生物质炭对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系形态的影响

为了探讨生物质炭对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系形态的影响,该文利用田间小区试验研究了生物质炭不同施用水平对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、根形态的影响及差异性。结果表明:生物质炭显著增加了冬小麦茎蘖数、有效穗数和产量(P0.05),与对照相比,其增加比例范围分别为1.6%~4.9%、0.7%~1.5%、1.0%~5.9%。冬小麦耗水量随着生物质炭施用量的增加而逐渐减小,水分利用效率由对照的17.06 kg/(hm2·mm)提高到17.69~19.57 kg/(hm2·mm)。生物质炭显著增加了冬小麦根系总根长和总表面积(P0.05),在0~20和≥20~40 cm范围内,总根长的增加比例范围分别为2.8%~14.6%、8.4%~21.2%;总表面积增加比例范围分别为5.6%~19.5%、1.9%~13.6%。冬小麦根系形态特征与冬小麦产量呈极显著正相关(P0.001)。各处理中以生物质炭施用量为40 t/hm2的处理对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系生长的促进作用最为显著。该研究可为科学施用生物质炭提供参考。     

混合施用微咸水和氮肥对甜高粱生物量和产糖量的影响

Soil salinization and non-point source pollution are among the most important and widespread environmental problems in European Mediterranean regions. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench var. saccharatum) is a moderate to high salinity tolerant crop with low water and nutrient needs, seen as an alternative to grow in the water scarce regions. A three-year multifactorial study was conducted in southern Portugal to evaluate the combined effects of saline water and nitrogen application on the dry biomass (total, stems, and leaves), sugar content (total reducing sugars and sucrose contents), and sugar yield (here defined as the product of total reducing sugars and stems dry biomass) functions of sweet sorghum. Sorghum dry biomass and sugar yield showed diminishing returns for each incremental change of nitrogen. The use of saline irrigation waters also led to yield reduction. Exception was sucrose content which increased with increasing levels of sodium in the soil. Nitrogen need decreased as the amount of sodium applied increased. Stem dry biomass, sucrose content, and sugar yield progressively increased with progress in the experiment. The effect could be attributed to the increase of the amount of irrigation applied throughout the years, thus increasing the leaching fraction which promoted salt leaching from the root zone, reduced the salinity stress, increased plant transpiration, nitrogen uptake and biomass yield.     

Effect of elevated carbon dioxide and water stress on gas exchange and water use efficiency in corn

CO₂ has been predicted to increase in the future, and thus leading to possible changes in precipitation patterns. The objectives of this study were to investigate water use and canopy level photosynthesis of corn plants, and to quantify water use efficiency in corn plants under two different CO₂ levels combined with four different water stress levels. Corn plants were planted in sunlit plant growth chambers and a day/night temperature of (28/18 °C) was applied. From 21 days after emergence (DAE), the eight treatments including two levels of carbon dioxide concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol⁻¹) and four levels of water stress (well-watered control, “mild”, “moderate”, and “severe” water stress) treatments at each CO₂ level were imposed. Height, number of leaves, leaf lengths, and growth stages of corn plants were monitored from nine plants twice a week. Corn plants were separately collected, dried, and analyzed for the biomass accumulation at 21 and 60 DAE. Soil water contents were monitored by a time domain reflectometry (TDR) system (15 probes per chamber). The “breaking points” (changes from high to low rates of soil water uptake) were observed in the bottom of soil depth for the water stressed conditions, and the “breaking points” under ambient CO₂ appeared 6-9 days earlier than under elevated CO₂. Although approximately 20-49% less water was applied for the elevated CO₂ treatments than for ambient CO₂ from 21 DAE, higher soil water contents were recorded under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂. However, corn growth variables such as height, leaf area, and biomass accumulation were not significantly different in CO₂ or water stressed treatments. This result may be explained by considering that significant differences in canopy level gross photosynthesis among the water stress treatments was observed only toward the end of the experiment. The higher soil water contents observed under elevated CO₂ resulted mainly from less water use than under ambient CO_2. WUE (above ground biomass per water use since 21 DAE) at the final harvest was consistently higher and varied with a smaller range under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂. This study suggests that less water will be required for corn under high-CO₂ environment in the future than at present.     

