic acid in 16.3% yield. Pyrolysis in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) before and after alkaline treatment also showed the presence of ester- and ether-linked p-hydroxybenzoates. Quantitative results of pyrolysis showed that the sago palm lignin is of syringyl type. The relative abundances of TMAH/pyrolysis products derived from the syringyl beta-aryl ether substructures were 4.9 times those of the guaiacyl equivalents. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis also showed the presence of the p-hydroxybenzoates and the predominance of the syringyl moiety over the guaiacyl ones in the sago palm lignin.     

Chemical characterization of lignin and lipid fractions in kenaf bast fibers used for manufacturing high-quality papers

The chemical composition of lignin and lipids of bast fibers from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) used for high-quality paper pulp production was studied. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) of fibers showed a lignin with a high syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (5.4) and minor amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units. Simultaneously, sinapyl and coniferyl acetates were also identified, indicating that this lignin is partially acetylated. p-Hydroxycinnamic acids were found in only trace amounts. The main lipids identified by GC/MS of extracts from kenaf fibers were series of long-chain n-fatty acids, waxes, n-alkanes, and n-fatty alcohols. Free and esterified sterols and triterpenols, steroid hydrocarbons, and steroid and triterpenoid ketones, as well as steryl glycosides, were also found. Finally, the fate of the main constituents of kenaf fibers in alkaline pulping was also investigated.     

The behavior of deuterium-labeled monolignol and monolignol glucosides in lignin biosynthesis in angiosperms

To examine the behavior of monolignol and monolignol glucosides in lignin biosynthesis, pentadeutero[9-D(2), 3-OCD(3)]coniferyl alcohol and pentadeutero[9-D(2), 3-OCD(3)]coniferin were synthesized and fed to growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Magnolia kobus. The differences in the incorporation patterns of these labeled precursors were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both precursors were incorporated into lignin, but the labeled coniferyl alcohol was incorporated more directly, resulting in a high proportion of pentadeutero-labeled guaiacyl and syringyl units in newly formed xylem, while labeled coniferin tended to be incorporated in lignin as tetradeutero units, especially in syringyl lignin in both trees. However, the incorporation efficiencies of the precursors into syringyl lignin were higher in Magnolia than in Eucalyptus, and the ratios of tetradeutero to pentadeutero in guaiacyl lignin were lower in Magnolia than in Eucalyptus when the trees were fed coniferin.     

Reactivity of lignin with different composition of aromatic syringyl/guaiacyl structures and erythro/threo side chain structures in β-O-4 type during alkaline delignification: as a basis for the different degradability of hardwood and softwood lignin

The reactivity of lignin during alkaline delignification was quantitatively investigated focusing on the effect of the structural differences between syringyl and guaiacyl aromatic nuclei and between erythro and threo in the side chain of β-O-4 type lignin substructure on the β-O-4 bond cleavage rate. It was known that the ratio of this reaction rate of the erythro to threo isomers of the dimeric β-O-4 type lignin model compound with two guaiacyl aromatic nuclei was ca. 4. However, the presence of a syringyl nucleus strongly influenced the rate, and the ratio of the syringyl type analogue was in the range between 2.7 and 8.0 depending on the reaction temperature. The effect of syringyl nucleus on the enhancement of the reaction rate appeared to be greater when the syringyl nucleus consists of the cleaving ether bond rather than being a member of the carbon framework.     

Occurrence of naturally acetylated lignin units

This work examines the occurrence of native acetylated lignin in a large set of vascular plants, including both angiosperms and gymnosperms, by a modification of the so-called Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC) method. Acetylated lignin units were found in the milled wood lignins of all angiosperms selected for this study, including mono- and eudicotyledons, but were absent in the gymnosperms analyzed. In some plants (e.g., abaca, sisal, kenaf, or hornbeam), lignin acetylation occurred at a very high extent, exceeding 45% of the uncondensed (alkyl-aryl ether linked) syringyl lignin units. Acetylation was observed exclusively at the gamma-carbon of the lignin side chain and predominantly on syringyl units, although a predominance of acetylated guaiacyl over syringyl units was observed in some plants. In all cases, acetylation appears to occur at the monomer stage, and sinapyl and coniferyl acetates seem to behave as real lignin monomers participating in lignification.     

Lignin deposition and associated changes in anatomy,enzyme activity,gene expression,and ruminal degradability in stems of tall fescue at different developmental stages

Stem tissues of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were sampled at three elongation stages and three reproductive stages. Anatomical analysis showed the deposition of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) lignin during plant development and the formation of a lignified sclerenchyma ring. A dramatic increase in Klason lignin content was found from elongation stage to reproductive stage. Lignin composition analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that S lignin content and S/G ratio increased with stem development, but contents of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and G lignins decreased during the same period. S lignin content and S/G ratio also increased from the younger upper internode down to the older basal internode of the stem, but G and H lignin decreased in parallel. Relative O-methyltransferase activities increased during stem development and in parallel with the lignification process of stem. The pattern of enzyme activity during development varied with the choice of substrate, with highest activities seen when substrates were caffeoylaldehyde and 5-hydroxyferulic acid, and lowest activities were seen when caffeic acid and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol were used as substrates. The expression of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes increased during the stem elongation stage and remained at high levels during the reproductive stages. The changes at anatomical, metabolic, and molecular levels during plant development were closely associated with lignification and degradability. This study provides an integrated picture of the molecular and chemical events that accompany changes in lignin deposition and ruminal degradability.     

Significant increases in pulping efficiency in C4H-F5H-transformed poplars: improved chemical savings and reduced environmental toxins

The gene encoding ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) was overexpressed in poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) using the cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) promoter to drive expression specifically in cells involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway and was shown to significantly alter the mole percentage of syringyl subunits in the lignin, as determined by thioacidolysis. Analysis of poplar transformed with a C4H-F5H construct demonstrated significant increases in chemical (kraft) pulping efficiency from greenhouse-grown trees. Compared to wild-type wood, decreases of 23 kappa units and increases of >20 ISO brightness units were observed in trees exhibiting high syringyl monomer concentrations. These changes were associated with no significant modification in total lignin content and no observed phenotypic differences. C4H-F5H-transformed trees could increase pulp throughputs at mills by >60% while concurrently decreasing chemicals employed during processing (chemical pulping and bleaching) and, consequently, the amount of deleterious byproducts released into the environment.     

Pyrolysis of lignin in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide: a convenient method for S/G ratio determination

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was applied to the determination of the ratio of the abundances of the syringyl beta-aryl ether subunits to those of the guaiacyl equivalents (S/G) in lignin. Diazomethane-methylated kenafs (Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa) and beech (Fagus crenata) in situ lignins were employed. Relative abundances of pyrolysis products derived from the guaiacyl and syringyl beta-aryl ether subunits were determined. The S/G ratios for in situ lignins were obtained with average 3.1% relative standard deviation for a minimum of six repeated runs. The S/G ratios determined by pyrolysis in the presence of TMAH agreed well with those determined by thioacidolysis, with a significant linear regression (R(2) = 0.9867). The results showed that pyrolysis with TMAH is an effective tool for obtaining information on the S/G ratio for in situ lignins.