Effect of varying fermentation conditions with ensiling period and inoculum on photosynthetic pigments and phytol content in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage

This study aimed to investigate the effect of an ensiling period (Experiment 1) and adding lactic acid bacteria (LAB, Experiment 2) on the changes in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phytol in ensiled Italian ryegrass (IR, Lolium multiflorum Lam.). In Experiment 1, the IR herbage ensiled into plastic bags was analyzed for the contents of photosynthetic pigments and phytol over a 5‐week period. During the ensiling process, the β‐carotene content decreased (p < .05), whereas the lutein content did not change. Although the chlorophyll content decreased (p < .05) after ensiling, the phytol content barely changed until week 5. In Experiment 2, IR herbage was ensiled without additive, as a Control, or with LAB for 60 days. The pH was lower (p < .05) and lactic acid content was higher (p < .05) for the LAB silage than for the Control. The chlorophyll content in silage was not affected by the LAB; however, the β‐carotene content was higher (p < .05) for the LAB silage than for the Control. Phytol and lutein contents in the herbage did not change after ensiling. These results indicate that phytol and lutein in IR herbage can be preserved well in silage, irrespective of their fermentation condition.     

含水量和乳酸菌添加剂对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响

本试验旨在研究含水量和乳酸菌添加剂对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响,探究优质多花黑麦草青贮饲料的调制方法。试验选用孕穗期的多花黑麦草为原料,原料含水量设85.23%(W₁),74.70%(W₂)和65.70%(W₃)3个水平,乳酸菌添加浓度设置对照组0 cfu/g鲜样(L₀),10⁵ cfu/g鲜样(L₁),10⁶ cfu/g鲜样(L₂),10⁷ cfu/g鲜样(L₃)4个水平。桶装青贮42 d后开盖,取样测定青贮饲料的青贮品质。结果表明,在高含水量(85.23%)的条件下,无论是否添加乳酸菌,丁酸的含量和氨态氮/总氮均未能达到优质青贮的条件,青贮失败;当含水量为74.70%时,添加乳酸菌组的青贮品质优于未添加组,且随着添加浓度的增加青贮品质更佳;在含水量为65.70%的条件下,无论是否添加乳酸菌添加剂,青贮饲料均能获得较好的青贮品质,但添加乳酸菌后效果更佳。因此,W₃L₃(含水量65.70%+10⁷ cfu/g鲜样)处理的青贮效果最佳。     

Changes in the bacterial community and composition of fermentation products during ensiling of wilted Italian ryegrass and wilted guinea grass silages

To gain further insights into temperate and tropical grass ensiling, fermentation products and bacterial communities were examined at both the initial and late stages of ensiling of wilted Italian ryegrass and wilted guinea grass silages. 2,3‐Butanediol and ethanol fermentation were observed in wilted Italian ryegrass silage. Enterobacteria such as Rahnella sp. and Enterobacter sp. may have been involved in fermentation; however, alcohol production was intensified after the silage enterobacterial community overwhelmed the pre‐ensiled enterobacterial community. Pediococcus spp. appeared in silage stored for 4 months, when a significant increase in lactic acid content was seen compared with that at 2 months. Prolonged storage enhanced acetic acid fermentation in wilted guinea grass silage. The disappearance of Enterococcus sulfureus and appearance of Lactobacillus plantarum may have been associated with the increased acetic acid content. Although many species of enterobacteria were found in common between the pre‐ensiled crop and silages of Italian ryegrass and guinea grass, marked differences were seen in the type of fermentation from the initial stages. These results indicate that the bacterial community of pre‐ensiled crops may be immediately replaced by one that is adapted to ensiling environments, although metabolic changes may continue over the course of ensiling.     

多花黑麦草与水稻秸秆混合青贮品质的研究

以多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）和水稻（Oryza sativa）秸秆为原料,按不同比例混合青贮,通过发酵品质和营养成分分析,筛选出适宜的混贮比例。结果表明：多花黑麦草单独青贮不易成功,与水稻秸秆以不同比例混合青贮均显著降低氨态氮/总氮的值以及乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量（P<0.05）,改善了发酵品质;其中7：3混贮处理发酵品质最佳,V-Score评分等级为优。从发酵品质以及秸秆利用最大化的角度出发,建议多花黑麦草与水稻秸秆以7：3混贮作为下一步研究的基础。     

Effect of temperature and duration of ensiling on in vitro degradation of maize silages in rumen fluid