栽培方式对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

为进一步明确我国西北地区全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培技术的增产机理,为干旱半干旱地区玉米高产栽培提供理论与技术支持,2008—2009年采用田间试验方法,研究了7种不同栽培方式对陇东地区旱地玉米根系时空分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:不同栽培方式下玉米根系长度和根干重均随生育期的推进逐渐增加,且随土层的加深呈逐渐下降趋势。其中,全膜双垄沟播等行距种植模式0~150 cm土层玉米根系长度显著大于半膜双垄沟播、常规地膜覆盖和露地种植模式(P<0.05);120~150 cm土层根长百分比表现为全膜双垄沟播撮苗种植模式最大,全膜双垄沟播等行距种植模式次之,露地种植模式最小;根干重主要集中在0~30 cm土层,且垄沟>垄中,全膜双垄沟播>常规覆膜>半膜双垄沟播,等行距种植>撮苗种植;与半膜双垄沟播、常规地膜覆盖和露地种植模式相比,全膜双垄沟播等行距种植玉米籽粒产量分别提高17.72%、22.01%和47.00%,水分利用效率分别提高6.41%、18.54%和43.57%,是陇东地区旱作玉米的最佳栽培方式。     

干旱胁迫对河西走廊边缘绿洲甜高粱产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响

为研究能源作物甜高粱在干旱区不同土壤水分条件下的生产力和水分利用状况, 在甘肃河西走廊边缘绿洲区, 对3 种土壤水分(正常水分、中度干旱和重度干旱)条件下甜高粱产量、品质和水分利用效率进行分析。结果表明: 中度干旱胁迫下甜高粱茎秆和整个地上部生物产量最高, 其鲜重分别为77.3 t·hm^-2 和101.1 t·hm^-2, 干重分别为27.6 t·hm^-2 和34.9 t·hm^-2。3 种土壤水分条件下茎秆汁液锤度分别为21.9%(正常水分)、22.1%(中度干旱)和22.4%(重度干旱), 但差异不显著。中度干旱胁迫下甜高粱的水分利用效率最高, 为4.72 kg·m^-3。说明适度的土壤水分亏缺, 不仅有利于甜高粱生产力和品质的提高, 而且更有利于节约水资源。     

钾肥分期施用对苏丹草生长和产量的影响

在大田条件下研究了KCl分期施用对苏丹草产量及生长性状的影响。结果表明，基肥施用一定量KCl对基本苗数量影响不大，过量施用KCl则对苏丹草基本苗产生抑制作用。施钾没有导致苏丹草叶片质量比例下降。施用KCl明显提高苏丹草对蚜虫的抵抗能力，5个施钾处理所寄生的蚜虫数量平均为不施钾的27．2％。施用KCl显著增加苏丹草鲜草产量和经济效益，在钾肥用量相同时，不同施钾时期及钾肥用量分配对产量产生显著影响。在5个施钾处理中，以50％作基肥、在第2、3和4次收获后平均施用余下50％钾肥的增产效果最好，比对照增产16615kg／hn^2，增产幅度达26．1％，每千克K20增收苏丹草46．2kg；而KCl一次性作基肥施用增产效果较差。     

