同/异型乳酸菌对青贮玉米开窖后品质及微生物的影响

该研究旨在分析添加不同发酵类型的乳酸菌处理对开窖后玉米（Zea mays L.）青贮发酵品质、微生物数量及有氧稳定性的影响,为生产实践提供参考。设计4个添加乳酸菌玉米青贮处理：CK处理（不加任何菌剂）;T处理（同型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus plantarum和Pediococcus acidilactici复合添加,添加量为1∶1,1×105 cfu/g;Y处理（异型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus buchneri,添加量为1×105 cfu/g;TY处理（同型+异型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus plantarum、Pediococcus acidilactici和Lactobacillus buchneri复合添加,添加量为1∶1∶1,1×105 cfu/g。发酵期为60 d,检测开窖后各处理第0、48、96、144、192、240 h发酵品质及微生物的变化,应用隶属函数法对玉米青贮发酵品质及微生物数量进行综合评判。结果表明Y和TY处理的有氧稳定时间显著高于其余处理（63.87～64.67 h,P<0.05）,分别达到195.58和196.21 h,且乙酸质量分数始终显著高于CK和T处理（P<0.05）。T处理pH值始终显著低于其余处理（P<0.05）,且乳酸质量分数始终显著高于CK和Y处理（P<0.05）。Y处理WSC（water soluble carbohydrate）质量分数始终显著高于其余处理（P<0.05）,霉菌数量始终显著低于其余处理（P<0.05）。CK处理的NH3-N质量分数,好氧细菌数量及CO2产量始终显著高于其余处理（P<0.05）。开窖时间与各处理的CO2产量、乳酸菌和酵母菌数量分别满足Allometric1,ExpDec1和Logistic非线性关系,与霉菌和好氧细菌数量呈一元线性关系。综合评价排序：Y处理>TY处理>T处理>CK处理。因此,单一添加异型发酵乳酸菌的玉米青贮,开窖后在改善发酵品质、降低有害微生物数量、提高有氧稳定性方面均优于单一添加同型或复合添加乳酸菌的玉米青贮。     

青贮玉米与大豆秸秆混合比例及添加剂对青贮品质及微生物数量的影响

为明确晋北地区农牧交错带青贮玉米（Zea mays）与大豆（Glycine max）秸秆混合比例及添加剂对青贮品质及微生物数量的影响,以全株玉米和大豆秸秆为材料,按质量比10∶0(T0)、8∶2(T2)、6∶4(T4)、4∶6(T6)、2∶8(T8)、0∶10(T10)进行混合青贮,每个混合比例分别设无添加剂对照组（CK）和添加布氏乳杆菌（LB）两个处理,测定青贮饲料的营养成分、发酵品质及微生物数量,并进行感官评定。结果表明,除单独青贮大豆秸秆外,其他处理组的青贮饲料感官评定均为优良。随着大豆秸秆比例的增加,干物质、粗蛋白、水溶性碳水化合物含量增加,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量逐渐下降。青贮玉米和大豆秸秆混合比例为4∶6和2∶8时,乳酸含量高于其他处理组,而pH值、乙酸、丙酸含量和氨态氮/总氮低于其他处理组,且使用添加剂能改善饲料的青贮品质。同时,当青贮玉米和大豆秸秆以4∶6和2∶8的比例混合时,可形成养分互补,提高饲用价值,实现秸秆资源利用价值最大化。本研究为确定晋北地区农牧交错带混合青贮的最优混合比例提供了理论依据。     

氮磷钾配施对青贮玉米生物产量和营养品质的影响

采用二次回归正交组合设计，通过田间小区试验，研究了氮磷钾配合施用对青贮玉米产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明，综合考虑青贮玉米最大生物产量和经济效益，其适宜的氮肥（N）用量范围为308．4—365．0培柑，磷肥（P2O5）适宜用量范围为100．1—117．0kg／hm^2，钾肥适宜用量（K2O）范围为65．5～89．8kg俯。不同施氮和施磷水平对青贮玉米中粗蛋白含量有一定的影响。磷和钾的施用有助于干物质含量和钙的提高。     

