苎麻肥料累积效应试验研究

通过两个苎麻试验结果分析,表明试验1在三年等量差异施肥试验中,第三年纤维产量出现高肥中产和中肥高产现象,即高肥区出现肥料“累积效应”,中肥区施肥量比较“适中”,而低肥区则处于“饥饿”状况,试验2在三年不等量差异施肥试验中,没有出现上述现象;又根据投入产出比分析,试验2比试验1肥料利用率更高;分析各处理碱解氮和速效钾,均同样证明存在肥料“累积效应”现象。     

长期定位施肥对土壤有机质和碱解氮及冬小麦产量的影响

22年肥料长期定位试验结果表明,施用有机肥和化肥能够显著改善土壤有机质含量,施用有机肥处理效果比无机肥更为显著。在施用有机肥处理中,高肥处理比低肥处理效果更为显著;在施用无机肥处理中,以NPK配合施用效果更为明显,高氮处理与低氮处理相比,二者差异并不显著。长期定位施肥对碱解氮的影响与有机质基本一致。此外,长期定位施肥对冬小麦产量的影响与有机质和碱解氮吻合。     

基于“3414”试验的切花芍药氮磷钾推荐施肥量研究

针对切花芍药生长过程中盲目施肥的现状,以二年生芍药‘向天歌’为研究对象,采用“3414”试验施肥方案,结合隶属函数法,研究氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对切花芍药生长的影响,探讨切花芍药生产适宜的肥料用量。结果表明:不同施肥处理对芍药株高、茎粗、蕾径、分株数和切花数影响显著(P < 0.05);氮、磷缺素区的综合隶属函数值小于无肥区,缺钾区大于无肥区,对芍药生长的影响为氮>磷>钾;N2P2K1处理的综合隶属函数值最大,为0.61,芍药植株生长最好;对各处理的综合隶属函数值和施肥量进行肥料效应函数拟合分析,一元二次、二元二次肥料效应函数方程拟合相关性均达显著水平,三元二次肥料效应方程为非典型模型,采用频率分析法计算肥料推荐量。综合分析各肥料效应函数方程的推荐用量及相应的综合隶属函数值,本试验切花芍药推荐施肥量为N 212.7 kg/hm²、P2O5 46.2 kg/hm²、K2O 49.9 kg/hm²,施肥配比为1∶0.21∶0.23,可用于本试验区切花芍药生产的施肥参考。     

长武旱塬轮作与肥料长期定位试验

较为详细的介绍了位于陕西省长武县旱塬，规模宏大的两个长期定位试验－长武轮作定位试验（36个处理，108区，占地8741m^2）和肥料定位试验（24个处理，72区，占地2200m^2）的设计方案与管理方法，试验布设于1984年，过去的18年里在旱作产量效应，肥料合肥施用，土壤培肥机理，硝态氮的累积规律，土壤干层形成理论等方面，取得了一些很有价值的阶段性结果。     

环保型大豆重迎茬专用肥对大豆产量和品质的影响

2001年在内蒙古兰浩特（试验1）、吉林省公主岭（试验2）、辽宁昌图县（试验3）进行了环保型大豆重迎茬专用肥的田间试验，结果表明该专用肥配方1－6对“火龙秧子”有明显的抑制作用，各配方的产量均明显高于无肥对照和传统施肥二铵，除配方5处理外，差异均达到了显著水平。试验2和3的结果也表明，与无肥对照和传统施肥相比，该专用肥在大豆的生物学性状以及产量方面均表现明显优势，配方1和配方6的增产幅度分别达到了显著水平。但在这三个试验中增产幅度有较大差异，试验1和3（孢囊线虫重度和中度），大豆产量的增产幅度为1.48倍－9.4倍，优于药肥1大龙和药肥2的增产效果（1.11倍到7.0倍），试验2（轻度发病）各配方增产幅度为2.3%-15.9%，其中有几个配方的效果好于药肥1大龙和药肥2。另外环保型大豆重迎茬专用肥提高了大豆籽粒中粗脂肪含量。     

13C富集玉米根、茎、叶添加对长期不施肥和施肥处理棕壤土壤呼吸的影响及其激发效应

玉米根、茎、叶残体因含碳化学组分差异,还田后对不同肥力土壤呼吸及激发效应的影响存在差异性,为探究这种影响的田间差异性,采用13C标记玉米秸秆示踪方法,在沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站进行540天田间培养试验,共设置8个处理：低肥土壤（LF+CK）、低肥土壤＋根（LF+R）、低肥土壤＋茎（LF+S）、低肥土壤＋叶（LF+L）、高肥土壤（HF+CK）、高肥土壤+根（HF+R）、高肥土壤+茎（HF+S）、高肥土壤+叶（HF+L）。结果显示：（1）培养期内,土壤呼吸通量、秸秆碳对土壤CO2-C排放的贡献率均呈下降趋势;（2）与不添加秸秆土壤相比,低肥土壤添加根、茎、叶处理的土壤CO2-C排放累积量分别增加134%、126%和95%,高肥土壤分别增加157%、189%和96%;（3）根、茎在高肥土壤中对土壤CO2-C排放的贡献显著大于叶,在低肥土壤中并无差异;（4）秸秆不同部位还田均会引起高低肥土壤的正激发效应,其中添加根、茎的激发效应显著强于叶,而秸秆不同部位对两种肥力水平土壤的激发效应均无显著影响。综上,秸秆不同部位还田对土壤呼吸的CO2累积排放量影响显著;玉米叶较玉米根、茎容易分解,但由于土壤自身养分差异,玉米叶还田初期在低肥土壤分解速率高于根、茎,而在高肥土壤小于根、茎。因此细化秸秆还田对农田土壤呼吸有重要意义,未来在秸秆还田研究中应考虑秸秆不同部位和土壤肥力间的交互影响。     