水氮梯度对饲用甜高粱生长和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探究不同灌溉量和施氮水平对饲用甜高粱生长特性、单株耗水规律以及水分利用效率的影响,为确定饲用甜高粱适宜种植密度、优化水氮管理措施以及提高栽培生产潜力提供理论支撑。【方法】在温室条件下进行二因素三水平随机区组试验,供试饲用甜高粱品种为‘大力士’。设置了3个灌溉量,分别为达到田间持水量的30%～50%(I1)、50%～70%(I2)、70%～90%(I3);设置了3个施氮水平,分别为0 kg/hm² (N0)、200kg/hm² (N1)、400 kg/hm² (N2)。在饲用甜高粱拔节期取样,测定甜高粱株高、茎粗、鲜重与干重。同时,采用自动称重式蒸渗仪测定单株耗水动态,计算了干物质水分利用效率。【结果】1)增加灌溉量显著增加了饲用甜高粱株高和茎粗,与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下甜高粱株高分别提高了20.0%和34.5%,茎粗分别增加了18.0%和36.6%。施氮对株高和茎粗无显著影响。2)增加灌溉量显著提高甜高粱植株茎、叶及地上部鲜重和干重,施氮水平仅显著影响叶的鲜重和茎的干重。与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下地上部...     

钾肥分期施用对苏丹草生长和产量的影响

在大田条件下研究了KCl分期施用对苏丹草产量及生长性状的影响。结果表明,基肥施用一定量KCl对基本苗数量影响不大,过量施用KCl则对苏丹草基本苗产生抑制作用。施钾没有导致苏丹草叶片质量比例下降。施用KCl明显提高苏丹草对蚜虫的抵抗能力,5个施钾处理所寄生的蚜虫数量平均为不施钾的27.2%。施用KCl显著增加苏丹草鲜草产量和经济效益,在钾肥用量相同时,不同施钾时期及钾肥用量分配对产量产生显著影响。在5个施钾处理中,以50%作基肥、在第2、3和4次收获后平均施用余下50%钾肥的增产效果最好,比对照增产16615kg/hm2,增产幅度达26.1%,每千克K2O增收苏丹草46.2kg;而KCl一次性作基肥施用增产效果较差。     

Effect of soil structure on wheat root growth, water uptake and grain yield. A computer simulation model

A model for simulation of wheat root growth under non-optimal conditions has been developed. The following influences on root growth are considered: soil temperature; soil water suction and mechanical resistance dependent on soil density and soil water content; the occurrence of soil cracks. The probability of root tips finding cracks, where unimpeded growth can occur, is given special consideration, including the effect of changes in the crack system with changes in soil water content. Water uptake is calculated, and by use of a transpiration coefficient an estimate of dry-matter production is made. This is partitioned between roots, leaves and stem and later grain. Effects of soil fertility are not yet considered in this model.A sensitivity analysis of the model was made by varying the soil density profile, the occurrence of cracks, sowing date and plant density for several years of weather data. The variability, caused by the fact that only a limited number of root axes was simulated in each run and guided by random numbers, was also investigated.The model can be used to assess the effects of compaction on wheat yield, and also the likely benefits which may be derived from sub-soiling or slit-tillage.The model is written in Digital's VAX FORTRAN language, and a run for one growing season takes less than 10 seconds of CPU-time on a VAX 11/785 computer.     

不同养分配比对高粱根系生长及养分吸收的影响

为探明高粱养分吸收和根系生长对氮、磷、钾胁迫的响应,通过长期定位试验,在高粱/玉米轮作条件下研究了不同养分配比NPK、PK、NK、NP、CK对高粱根系生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:与NPK相比,长期不施氮肥(PK)条件下高粱总根长增加18.29%,总根体积降低26.52%,且根系主要分布在0~10 cm土层,直径小于0.5 mm细根所占比例显著增加。不施磷肥(NK)显著抑制了高粱根系生长,总根长、总根表面积和总根体积分别降低24.03%、27.48%和41.29%。不施钾肥(NP)对细根生长有明显抑制作用。不施氮、磷、钾均降低高粱对相应养分的吸收和累积,不施氮促进了营养器官中氮和钾素向籽粒转运,不施磷或钾肥抑制了氮、磷及钾的转运。高粱对养分的吸收、积累和转运与根系形态有关,不同养分积累与运转与根系形态关系表现不尽相同:氮素、钾素积累和转运与根系形态具有较好的相关性,氮素的积累和转运与植株生物量和产量的相关性大于磷素和钾素。综上,高粱根系形态及养分吸收对氮、磷及钾胁迫响应不同,该研究可为不同养分瘠薄地高粱高效栽培提供理论依据。     