不同轮作模式对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

为了探明苜蓿-青贮玉米(A-C)、大麦-青贮玉米(B-C)、小麦-青贮玉米(W-C)、燕麦-青贮玉米(O-C)、黑麦草-青贮玉米(L-C)5种不同轮作模式对青贮玉米产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响,以玉米-玉米(C-C)连作为对照,在2014年和2015年进行了田间随机区组试验。结果表明,不同轮作模式下青贮玉米产量、粗蛋白、淀粉、粗脂肪、p H值、有机质、速效养分和土壤酶活性指标均显著优于连作模式(P0.05)。A-C处理中青贮玉米产量、裹包青贮玉米的粗蛋白、淀粉、粗脂肪含量均高于其他处理,并分别高出对照(C-C)39.29%、27.90%、39.46%和28.30%。随着种植年限的延长土壤酶活性呈下降趋势,其中A-C和O-C处理中,蔗糖酶随着种植年限的延长明显下降;W-C处理中,碱性磷酸酶活性随着种植年限的延长明显下降。因子分析结果表明,不同轮作处理土壤肥力得分依次为A-CO-CB-CW-CL-C,说明苜蓿与青贮玉米轮作不仅有利于提高玉米产量和改善青贮饲料品质,还有助于改良土壤。本研究结果为长三角地区优质饲草轮作制度的建立提供了理论依据。     

玉米/大间作式对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤营养、根际微生物的影响

为明确冀西北地区玉米/大豆间作模式(简称玉豆间作模式)对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤微生物群落的影响,以青贮玉米中原单32与大豆绥农41为材料,于2017-2018年进行了 5种不同间作模式种植试验,测定了青贮玉米产量、品质以及土壤营养与微生物的变化.结果表明,与玉米单种(CK)相比,玉豆间作能明显提高青贮玉米产量、品质,...     

玉米/大豆间作模式对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤营养、根际微生物的影响

为明确冀西北地区玉米/大豆间作模式(简称玉豆间作模式)对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤微生物群落的影响,以青贮玉米中原单32与大豆绥农41为材料,于2017—2018年进行了5种不同间作模式种植试验,测定了青贮玉米产量、品质以及土壤营养与微生物的变化。结果表明,与玉米单种(CK)相比,玉豆间作能明显提高青贮玉米产量、品质,改善土壤营养和微生物菌落。玉豆2:1模式为该地区最佳间作模式,该模式青贮玉米产量为68.53 t·hm^-2,粗蛋白(CP)、淀粉含量明显增加,分别比CK多0.5和3.2个百分点;每吨干物质可生产的牛奶量达到1 539.00 kg·t^-1。与CK相比,玉豆间作下根瘤菌固氮作用明显,其中玉豆2:1模式下灌浆期根际土壤碱解氮含量为124.3 mg·kg^-1。此外,在玉豆间作模式中,玉米根际土壤中子囊菌门真菌表达丰度增加,担子菌门真菌表达丰度降低;出现柄孢壳菌、Harpophora radicicola等新真菌类型。玉豆2:1模式下玉米根际土壤微生物OTU最多,达到318个。本研究为冀西北地区开展高产、优质玉豆栽培技术模式提供了理论依据。     

轮作绿肥对盐碱地土壤性质、后作青贮玉米产量及品质的影响

为明确种植和翻压绿肥改良和培肥盐碱地的效果,采用田间试验研究了种植和翻压毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth.)、田菁(Sesbania cannabina Poir.)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis L.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)6种绿肥对中度苏打盐碱地土壤理化性质、返还土壤的N、P_2O_5和K_2O数量、后作青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)鲜草产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:与对照(不种植绿肥)相比,绿肥生长后期可显著提高土壤含水量1.0%~6.2%,使pH降低0.03~0.43,EC降低0.12~1.50 mS×cm~(-1);翻压绿肥可返还土壤N 15.6~195.4 kg×hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 5.3~58.8 kg×hm~(-2)和K_2O 34.5~127.9 kg×hm~(-2),使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别提高0.42~1.86 g×kg~(-1)、0.05~0.34 g×kg~(-1)、0.5~32.3 mg×kg~(-1)、0.42~4.65 mg×kg~(-1)和3.8~26.1 mg×kg~(-1);与对照相比,青贮玉米的鲜草产量和蛋白质含量分别增加1 294~19 391 kg×hm~(-2)和0.4~23.9 mg×g~(-1)。总体而言,种植和翻压豆科绿肥在保蓄土壤水分,降低土壤pH和EC,提升土壤有机质含量和N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分数量(特别是N素数量),提高青贮玉米鲜草产量与蛋白质等方面的效果均显著优于禾本科绿肥,其中以适应性强、生长快、生物量大的毛叶苕子处理的改良、培肥土壤,生产优质牧草的效果最好;其次是草木樨处理。种植和翻压豆科绿肥可有效改良中度苏打盐碱地,显著提高土壤肥力,提供无机养分替代部分化肥,提高优质牧草的生产,是适合大同盆地中度苏打盐碱地经济、有效和环保的改良模式,对稳定耕地面积、保证粮食安全具有重要意义。     

