双重RT-PGR方法检测猪流感病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒

为建立特异、敏感的猪流感病毒(SIV)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的双重RT-PCR检测方法,本研究根据GenBank登录的SIV M基因保守序列和PRRSV美洲型毒株的N基因保守序列,设计合成了2对特异引物,通过对扩增条件的优化,建立检测SIV和PRRSV的双重RT-PCR方法.检测结果显示:该方法可同时扩增出SIV(345 bp)和PRRSv(520 bp)的特异性片段;而猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒2型及阴性鸡胚尿囊液核酸扩增结果均为阴性;对SIV和PRRSV 2种病毒混合液的最小检出量分别为102 EID50/0.1 mL和103TCID50/0.1 mL.应用双重RT-PCR和病毒分离法对12份临床疑似样品进行对比检测,结果表明:除双重RT-PCR检测到双阳性的3份混合感染病料中1份未分离到PRRSV外,其余2份均分离出病毒.证明该方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性,可以用于临床样品的早期快速检测.     

Demonstration of parvovirus in Canadian swine and antigenic relationships with isolates from other countries.

A Canadian isolate of porcine parvovirus, isolated from cultured pig thyroid cells, was shown to be antigenically indistinguishable from a British (59e/63) and a German (G10/1) strain when treated by the modified direct complement-fixation, the hemagglutination-inhibition and the fluorescent antibody tests. These tests also revealed that antibodies to parvoviruses were detectable in a large proportion of the conventionally raised pigs in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Cell cultures, prepared from tissues collected in a slaughterhouse, were often found to be infected with parvovirus. In cell cultures the infection was demonstrated more effectively by immunofluorescence than by the hemagglutination test.     

Porcine parvovirus: frequency of naturally occurring transplacental infection and viral contamination of fetal porcine kidney cell cultures.

The frequency of naturally occurring transplacental infection of swine with porcine parvovirus (PPV) and one of the possible consequences of such infection--the presence of PPV in cell cultures prepared from fetal tissues--were investigated. Transplacental infection was indicated by the presence of high titers of hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody for PPV in serums of 0-day-old, hysterectomy-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs of 3 of 82 litters. All letters were farm-raised dams. Moreover, cell cultures prepared from 3 of 49 lots of fetal porcine kidneys (FPK) collected from an abattoir during an interval of 14 months were found contaminated with PPV. Because each lot was usually comprised of kidneys from 2 litters, the latter finding suggests that 3 of approximately 98 litters were infected. Prior infection of FPK cell cultures with PPV resulted in only slight interference of replication of other selected viruses; i.e., porcine enterovirus (PEV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV). Moreover, PPV and HEV were propagated in the same cell cultures during 5 serial passages of the viruses. In contrast, when copropagation of PPV and VSV was attempted, PPV was not detected after the 2nd serial passage.     

一株内源性猪细小病毒的分离与鉴定

本研究从不明病毒污染的ＰＫ１５细胞培养物中分离到了一株猪细小病毒,从形态学、血清学、分子生物学几个方面对其进行了鉴定,同时克隆了该毒株ＶＰ２基因,并测定了其核苷酸序列。将该毒株命名为ＳＹ－９９株。     

Detection of antibodies against porcine parvovirus in swine sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of antibody against porcine parvovirus in swine sera. The antigen used for the assay was partially-purified virus treated with fluorocarbon and shown to contain 7 proteins by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of these proteins 83-, 64- and 60-K proteins reacted in Western immunoblotting with swine serum after infection with porcine parvovirus. Antibody responses were demonstrated by ELISA in pigs subcutaneously-infected with porcine parvovirus as by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and Western immunoblotting reaction with the 83-, 64- and 60-K viral proteins. The results of ELISA on random swine-serum samples were well-correlated with those of the HI test. These findings indicate the usefulness of the ELISA as a serological tool for porcine parvovirus infection.     

The interferon sensitivity of selected porcine viruses.