亏缺灌溉对马铃薯生长产量及水分利用的影响

为了解析马铃薯不同品种对水分亏缺的响应,探讨不同品种对水分需求量的差异,该研究在大田遮雨棚滴灌下,以马铃薯品种‘青薯9号’和‘大西洋’为材料,参考西北区和本试验区的年平均降雨量,设置5个水分处理,将参考试验区年平均降雨量的值划分为正常灌水(A),逐级调亏灌水量的值划分为轻度(B)、中度(C)、重度(D)和特重度(E)亏缺灌水处理,研究灌水量对不同品种马铃薯植株生长(株高、茎粗、叶面积)、生物量与分配、叶片相对含水量、产量与构成因素、水分利用的影响。结果表明:正常灌水下,‘青薯9号’株高增长速度大于‘大西洋’,且测定期内持续增高,但‘大西洋’叶面积快速扩增期的扩增速度大于‘青薯9号’;2个品种各器官干质量变化趋势不一致,‘大西洋’各器官干质量呈增长趋势,‘青薯9号’茎叶和根干质量呈前期增长后期下降、块茎干质量呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),且‘青薯9号’块茎生物量分配比例最高值为57.96%,仅是‘大西洋’最高值的67.43%;2个品种叶片相对含水量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;‘大西洋’单株结薯数、单株产量、公顷产量、商品薯率高于或显著高于亏缺灌溉(P0.05),‘青薯9号’仅商品薯率和大薯率高于或显著高于亏缺灌溉(P0.05),其他指标则显著低于轻度亏缺灌溉(P0.05),水分利用效率和灌水效率分别为152.62kg/(hm~2·mm)和130.70%。亏缺灌溉下,随水分亏缺度加重,‘大西洋’株高、茎粗和叶面积扩增的抑制大于‘青薯9号’,2个品种叶片相对含水量降低、生物量积累的增速和绝对值降低、产量和大薯率显著下降(P0.05),且‘青薯9号’上述指标的降幅小于‘大西洋’,其中轻度亏缺灌溉下,‘青薯9号’单株结薯数和公顷产量具有补偿效应,较正常灌水分别增加22.79%和11.71%,水分利用效率提高41.48%、灌水效率提高60.05%,抗旱系数为1.12。因此,‘青薯9号’轻度亏缺灌溉,可控制其地上部旺盛生长,利于块茎形成和膨大,‘大西洋’应保证充足水分供给,不宜亏缺灌溉。     

灌溉水含盐量对辣椒产量品质及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨灌溉水含盐量对辣椒耗水、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,于2015年4—7月在江苏省农业气象试验站进行盆栽辣椒试验。试验共设置5个灌溉水盐分处理,灌溉水含盐量分别为0.9(CK)、1.6、2.7、4.7和7.0 d S/m。结果表明,耗水量随着灌溉水含盐量和饱和土壤浸提水含盐量(electrical conductivities of saturated soil extracts,ECe)的增加呈显著线性下降趋势。与CK处理相比,灌溉水含盐量高于1.6 d S/m时,辣椒产量显著降低27%~65%(P0.05)。通过相对产量与ECe的线性拟合得出,临界ECe为1.5 d S/m,ECe每增加1 d S/m产量降低5.61%,这也表明辣椒为中等盐分敏感的植物。灌溉水含盐量增加降低了果长、最大果宽、单果质量、果实个数和果实含水率,但增加了果实硬度和可溶性固形物。辣椒的水分利用效率也随着灌溉水含盐量增加而极显著线性下降(P0.001)。灌溉水含盐量为1.6 d S/m时,辣椒耗水、产量、品质和水分利用效率均没有显著降低,在水资源匮乏的地区可采用该电导率下的盐水对辣椒进行灌溉。研究为微咸水灌溉下辣椒生产和水分利用效率的提高提供了科学依据。     