护坡拦蓄保水措施对三峡地区坡地土壤水分含量及玉米的影响

通过大田试验,研究护坡拦蓄保水措施对三峡地区坡地玉米农艺性状、产量及土壤含水量的影响。结果显示：在玉米全生育期,护坡拦蓄保水能明显降低地表径流量,增加土壤存留量,与对照区相比,拦蓄能力为总降水量的5．1％,保水能力提高了42．2％;各层土壤平均重量含水量比对照区高4．9个百分点;在相同的肥力梯度条件下,护坡拦蓄保水措施使玉米地径增大0．2～0．4cm,苗高增加14．5～49．9cm,叶片数增加1片,最大叶片长度增长2．2～8．8cm。护坡拦蓄保水具有明显的增产效应,在不施肥、低肥、高肥、特高肥条件下,分别增产85．9％、21．4％、10．9％和5．1％。护坡拦蓄保水措施对玉米千粒重影响不大,但与施肥水平有关,表现为低肥〈高肥〈特高肥,其千粒重依次为362±1g、370±1g和381±1g。     

残茬和施肥管理及犁耕对土壤碳的影响

CO2 的迅速增加 ,引起了全球温室效应。为了探讨农业活动给全球气候变化带来的负面影响 ,美国学者D .C .Reicoskh等在美国明尼苏达州莫罗斯附近利用低肥 -青料、高肥 -青料、低肥 -玉米、高肥 -玉米及无肥 -玉米试验对比 ,评估在犁耕条件下对 30a的玉米连作地土壤C的影响。试验表明 ,除对照外 ,4种处理间犁耕后 2 4h内CO2 的累计损失量差异不明显。施肥处理对 30a后土壤全C、有机C、全N和C/N没有影响。在高肥 -玉米处理中 ,尽管累计施加了 2 4 1t/hm2 秸秆 ,但其土壤中总的有机C与没有施加秸秆的高肥 -青料处理差异不显著。犁耕能够引起土壤的快速排气 ,掩盖了肥料和残茬对土壤有机C的影响 ,而仅表现出犁耕对土壤有机C的影响。结论是无论采用何种农业措施 ,只要采用犁耕方式 ,土壤有机C的下降就不可避免 ,说明土壤是CO2 的源。     

黄土旱塬不同施肥水平下麦玉轮作的产量与土壤水分效应模拟研究

在模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了黄土高原旱塬地1957―1998年期间不同施肥水平下麦玉轮作方式“春玉米→春玉米→冬小麦→冬小麦→冬小麦→冬小麦”的产量变化和土壤水分效应。模拟结果表明:1）无肥、低肥、中肥和高肥处理下,麦玉轮作方式的模拟产量均呈现波动性降低趋势,其平均值分别为1.573、3.272、3.877和4.318 t/hm2,其适宜的施肥量范围为N 90～120 kg/hm2、P 30～60 kg/hm2;2）4种施肥处理下,麦玉轮作田逐月土壤有效含水量均呈现波动性降低趋势,平均每年分别减少8.5、10.3、12.3和12.0 mm,无肥、低肥和中肥处理间土壤有效含水量差异十分显著;3）在模拟初期（1957―1962）出现了土壤湿度逐年降低、土壤干层逐年加厚的干燥化过程,在模拟中后期（1975―1980,1993―1998）均出现了稳定的土壤干层,无肥和低肥处理土壤干层分布于2―3和2―4 m土层,中肥和高肥肥处理均分布于2―5 m土层,表现出随肥力和作物产量水平的提高,土壤干层厚度逐渐加深。     

豆麦轮作区麦秸长期还田对作物产量及土壤化学性质的影响

麦秆还田对作物产量影响以及秸秆还田如何施肥是农业生产者极为关注的问题,为了明确豆麦轮作麦秆长期还田对作物产量及对土壤化学性质的影响,该文依托黑河市长期定位实验站,采用裂区试验方法,主处理为秸秆还田与不还田处理,副处理为低、中、高不同施肥水平,试验于1980年开始,轮作模式先后为麦-豆-麦和麦-豆轮作模式,通过连续38 a(1980—2018年)调查,探明麦豆轮作条件下麦秸还田及不同施肥水平对作物产量影响。结果得出:麦秸还田后种植大豆、小麦,多年产量与不还田比差异不显著(P0.05);连续施肥效果,大豆中肥区比低肥区增产7.42%～10.81%,达到差异显著水平,小麦高肥区比低肥区增产14.52%～19.33%,差异极显著(P 0.01);麦秸还田大豆增产效果,还田前期(1～6季)大豆平均产量比不还田增产5.91%,后期(7～16季)平均增产7.52%,麦秸还田小麦增产效果,还田前期(1～5季)和后期(6～16季)平均增产0.31%、0.22%,后期增产频率高;麦秆隔年还田显著增加速效钾含量,施肥可以有效增加土壤碳、氮、磷含量,但长期高肥易导致土壤酸化。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.