有机肥替代化肥对京郊夏播青贮玉米生长与饲料品质的影响

青贮玉米是当前玉米生产中的重要形式,有机肥替代化肥是提高青贮玉米生产效益的重要途径.本研究旨在通过田间试验为青贮玉米生产中实施有机肥替代化肥行动提供实验依据.试验设置4个处理:(1)100％化肥N,(2)70％化肥N+30％有机肥N,(3)40％化肥N+60％有机肥N,(4)100％有机肥N.测定指标包括生育期内植株生...     

添加初花期骆驼刺改善苜蓿青贮品质

为改善苜蓿的发酵品质,软化初花期骆驼刺的刺状花梗,确定二者的适宜混贮比例。采用初花期骆驼刺、紫花苜蓿及其二者不同比例混合料为青贮原料,共5个处理,青贮90 d后,通过分析青贮前、后的化学成分、乳酸菌和酵母菌数量变化;鉴定青贮饲料感官品质和发酵品质,研究骆驼刺与苜蓿混合青贮对青贮品质的影响。结果表明,2种豆科牧草混合后,干物质、可溶性碳水化合物含量、乳酸菌数量和酵母菌数量较苜蓿显著提高(P0.05);青贮90 d后的所有青贮饲料,乳酸菌数量明显上升,酵母菌数量明显下降;混贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮/总氮、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和甲醇、乙醇、丙醇含量显著低于苜蓿青贮(P0.05或P0.01),乳酸含量显著高于苜蓿青贮(P0.01);混贮饲料的乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于骆驼刺(P0.01),混贮饲料有氧稳定性好,感官品质优良。骆驼刺占混贮料的30%及以上时,均能改善苜蓿青贮品质。研究结果为骆驼刺资源开发利用,寻找无添加剂高水分苜蓿青贮方法提供理论依据。     

不同肥料配比对青贮玉米产量的影响

强化优质饲料专用玉米种植技术体系，加速扩大制造青贮喂饲规模，不仅可以解决农区、半农半牧区粗饲料季节性不足和质量差的问题，还可以降低饲养成本，提高奶牛产奶量和效益，推进养牛事业的发展和生态农业建设。肥料是对作物产量影响较大的因子，对要求以生物产量为主的青贮玉米影响更大。因此，在施肥方面研究N、P、K合理配比和最佳用量尤为重要。     

Plant density,distribution, and fertilizer effects on yield and quality of irrigated corn silage

Abstract

Grain deficits frequently occur in the Southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain because erratic rainfall patterns and soil properties often limit corn (Zea mays L.) yields, however, harvesting corn for silage may enable farmers to produce a second grain crop during the same calendar year. Effects of row spacing, plant population, and fertilizer program on yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of corn silage grown with irrigation on Typic Paleudult soils were therefore investigated. Two plant population treatments which averaged 7.0 and 10.1 plants m^‐2 were evaluated with two fertilizer programs that differed in N, N and K, and N, P, and K in 1980, 1981, and 1982, respectively. Each plant density by fertilizer combination was evaluated in single rows spaced 96 cm apart and in twin rows which approximately doubled the intrarow plant spacing. Plot size for the 2×2×2 factorial experiment ranged from 30 to 44 m². Yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of corn silage grown in single rows spaced 96 or 75 cm apart and twin rows were also evaluated in large (185 m²) plots under center pivot irrigation during 1981 and 1982.

Dry matter yields of 22 to 26 Mg ha^‐1 were achieved with plant densities of 6.7 to 13.5 plants m^‐2 at both experimental sites. Highest silage yields were produced with stand densities of 9 m or more planted in single 75 cm or twin rows, but yield differences were statistically significant at P(0.05) in only two of five site years. Increasing total N‐P‐K application beyond 200–30–167 kg ha”; increased crude protein slightly in 1980 and significantly in 1981 and 1982. Concentrations of Mn and Zn in silage were increased by higher fertilization, presumably because nitrification reduced surface soil pH and increased their availability. Dry matter yield, fiber, energy, and other mineral nutrients were not significantly influenced by fertilizer program. These experiments identified management practices for the Atlantic Coastal Plain which resulted in corn silage yields equal to those produced in the cooler mountain region of Georgia and that exceeded current average production in South Carolina by approximately 40% without reducing apparent feed quality.     