微润灌对作物产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探明微润灌对作物生长及产量的影响,以夏玉米和冬小麦为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计,对比研究微润灌不同毛管间距布置(20 cm、40 cm、60 cm)、地下滴灌和无灌溉对大田作物产量、水分利用效率和土壤电导率的影响。结果表明:与地下滴灌相比,微润灌用水量约为地下滴灌的1/4~4/5;由于灌水差异较大,作物产量有所降低,夏玉米产量显著下降(P0.05),冬小麦产量下降,但未达显著水平(P0.05);两作物水分利用效率有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05);灌溉水分利用效率均显著提高(P0.05)。随微润管布置间距的减小,作物产量呈增加趋势,作物水分利用效率与灌溉水分利用效率均呈减小趋势。综合考虑分析,在较为缺水的塿土区微润管最佳布置间距60 cm,此时可不显著降低产量同时提高水分利用效率。此外,微润灌布置间距对土壤电导率的影响较小。采用微润灌与地下滴灌处理时,随土层深增加,作物各生育期土壤电导率无显著差异(P0.05)且变化趋势基本一致,表明微润灌与地下滴灌对土壤的影响具有一致性。微润灌下作物产量与灌浆成熟期10~20 cm土层土壤电导率和10~80 cm土层土壤平均电导率之间相关性显著。因此,采用灌浆成熟期10~20 cm土层土壤电导率或10~80 cm土层土壤平均电导率预估微润灌下的作物产量具有可行性。上述研究可为微润灌技术推广应用提供依据。     

亏缺灌溉对中国西北干旱区棉花生长、水分利用特征和产量的影响

Water shortage is a key constraint to sustainable agricultural production in Xinjiang, Northwest China. To enhance the use efficiency of valuable irrigation water resources, a 2-year experiment(2010–2011) was conducted to quantify the response of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and yield to different degrees of deficit irrigation(DI) regimes; to determine the effects of DI on the characteristics of water use for cotton, seasonal water use, available soil water in the root zone, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration(ET)-based water use efficiency and irrigation-based water use efficiency, and to determine the best DI regime for optimal water-saving and yield output. The plots were irrigated at 100%(100ET), 85%(85ET), 70%(70ET), 55%(55ET) and 45%(45ET) of the regional ET of cotton in northern Xinjiang. The effect of DI irrigation on water use characteristics was evaluated by analyzing available soil water and soil water depletion in the root zone along with water use efficiencies of cotton. The study showed that the growth, water use characteristics and yield of cotton varied with irrigation regime. Seasonal ET and seed cotton yield were linearly correlated with irrigation amount. The second-order polynomial equation best approximated water-yield relationship of cotton in the study area.Cotton yield response factor was 0.65, suggesting limited water conditions were suitable for cotton cultivation. Economic evaluation of DI treatments confirmed that the yield loss was less than 10% under 70 ET and 85 ET, which was acceptable for greater sustainability.The results suggested that proper DI schemes were necessary for sustainable cotton production in the region. While irrigation at 85 ET was safe for high cotton yield, irrigation at 70 ET was a viable alternative under limited irrigation water availability.     

