水田控制排水技术的环境效益初探

稻田排水是南方地区氮磷损失和面源污染的主要途径。农田氮磷通过降雨击溅侵蚀、排水沟坡面和沟底冲刷进入地表径流。控制排水可减少地面排水量和排水中氮磷浓度,尤其是降低径流中氮磷浓度,从而减少稻田氮磷损失。土壤颗粒沉淀、硝化、反硝化反应以及作物吸收是排水中氮磷浓度降低的主要原因。通过控制涝水在稻田和排水沟中的滞留时间,增加排水沟口溢流堰高度,降低径流水力坡度和抉沙能力是控制排水的主要手段。最后提出了稻田控制排水需要进一步研究的问题。     

人工生态池对稻田排水的减污效应分析

分析人工生态池不同水生生物对于稻田排水的净化作用。选取不同的挺水植物、浮水植物以及沉水植物，开展稻田排水人工生态池净化试验，分析不同水生植物对于稻田排水中的TN和NH₄⁺-N等污染物的净化作用。人工生态池对于稻田排水中TN、NH₄⁺-N的净化效果明显，不同水生植物在净化后第6～7 d左右均能够将污染物浓度降低到排水前的水平。其中黑藻对于TN、NH₄⁺-N的去除效果最好，净化4天即可达到90%以上的去除效果。人工生态池能够有效地净化稻田排水水质，减少农业面源污染的排放；黑藻的净化效果最好，适宜在人工生态池中进行推广种植。     

排水条件下稻田中氮素运移转化规律的试验研究

该文对室内外不同排水条件下淹水稻田土壤中氮素运移、转化规律进行了试验研究，对氮素在土壤和地下水中的运移动态及分布过程进行了初步探讨，可为拟定合理的水肥管理措施提供依据。     

淹灌稻田的暗管排水中氮素流失的试验研究

为研究淹水稻田在排水条件下的氮肥流失规律,在上海青浦农田水利试验站进行了田间试验。试验资料分析表明,在淹水层中施肥后氮素浓度衰减呈指数消退。在稻,麦连作田块,水稻生长期内,氮的挥发损失较大,而通过暗管排水流失的氮素占全部损失量比例较小。     

排水条件下稻田中氮素运移转化规律的试验研究

该文对室内外不同排水条件下淹水稻田土壤中氮素运移、转化规律进行了试验研究，对氮素在土壤和地下水中的运移动态及分布过程进行了初步探讨，可为拟定合理的水肥管理措施提供依据。     

稻田水肥资源高效利用与调控模拟

水和肥是影响作物产量与生态环境的重要因素。为揭示稻田水肥利用规律,以达到稻田节水、省肥、高产、减排的目标,该文以湖北省漳河团林实验站稻田水肥耦合灌溉与控制排水试验观测数据为基础,联合运用作物生长模型ORYZA 2000和田间水文模型DRAINMOD 6.0,模拟分析不同降水、节灌、施肥、控排条件下的水稻产量与稻田排水量响应关系,得出了稻田水肥调控的临界条件,即采用稻田间歇灌溉方式,灌水定额30 mm,施氮量170 kg/hm2左右,控制排水水位20 cm时,节水12.5%～18.87%、省肥35.1%、增产11%、减排19.9%。本研究对加强农田水肥科学管理,提高水氮生产效率,防治农业面源污染,促进灌区可持续发展具有重要意义。     

汛期机插水稻大田管理的技术要点

1.突击排水区别不同地区的洪涝受灾情况,①对大面积过水、受灾较轻的稻田,要突击排积水;②对已被淹没且能及时排水的稻田,要争分夺秒地突击排水救苗;③对淹水时间过长、死苗严重的稻田应及早做好改种准备,搞好生产自救。     

暗管与鼠道组合排水改造渍害稻田试验

对湖积平原区的粘土渍害稻田,采用暗管与鼠道双层组合排水,在小麦、油菜生育期的雨季中,鼠道能有效地排除稻田的耕层滞水,减小田间地下水位上涨幅度;雨停后,在暗管排水作用下,地下水能迅速回降到离田面0.6～0.7m;稻田淹灌期,鼠道排水可增加两暗管之间的入渗强度,排泄土壤中有害物质。在渍害稻田改造中,适当加大暗管间距(24m),中间辅以鼠道排水,可起到工程投资省,改土效果明显,增产效益大的作用。     