The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of 11 porcine viruses to the antiviral effects of porcine interferon-alpha in serum from piglets which had been infected 19 h previously with transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and of porcine interferon-beta prepared in PK-15 cells by induction with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, in yield reduction assays in pig kidney cells which were treated with interferon before virus challenge, and both before and after virus challenge. The most sensitive virus to both types of interferon was vesicular stomatitis. A porcine isolate of bovine herpesvirus type 1, hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus and porcine enterovirus types 1 and 2 were also highly sensitive to interferon-alpha. There was little reduction in the yield of porcine parvovirus or porcine rotavirus, while swinepox, swine influenza and transmissible gastroenteritis viruses were intermediate in their sensitivity to interferon-alpha. In addition to vesicular stomatitis virus, porcine adenovirus type 3, swine influenza, hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis and porcine rotavirus were highly sensitive to interferon-beta, while swinepox, bovine herpesvirus type 1, porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis and porcine enteroviruses were less sensitive than the above viruses to interferon-beta, although all showed significant reductions in virus yield.     

Neutralization of African swine fever virus by sera from African swine fever-resistant pigs

Sera from African swine fever-resistant pigs with infection-inhibitory activity decreased virus replication in infected porcine buffy coat cultures. This same effect was observed even after virus was adsorbed. The infection-inhibition was not reversed by removing the immune serum from the assay cultures. Reduction of African swine fever virus replication by immune sera was demonstrated by fluorescent focus assay on MS cell line cultures. Virus-neutralization tests showed a persistent fraction of non-neutralized virus, which was not demonstrable by infection-inhibition tests. One hypothesis for explaining this difference is proposed.     

检测猪伪狂犬病病毒gE抗体红细胞凝集试验的建立及应用

以纯化的抗人红细胞单链抗体(ScFv)—猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gE蛋白双功能融合蛋白为抗原,建立了检测猪伪狂犬病毒gE抗体的红细胞凝集试验。利用方阵滴定试验筛选出最佳抗原工作浓度为55μg/mL,血清最佳稀释度为1∶20,作用时间15 min,与猪瘟(CSF)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)、猪乙型脑炎(JE)、猪布氏杆菌病(Brucellosis)阳性血清和PRV gE缺失疫苗接种的猪免疫血清均不出现红细胞凝集现象,与PRV标准阳性血清反应出现肉眼可见的凝集圈。与美国进口的PRV抗体检测gE-ELISA诊断试剂盒检测结果比较,50份猪血清的阴、阳性检出符合率均为100%。红细胞凝集试验检测方法具有操作简便、敏感性和特异性较高的特点,可用于PRV野毒感染的快速筛查。     

Outbreaks in Quebec pig farms of respiratory and reproductive problems associated with encephalomyocarditis virus.

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) was isolated from tissues of aborted fetuses and weaned and suckling piglets from 4 different pig farms in Quebec. The farms were experiencing reproductive failure in sows of different parities concomitant to respiratory problems in suckling and postweaning piglets. At necropsy, gross lesions were confined to the lung and consisted of pulmonary congestion and edema of various degrees. Lesions of multifocal interstitial to proliferative pneumonia were found in the lungs of these piglets. Bacteriologic examination of various tissues from necropsied pigs yielded no pathogens in most cases. No significant antibody titers against 3 swine viruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine parvovirus, and swine influenza virus) and two bovine viruses (bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses) were detected in the sera of convalescent pigs. The Quebec EMCV isolates were antigenically related to the reference ATCC-VR129 strain of EMCV, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, serum neutralization (SN), and Western immunoblotting. However, one of the Quebec isolates could be distinguish by SN. EMCV-specific SN antibody titers up to 1:12,800 were detected in thoracic and ascitis fluids of aborted fetuses and in sera of convalescent pigs. A possible pneumotropic EMCV variant in swine may exist.     

Cell culture propagation of porcine rotavirus (reovirus-like agent).

Two isolates of porcine rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) were isolated and passaged in primary procine kidney cell cultures. Viral infectivity for cells was monitored by immunofluorescence because viral cytopathic effect was moderate. Successful passage of virus in cell culture required that viral suspensions obtained from infected cell cultures be treated with pancreatin prior to inoculation onto cell monolayers. Porcine rotavirus passage in cell culture also was accomplished, using trypsin treatments in lieu of pancreatin treatments. Porcine rotavirus passaged 10 times in cell culture infected gnotobiotic pigs and caused diarrhea. Gnotobiotic pigs that recovered from this infection were resistant to challenge exposure with porcine rotavirus but were susceptible to challenge exposure with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. As determined by immunofluorescent cross reactions, porcine rotavirus was found to be antigenically related to the human and bovine rotaviruses but not to reovirus type 3 or to transmissible gastroenteritis virus.     