Effect of irrigation and biofertilizer on water use,nodulation, growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The field experiment studied the effect of irrigation [irrigation 15 days before sowing (DBS), irrigation 15 DBS + rice straw mulch, irrigation 7 DBS and irrigation 7 DBS + one irrigation at flower initiation] and biofertilizers [no biofertilizer (control), Rhizobium inoculation and Rhizobium inoculation + phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB)] on chickpea growth. In mulch treatment, paddy straw mulch was applied at 4 t ha^?1 one day after pre-sowing irrigation and was retained until sowing. Pre-sowing irrigation at 15 DBS showed 28.7 and 30.0% less plant stand than irrigation applied 15 DBS + straw mulch and irrigation applied 7 DBS, respectively. Nodulation was significantly higher with irrigation 15 DBS + mulch and irrigation 7 DBS than with irrigation applied 15 DBS. The grain yield was 16.6, 20.3 and 44.0% higher in irrigation 15 DBS + mulch, irrigation 7 DBS and irrigation 7 DBS + irrigation at flowering treatments, respectively, over irrigation at 15 DBS. Rhizobium inoculation significantly improved the number of nodules and nodule dry weight compared with no treatment. Grain yield was significantly higher with Rhizobium than in untreated plots. Water use efficiency was highest when irrigation was applied 7 DBS.     

Response of cotton root growth and yield to root restriction under various water and nitrogen regimes

Water and nitrogen (N) are two major factors limiting cotton growth and yield. The ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients is closely related to the size of the root system and the rooting space. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) adapts to water and N supply when rooting volume is restricted would be useful for improving cotton yield. In this study, cotton was grown in soil columns to control rooting depth to either 60 cm (root‐restriction treatment) or 120 cm (no‐root‐restriction treatment). Four water–N combinations were applied to the plants: (1) deficit irrigation and no N fertilizer (W₀N₀), (2) deficit irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W₀N₁), (3) moderate irrigation and no N fertilizer (W₁N₀), and (4) moderate irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W₁N₁). Results revealed that root restriction reduced root length density (RLD), root volume density (RVD), root mass density (RMD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total plant biomass, and root : shoot ratio. In contrast, root restriction increased aboveground biomass and yield. The RLD, RVD, RMD, and root : shoot ratio decreased in the order W₀N₀ > W₁N₀ > W₀N₁ > W₁N₁ in both the root‐restriction and no‐root‐restriction treatments. However, the opposite order (i.e., W₁N₁ > W₀N₁ > W₁N₀ > W₀N₀) was observed for SOD activity, NR activity, aboveground biomass, and seed yield. Our results suggest that, when N and water supplies are adequate, root restriction increases both root activity and the availability of photosynthates to aboveground plant parts. This increases shoot growth, the shoot : root ratio, and yield.     

不同滴灌水量对干旱荒漠区酿酒葡萄光合及产量的影响

在甘肃河西走廊干旱荒漠区研究了覆膜与不覆膜条件下不同滴灌水量对酿酒葡萄生长、光合特征及产量的影响。结果表明: 在不同滴灌水量下, 葡萄新梢长、二次新梢长和主蔓基部直径均随滴灌水量的增加而增大, 且覆膜处理下, 滴灌水量低于不覆膜处理时, 上述3项指标等于或略大于不覆膜处理, 说明覆膜有利于葡萄生长。不同滴灌水量下, 葡萄净光合速率和蒸腾速率、气孔导度的日变化规律相近, 均总体呈下降趋势, 而胞间CO₂浓度呈降低?升高趋势; 滴灌水量为240 mm和300 mm覆膜处理(T1和T2)的光合指标值低于灌水量为360 mm和420 mm的覆膜处理(T3和T4)和滴灌水量为360 mm的不覆膜CK处理。T1处理的水分利用效率高于T2、T3、T4和CK处理。回归分析表明, 不同滴灌水量下, 葡萄的胞间CO₂浓度与土壤水分相关性最高, 气孔导度次之, 净光合速率和蒸腾速率较低。对不同处理下葡萄产量和品质的研究结果表明, 覆膜各处理的葡萄产量高于不覆膜的CK处理, 且含糖量以不覆膜的CK处理最高, 灌水量最低(240 mm)的覆膜T1处理次之。T1处理是实现葡萄高品质、产量和水分利用效率的最优组合。     

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide effects on sorghum and soybean nutrient status 1