平原河网地区稻田排水过程及其受外河影响的研究

为了探寻符合平原河网地区特点的排水系统最佳布置及管理方案,根据江苏常熟稻田排水观测试验,结合田间水文模型-DRAINMOD模型,分析了河网地区独特的水量平衡关系,确定了稻田排水量以及农田与外河的交换水量,并根据研究区的排水要求计算了可以削减的排水量。结果表明,在现有灌排制度下,生长期内稻田实际排水量约816mm,远高于当地所推荐的适宜排水量,可削减排水量约216mm,占目前灌水量的21.4%;按照当地所推荐的适宜排水量,利用DRAINMOD模型,当暗管埋深为90cm时,排水间距以25m为宜。研究区农田与外河的水位差较小,当外河距离农田大于30m时,实际水量交换很小;外河对农田的影响主要表现为对农田排水系统功能的抑制作用。     

有关农田排水标准研究的几个问题

本文根据在田排水的任务，对农田除涝排水标准、防渍排水标准和控制盐碱化排水标准等三方面概述了已有调查总结和试验研究工作，在此基础上提出了在排水标准中有待研究解决的问题。     

关于新疆叶尔羌河灌区排水问题的认识

以叶尔羌河灌区为对象, 讨论了内陆干旱区绿洲灌区排水的条件和特点。对内陆干旱区排水的重要特点即旱排与生物排水作出估计, 提出努力实现“水盐平衡”是排水的目标, 在进行排水规划同时也应作出排盐规划     

渠道排水管的位置对减小渠道扬压力的影响

降低渠底和两侧地下水位对保证大型明渠边坡稳定和渠道安全具有重要意义.以山东省胶东引黄调水工程莱州段为研究对象,建立了二维水文地质模型及渠道边坡渗流模型,定量分析渠道两侧不同高度和不同水平距离的排水管降压效果;根据不同排水管位置下总水头和孔隙水压的变化规律,确定渠道排水降压的最佳位置.研究表明:渠底排水降压效果最佳位置是...     

暗管控制排水对棉田排水的影响

对几次较大规模降雨产生排水后排水量、排水氮素含量、地下水位等进行观测,结果发现暗管排水使得地表、地下排水量被重新分配,控制水位排水使地表排水量所占比例提高、而总排水量比常规排水减少36.4%～82.7%、地下排水峰值量较常规排水减少7.2%～85.4%。地表、地下排水硝氮质量浓度较低,一般低于4 mg/L;地表排水总氮质量浓度在2.3～11.5 mg/L之间,地下排水总氮质量浓度在0.6～9.1 mg/L之间。要减少氮素流失总量,减少排水量是关键。     

Testing and statistical analysis of the performance of a pipe drainage system: A case study in north-eastern Italy

A survey program was carried out from June 1988 to august 1989 in North-eastern Italy in a pipe drainage area of 61 ha in order to verify if the year of installation (one part of the system has been installed in 1984 and another one year later) and the cover material of drains (pipes were covered with cocofibre for 2/5 of their length and without envelope for 3/5) could influence the functioning of the system. Collected data of drain discharge and water table depth were subjected to an elaborate statistical analysis.A methodological approach to determine the sample size (how many measurements of discharge and watertable depth are required, in space and time, from a statistical stand-point) in drainage experiment is proposed. For drainage systems similar to the considered one, a sample size of 10–12 drains and 6–8 observation wells can be recommended in order to obtain a standard error lower than 10–15% of the mean.     

Modeling the impact of alternative drainage practices in the northern Corn-belt with DRAINMOD-NII

The hydrologic and water quality impacts of subsurface drainage design and management practices are being investigated through field and simulation studies throughout the northern Corn-belt. Six years of data from an ongoing field study in south central Minnesota (Sands et al., 2008) were used to support a modeling effort with DRAINMOD-NII to investigate: (1) the performance of the model in a region where soils are subject to seasonal freeze-thaw and (2) the long-term hydrologic and water quality characteristics of conventional and alternative subsurface drainage practices. Post-calibration model prediction and efficiency were deemed satisfactory using standard model performance criteria. Prediction errors were primarily associated with early spring snowmelt hydrology and were attributed to the methods used for simulating snow accumulation and melting processes, in addition to potential sublimation effects on ET estimates. Long-term simulations with DRAINMOD-NII indicated that drainage design and/or management practices proposed as alternatives to conventional design may offer opportunities to reduce nitrate (NO₃)-nitrogen losses without significantly decreasing (and in some cases, increasing) crop yields for a Webster silty clay loam soil at Waseca, Minnesota. The simulation study indicated that both shallow drainage and controlled drainage may reduce annual drainage discharge and NO₃-nitrogen losses by 20-30%, while impacting crop yields from −3% (yield decrease) to 2%, depending on lateral drain spacing. The practice of increasing drainage intensity (decreasing drain spacing) beyond recommended values appears to not significantly affect crop yield but may substantially increase drainage discharge and nitrate-nitrogen losses to surface waters.     