猪细小病毒4型Taq Man荧光定量PCR方法的建立与应用

根据GenBank中发表的猪细小病毒4型(PPV4)全基因组序列,针对其结构蛋白VP2基因的保守序列,设计合成特异性引物及TaqMan探针,以VP2克隆质粒为标准品,通过对探针浓度、引物浓度、dNTP浓度、镁离子浓度以及退火温度进行调整,建立了PPV4的TaqMan荧光定量PCR.反应条件优化后,该方法在6.73×10...     

Virus survival in slurry: analysis of the stability of foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, bovine viral diarrhoea and swine influenza viruses

Farm slurry can be highly contaminated with viral pathogens. The survival of these pathogens within slurry is important since this material is often distributed onto farm land either directly or after heat treatment. There is clearly some risk of spreading pathogens in the early stages of an outbreak of disease before it has been recognized. The survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and swine influenza virus, which belong to three different RNA virus families plus porcine parvovirus (a DNA virus) was examined under controlled conditions. For each RNA virus, the virus survival in farm slurry under anaerobic conditions was short (generally ≤ 1 h) when heated (to 55°C) but each of these viruses could retain infectivity at cool temperatures (5°C) for many weeks. The porcine parvovirus survived considerably longer than each of the RNA viruses under all conditions tested. The implications for disease spread are discussed.     

抗H3N2亚型猪流感病毒单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

采用纯化的H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)尿囊液作为免疫原免疫6～8周龄Balb/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0)融合,用间接ELISA方法筛选分泌抗SIV-H3N2的阳性细胞株,经克隆获得7株亲和力较高的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1C9、2C5、2F10、3D3、4E8、5C7、5D12,用其制备的腹水ELISA效价可达1×106。通过抗体亚型测定,间接免疫荧光试验及免疫印迹试验分析鉴定,该7株单抗均为抗H3N2亚型SIV的特异性单克隆抗体,而且与其他亚型猪流感病毒、猪细小病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒和猪瘟病毒等均无交叉反应,为H3N2亚型SIV的鉴别诊断奠定了基础。     

猪伪狂犬病毒PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据猪伪狂犬病毒（PRV）gE基因序列保守区段,设计一对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了可区分猪伪狂犬病毒野毒株与基因缺失疫苗株的PCR检测方法,并对该方法的敏感性、特异性和重复性进行了验证。结果显示,该PCR方法可扩增出388 bp的目的片段;对模板的最低检测量为1.1 pg;与猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型、猪细小病毒、猪支原体、猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪乙型脑炎病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒无交叉反应,具有高特异性。采用建立的PCR方法对2014年以来全国不同地区81个猪场421份疑似病料进行检测,发现PRV猪场平均阳性率为35.80%,样品平均阳性率为 25.42%。该方法灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好,可用于PRV的临床诊断和流行病学调查。     

Establishment of a Real-time Fluorescent Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) for the Detection of African Swine Fever Virus

African swine fever (ASF), which caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is an acute, highly contagious disease characterized by high fever. It leads to serious economic losses in pig industry. 3 assemblies of primers and probes targeting were designed to amplify ASFV B646L (p72) gene using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technology. The Real-time fluorescent RPA method was established after screening of primers and probes, optimization of reaction conditions, tests of sensitivity, specificity and repeatability. The results showed that the method could detect 10 copies of DNA within 20 min at 39℃. No cross-reaction was found when testing swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus. According to the fluorescence intensity from 5.5×10⁶ to 5.5×10⁰ copies/μL at each time point, the coefficient of variation was 0.38% to 28.30%. In conclusion, this method could be used for the qualitative detection of ASFV pathogen, which might provide technical support for the early diagnosis of ASFV infection in China, and was also of great significance for the development of corresponding control measures.     