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration could have significant implications on technologies for managing plant nutrition to sustain crop productivity in the future. Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) (C3 species) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) (C4 species) were grown in a replicated split‐plot design using open‐top field chambers under ambient (357 μmol/mol) and elevated (705 μmol/mol) atmospheric CO₂. At anthesis, leaf disks were taken from upper mature leaves of soybean and from the third leaf below the head of sorghum for analysis of plant nutrients. Leaf greenness was measured with a Minolta SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter. Concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and specific leaf weight were also measured. Above‐ground dry matter and seed yield were determined at maturiry. Seed yield of sorghum increased 17.5% and soybean seed yield increased 34.7% with elevated CO₂. There were no differences in extractable chlorophyll concentration or chlorophyll meter readings due to CO₂ treatment, but meter readings were reduced 6% when sorghum was grown in chambers as compared in the open. Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration of soybean decreased from 54.5 to 39.1 g/kg at the higher CO₂ concentration. Neither the chambers nor CO₂ had an effect on concentrations of other plant nutrients in either species. Further work under field conditions is needed to determine if current critical values for tissue N in crops, especially C3 crops, should be adjusted for future increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentration.     

Effect of combined water and nutrient management on runoff and sorghum yield in semiarid Burkina Faso

Abstract. In the semiarid regions of sub-Saharan Africa, fertilizer recovery and nutrient release from organic sources are often moisture limited. Moreover, in these regions runoff brings about large nutrient losses from fertilizer or organic inputs. This study was conducted in the north sudanian climate zone of Burkina Faso (annual rainfall 800 mm, PET 2000 mm yr⁻¹). We assessed the combined and interactive effects of two types of permeable barriers (stone rows and grass strips of Andropogon gayanus Kunth cv. Bisquamulatus (Hochst.) Hack .) and organic or mineral sources of nitrogen on erosion control and sorghum yield. The field experiment (Ferric Lixisol, 1.5% slope) was carried out during three rainy seasons and consisted of 2 replications of 9 treatments, in which the barriers were put along contours and combined with compost, manure and fertilizer nitrogen (N). Compared with the control plots, the average reduction in runoff was 59% in plots with barriers alone, but reached 67% in plots with barriers + mineral N and 84% in plots with barriers + organic N. On average, stone rows reduced soil erosion more than grass strips (66% versus 51%). Stone rows or grass strips without N input did not induce a significant increase of sorghum production. Supplying compost or manure in combination with stone rows or grass strips increased sorghum grain yield by about 142%, compared with a 65% increase due to mineral fertilizers. The sorghum grain yields at 1 m upslope from the grass strips were less than those 17 m from the grass strips. As stones do not compete with plants, the opposite trend was observed with stone rows. We conclude that for these nutrient depleted soils, permeable barriers improve nutrient use efficiency and therefore crop production. However, grass strips must be managed to alleviate shade and other negative effects of the bunds on adjacent crops.     

不同类型滴灌专用肥对棉花根系生长及产量的调节

在新疆气候生态条件下,选用高产棉花品系293和710为试材,采用田间小区对比试验,探讨膜下滴灌条件不同类型固体滴灌专用肥对棉花根系生长及产量的调节。结果表明:与对照相比,滴灌专用肥显著增加了根系生物量及根系活力,其中有机无机肥处理显著增加了40～100 cm土层以下根系的分布比例及根系活力,降低了根冠比,促使光合产物较多向地上部分配比例,尤其向生殖器官分配的比例增加,单株结铃数、单铃重和籽棉产量较高。品种间,293品系籽棉产量表现为有机无机肥处理>生物肥处理>无机肥处理>CK,710品系则表现为有机无机肥处理>无机肥处理>生物肥处理>CK。因此,依据不同品种对不同类型滴灌肥敏感性的差异,结合滴灌棉田土壤水分和养分可控性强的特点,制定相应滴灌专用肥随水施肥方案,对实现膜下滴灌棉田节水高产高效具有重要意义。