山区田间水利工程的规划设计

山区地形复杂,田块分散。因此,合理规划设计田间灌排工程,以避免串灌串排,达到灌排分家,是山区农田水利规划设计所要解决的主要问题之一。根据武陵山区的特点,对几种典型地形的田间工程归纳了相应的规划设计方案。经有关专家审议,已在武陵山区世界粮援项目(WFP中国3779)中采用。     

Adaptability constraints of a technically and economically feasible subsurface drainage system in the low-lying acid sulphate soils of Kerala,India

This paper discusses the introduction of subsurface drainage as a tool to improve rice production in low land areas of acid sulphate soils. Pipe drains with 15 and 30 m spacing were installed in farmers fields in coastal lowlands of Kerala, India, at Kuttanad. Soil conditions improved within 2 years after the introduction of the subsurface drainage and significantly improved the crop yield. Data collected over a period of 14 years, showed a yield increase of 1.1 t/ha (43%) compared to non-drained areas. An economic analysis indicated that subsurface drainage is feasible with a benefit–cost ratio of 2.45, an internal rate of return of 47% and a net present value of Rs 5.17 million. The poor financial status of the farmers, however, is the main constraint for the large-scale adoption of the comparatively capital-intensive subsurface drainage systems in the acid sulphate soils of Kerala.     

Drainage Design in the Gharb Plain in Morocco

The Gharb plain in Morocco faces both problems of excesswinter rainfall and salinity hazards due to a shallow,permanent and saline groundwater. A large area of 80.000 hahas been equipped with subsurface drains out of a totalplanned area of 200.000 ha. This system has been designedwithout any local references and has encountered severalmaintenance problems mainly caused by high drain depths.A pilot experiment has been installed to provide drainagedesign criteria appropriate to the local conditions. Mainexperimental results based on water and salinity balance andon groundwater flow are presented in the paper. They show thatin the Gharb plain, drainage systems should be designed fromwinter drainage design criterion. The paper also stresses onthe particular attention to paid to the surface drainage whichremove about 40% of the excess water.     

改进暗管排水结构型式对排水性能的影响

提出一种占用耕地少、排水流量较常规暗排大且环境友好的改进暗排。基于室内土柱试验,分析改进暗排在地表积水、土体饱和条件下的排水除涝性能及其机理,提出地表积水土体饱和入渗条件下改进暗排排水流量的理论计算公式。结果表明,改进暗排可以有效提高暗管排水能力,试验条件下,反滤体宽度为2~6 cm的改进暗排在自由出流条件下的排水流量为常规暗排排水流量的2~3倍;积水层深度相同时,改进暗排排水性能随反滤体宽度的增加而增大,但增幅逐渐减小;土体介质和反滤体的渗透系数差别越大,改进暗排的排水作用越明显。理论方法计算结果与试验结果相吻合,证明提出的理论计算公式是合理可行的。     

黄河下游灌区农田排水再利用效应模拟评价

在田间试验观测基础上,采用SWAP模型分析黄河下游簸箕李引黄灌区农田排水再利用下的土壤盐分季节性变化以及地下水位对土壤盐分剖面分布的影响,模拟农田排水补灌对作物产量的效应。研究结果表明,咸排水补灌引起的土壤盐分积聚主要在冬小麦生长期,夏玉米生长期内并不明显,有效地控制地下水位有助于减少土壤盐分累积量,维系作物根区的盐分平衡。利用含盐量为4mg/cm3以下的农田排水在冬小麦生长后期水分亏缺阶段进行补灌,可在基本不影响随后夏玉米产量的基础上,不同程度地改善冬小麦产量。对缺水严重的黄河下游引黄灌区,农田排水再利用是缓解水资源供需矛盾、改善作物产量的一种有效水管理措施。