非洲猪瘟病毒实时荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(RPA)检测方法的建立

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）感染引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,给养猪业造成了严重的经济损失。本研究利用重组酶聚合酶扩增技术（RPA）,针对ASFV B646L （p72）基因设计了3组引物和探针,并进行筛选、反应条件优化、灵敏性、特异性和重复性试验,建立了实时荧光RPA方法。结果显示,该方法在39℃、20 min内即可检测10个拷贝的DNA分子,且与猪瘟病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪细小病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒均无交叉反应,检测5.5×10⁶至5.5×10⁰拷贝/μL共7个稀释度样品在各时间点的荧光强度,变异系数范围在0.38%~28.30%。该等温、快速扩增方法可用于ASFV的定性检测,为中国ASFV感染的早期诊断提供技术支持,对疫情暴发后相应控制方案的制定具有重要意义。     

Parvovirus-like particles associated with diarrhea in unweaned piglets.

Numerous parvovirus-like particles, 18 to 26 nm in diameter, were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of two to three week old piglets with mild to severe diarrhea, in six Quebec pig herds. Hemagglutination of guinea pig and African green monkey red blood cells was obtained with clarified intestinal contents. Two isolates were found to be antigenically related to porcine and canine parvoviruses, while another differed from the porcine parvovirus using the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Three isolates could be cultivated in cell cultures as demonstrated by the development of a cytopathic effect, hemagglutination activity, immunofluorescence and identification of the virions in the cell culture fluids by electron microscopy. The possibility of a primary etiological role for these parvoviruses in diarrhea of unweaned piglets is discussed.     

Elimination of porcine parvovirus from infected cell cultures by inclusion of homologous antiserum in the nutrient medium

Cell cultures of porcine fetal kidney and porcine adult thyroid gland were freed of infection with porcine parvovirus by adding homologous viral antiserum to their nutrient medium. The use of antiserum appeared practical and effective for eliminating the virus from contaminated cell lines.     

Oronasal and intramuscular vaccination of swine with a modified live porcine parvovirus vaccine: multiplication and transmission of the vaccine virus

An attenuated strain NADL-2 of porcine parvovirus (PPV) has been used at the 54th cell culture passage as a modified live-virus (MLV) vaccine. The present study was conducted to determine the minimum immunizing dose of MLV, the extent of MLV multiplication in swine tissues, and its transmission from swine administered MLV oronasally or intramuscularly. Immune response to MLV was dose dependent and swine responded to as little as 10(2) median cell-culture infective doses (CCID50). A 10(5) CCID50 of MLV, the largest dose given, induced the best immune response and was used in subsequent experiments. Route of MLV administration also was found to be important. The MLV replicated in tissues of swine after IM inoculation; however, viral antigen in tissues was less, as measured by immunofluorescence, and serum hemagglutination-inhibition titers for PPV were lower in MLV-inoculated swine than we have previously observed in virulent PPV-inoculated swine. In contrast, oronasal inoculation with MLV did not consistently result in infection of pigs; only 5 of 23 swine had virologic and/or serologic evidence of infection. Virus transmission studies indicated that MLV is shed in feces, but shedding occurs later than that in virulent-PPV-inoculated swine and is inconsistent. Delayed transmission of MLV was observed in contact pigs, which were seronegative at 2 weeks, but became seropositive at 4 weeks--indicating that perhaps a virus population capable of infecting pigs by oronasal route was selected by passage through the pig.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及抗原捕捉ELISA方法的建立

为制备猪细小病毒VP2蛋白单克隆抗体(McAb),建立检测猪细小病毒的抗原捕捉ELISA方法 (AC-ELISA),本研究以原核表达的重组VP2蛋白作为免疫原,免疫6周龄BALB/c雌鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0进行融合,经间接ELISA方法筛选,成功获得了2株能稳定分泌抗猪细小病毒VP2蛋白的McAb,命名为3C4、5F8。以多克隆抗体作为捕获抗体、单克隆抗体5F8作为检测抗体,通过双抗夹心ELISA各个反应条件的优化,建立检测猪细小病毒抗原捕捉ELISA方法。该方法与日本乙脑病毒(JEV)、猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)均不发生交叉反应;与RT-PCR相比较,符合率、敏感性和特异性分别为93.6%、90.9%、94.4%。本研究建立的猪细小病毒AC-ELISA有良好的重复性、敏感性和特异性,可应用于猪细小病毒感染的早期诊断。