不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响

为了探讨不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响,利用乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂单独或联合使用对原料进行青贮调制，并对开封后的青贮饲料进行了现场评定、实验室评定、生物评定和二次发酵试验。结果表明：不同添加剂处理后得到的全株玉米、青玉米秸青贮饲料的感官评定均优于对照组；在降低青贮饲料的NDF、ADF含量，提高动物的消化率上，乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂混合作用时的效果最显著；另外，乳酸菌1和乳酸菌1＋酶制剂1能够有效地抑制青贮饲料的二次发酵。     

不同切碎方式对全株玉米青贮饲料品质影响的试验研究

该试验以乳熟期全株玉米为青贮原料,分别进行揉切、粉碎和切断处理,使用60 L青贮桶作为青贮装置,在室温下密封贮藏60 d后开封。试验结果表明：试验所用全株玉米的干物质含量为23.53％、可溶性碳水化合物含量为9.12％、粗蛋白含量为9.35％,为优质的青贮原料。经不同切碎方式的各组青贮饲料的有机酸含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05),pH值均在4.0以下,而且氨态氮与总氮的质量比也均在5.0以下,达到了优质青贮饲料的标准,虽然各青贮饲料的粗蛋白、粗灰分和可溶性碳水化合物含量有显著差异(P＜0.05),但均为优质的青贮饲料。综合比较,揉切青贮饲料的发酵品质和消化效果最好。     

溶氧量及搅拌速率对青贮玉米秸秆微曝气水解效果的影响

为提高秸秆好氧水解的生物可降解性,试验选用切碎揉丝的青贮玉米秸秆,水解液按照体积比为10%的量添加,以水解液溶氧量(1、2、3、4、5、6mg/L)和搅拌速率(50、100r/min)为变化因素,温度控制在35～38℃、总固体为5%,进行优化设计。研究发现,进行8 d,pH值及氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential,ORP)值趋近于稳定;搅拌速率为50 r/min、溶氧量为1～4 mg/L;以及搅拌速率为100 r/min、溶氧量为1～2 mg/L范围内,曝气量的提高,对脂肪酸的积累显著,且搅拌和曝气都可促进乙酸、丙酸和正丁酸的积累;搅拌速率为100 r/min,可溶性需氧量(soluble chemicaloxygendemand,s COD)的浓度整体呈现出高于搅拌速率为50 r/min时的状况;以纤维素降解为例,在搅拌速率为100 r/min条件下,溶氧为2 mg/L时,木质纤维素具有较高的降解率,达到48%。     

曝气生物滤池对玉米青贮渗出液处理效果

为了考察曝气生物滤池(biological aerated filter,BAF)处理玉米青贮渗出液的效果及其影响因素,重点考察了水力负荷、气水比、有机负荷和滤床高度。结果表明:水力负荷从0.5m3/(m2.h)升高到3.0m3/(m2.h)过程中,化学需氧量(COD)和NH3-N的去除率先升高后降低,当水力负荷1.5m3/(m2.h)时COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到最大为83.5%、74.9%;增加气水比使得系统中溶解氧充足,可明显提高COD和NH3-N去除率,当气水比为3.5:1时COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到最大为87.5%、75.2%;低有机负荷不利于COD和NH3-N的去除,当有机负荷为COD2.4kg/(m3.d)时,COD和NH3-N去除率最低分别仅为49.6%、58.5%,有机负荷为COD4.8kg/(m3.d)时去除率最高分别可达80.9%和75.9%,但过高的有机负荷反而对NH3-N去除不利,当有机负荷为COD7.2kg/(m3.d)时,NH3-N去除率降低为61.7%;滤床高度对硝化反应去除NH3-N影响较大,NH3-N生物硝化反应去除行为主要发生在0.6～1.0m区域。试验表明采用BAF系统处理玉米青贮渗出液是可行的,也为类似性质废水处理和改善农村水环境质量提供有益的参考。     

微孔深松耕降低土壤紧实度提高棉花产量与种籽品质

长期传统耕作导致土壤紧实形成犁底层是影响农田土壤质量和作物生长的关键障碍因子之一。为解决这一问题,于2013年4月至2014年5月在山西运城南花农场开展为期1 a的大田试验,对比研究微孔深松耕技术和旋耕机旋耕15~20 cm的传统耕作方法对土壤紧实度以及棉籽品质性状和生长发育的影响。结果表明:微孔深松耕技术较传统耕作方式,棉花苗期犁底层40 cm处土壤紧实度由9 069.70降低到558.80 k Pa,吐絮期犁底层40 cm处的土壤紧实度由8 089.70降低到1 174.20 k Pa,吐絮期0~40 cm土层中微孔深松耕土壤容重最大为1.05 g/cm3,传统耕作最大为1.56 g/cm3;在30 cm土层中,微孔深松耕的总根量比传统耕作方式多187.03%;微孔深松耕处理棉株棉铃的5室铃率较传统耕作增加15.00%,每个棉瓤的种子数平均增加1~2粒;棉籽的籽指、密度、绒长均明显增加,脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),蛋白质含量显著增加(P0.05),单株铃数比传统耕作增加6.34%,铃质量增加5.75%,皮棉产量增加10.12%。效益分析表明,采用微孔穴深松耕作种植棉花,每公顷净收益增加3 338.00元。该研究揭示了微孔深松耕作可有效打破犁底层,具有疏松土壤紧实度,并提高棉籽品质增加棉花产量,为该项技术应用于生产提供试验依据。     

Effects of phosphorus-based application of animal manure compost on the yield of silage corn and on soil phosphorus accumulation in an upland Andosol in Japan

Animal manure contains significant amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) that can be utilized as fertilizer. However, manure application rates are generally set to meet crop N demand, which results in excess P application which increases the risk of P loss into bodies of water. We examined the application method of manure compost based on crop P demand on the dry matter yield of silage corn (Zea mays L. var. indentata), on nutrient uptake and on soil P accumulation in an upland Andosol with a high P-fixing capacity. Cattle and poultry manure composts (CMC and PMC) with different P solubility were applied to meet the crop’s N requirements (N-based application) or P requirements (P-based application) in 3 consecutive years. Supplemental N was applied using polyolefin-coated urea in the P-based treatments. The dry matter yields and nutrient uptakes of silage corn in the P-based CMC and PMC application systems were similar to those in the corresponding N-based systems. The average relative efficiency of N in CMC (33%) was close to the predicted value (30%) during the study. On the other hand, the relative efficiency of N in PMC (42%) was higher than the predicted value (28%). The average relative efficiency of P from CMC and PMC was 109% and 50%, respectively. These were higher than the predicted values based on the available P proportion (the sum of water- and sodium bicarbonate-soluble P) for CMC (78%) and PMC (34%), indicating that the available P fraction in the manure composts was more effective than that in P fertilizer for corn growth or that the other P fractions were also effective for corn. P-based manure compost application lowered the soil P accumulation to between 41 and 43% of the value in the N-based accumulation (versus a value of between 31 and 40% of that value for soil Truog-P). Compared to N-based manure compost application, P-based manure compost application with supplemental N fertilizer produced similar dry matter yields of corn and suppressed soil P accumulation in the upland Andosol field.     

Subsequent nitrogen utilisation and soil water distribution as affected by forage radish cover crop and nitrogen fertiliser in a corn silage production system

Forage radish is a unique winter cover crop that is relatively new but becoming rapidly adopted in temperate, humid North America. Little is known about how the use of this cover crop may influence subsequent nitrogen availability, soil water accumulation in the soil profile in corn silage production system. In this present work, the average nitrogen uptake by silage corn increased significantly by 11.6% in cover plots compared with the no-cover control plots. The recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen in silage corn declined in cover plots compared to no-cover plots. The average soil water storage in cover plots was significantly higher than in the control after corn sowing and at the harvest stage. With increasing nitrogen application level, the average corn grain yield increased significantly at 56 and 112 kg N ha^?1 by 13.1% and 39.8%, respectively. Planting a forage radish cover crop can facilitate growth of silage corn and markedly improve total nitrogen uptake of corn. Consideration should be given to nitrogen application rate and also to avoiding excessive nitrogen input in the subsequent crop following a cover crop, thereby truly improving subsequent fertiliser use efficiency.