The effects of ensiling temperature and duration of ensiling on the feeding quality of whole‐crop maize (Zea mays L.) silages were investigated. Samples of one cultivar of maize plants were collected from two different fields, grown in different years on sandy soils. Samples were collected when the whole‐plant dry matter content was approximately 330 g/kg. Maize plants were chopped and ensiled in mini silos at three different ambient temperatures (5, 12 and 18 °C). The ensiling temperature affected the ensiling fermentation processes, causing different rates of pH decline and different final pH values. Samples from the silos were taken after 0 (not ensiled, i.e. control), 4, 8 and 16 weeks of ensiling. The silage samples were not dried, but ground‐frozen under liquid nitrogen to pass a 1‐mm sieve. The gas production technique was used to evaluate the influence of the ensiling temperature and the duration of ensiling on the degradation of the silage samples in rumen fluid. The gas production was highest when the maize was ensiled at 12 °C (p < 0.0001). An increase in ensiling duration caused a decrease in silage pH, accompanied by a decrease in gas production (p < 0.0001). The decrease in gas production was linearly related to the decrease in pH at the three temperatures. The present study shows that both ensiling temperature and ensiling duration play a significant role in the rumen degradability of maize silage.     

添加糖蜜与乳酸菌对燕麦秸杆和黑麦草混合青贮品质的影响

为探讨西藏地区燕麦（Avena sativa L.）秸秆和多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）混合青贮使用添加剂改善发酵品质的措施,进一步提高燕麦秸秆利用效率,将收获籽粒后的燕麦秸秆和抽穗期刈割的多年生黑麦草以4∶6混合青贮,分别添加1×10⁶ cfu·g^-1 FW的乳酸菌制剂、4% FW糖蜜和乳酸菌+糖蜜,青贮60 d后取样分析青贮饲料发酵品质。结果表明：单独或组合添加糖蜜和乳酸菌均不同程度的改善了混合青贮发酵品质,显著降低了pH值、氨态氮/总氮、丙酸和丁酸含量（P<0.05）,显著提高了乳酸含量和乳酸/乙酸（P<0.05）。添加糖蜜组发酵品质优于添加乳酸菌组,显示较高的乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量（P<0.05）,且单独添加糖蜜与组合添加组各发酵指标无显著差异。综合考虑,在燕麦秸秆和多年生黑麦草（4∶6）混合青贮时添加4%糖蜜较为适宜。     

Identification of bacteria in total mixed ration silage produced with and without crop silage as an ingredient

As a forage source for total mixed ration (TMR) silage production, locally produced crop silage is now used in addition to imported hay. This type of TMR ensiling is regarded as a two‐step fermentation process; hence, a survey was carried out to determine whether the bacteria in crop silage affect the subsequent TMR ensiling. Fermentation product contents and bacterial community were determined for TMR silage and its ingredient silages collected in August, October and November. August product contained corn, sorghum and Italian ryegrass silages, October product had wheat silage exclusively and November product did not include any crop silages. Acetic acid, lactic acid, 2,3‐butanediol and ethanol were predominant fermentation products in corn, sorghum, Italian ryegrass and wheat silages, respectively. Robust lactic acid fermentation was seen in TMR silage, even if acetate‐type and alcohol‐type silages were mixed as ingredients. The finding that bacterial community of the TMR silage appeared unrelated to those of ingredient silage supported this. Silages of various fermentation types can therefore be formulated without interfering with lactate‐type fermentation in TMR silage.     

不同乳酸菌添加剂对青贮黑麦草和青贮玉米发酵产物和有氧稳定性的影响

在青贮黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)中添加鼠李糖乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌,研究其对发酵产物与有氧稳定性的影响.青贮饲料贮藏时间为14,56和120 d.无添加青贮黑麦草发酵产物中乙醇含量较多,在14 d开封时,乙醇和2,3-丁二醇含量为乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸总和的7倍.添加鼠李糖乳杆菌与布氏乳杆菌可以抑制乙醇型发酵,使乳酸型与乙酸型发酵占主导.无添加青贮黑麦草与添加鼠李糖乳杆菌的黑麦草发生了有氧腐败,但是添加布氏乳杆菌的黑麦草保持了有氧稳定.在青贮玉米中,添加鼠李糖乳杆菌未影响发酵品质,但添加布氏乳杆菌增加了发酵产物中乙酸含量,降低了乳酸含量.添加布氏乳杆菌的青贮玉米从56 d开封开始保持了有氧稳定,其它组在120 d开封时保持了有氧稳定,所有组乙酸含量都增加.     

晾晒时间和青贮时间对青贮玉米发酵品质的影响

目的 探究不同晾晒时间和青贮时间对全株青贮玉米发酵品质的影响。方法 以玉米（Zea mays L.）青贮品种“曲辰9号”为试验材料,将乳熟末期的青贮玉米全株收获粉碎后,在阴凉处分别晾晒0（对照,CK）、1、2、3、4 d,然后在塑料桶（5 L）中分别进行青贮,待青贮60、90、120 d时进行发酵品质的评定。结果 青贮玉米的含水量随着晾晒时间的增加而降低,在晾晒2、3、4 d后含水量显著（P<0.05）低于CK;用晾晒2、3、4 d的全株青贮玉米原料进行青贮,pH值显著（P<0.05）高于CK,晾晒2 d青贮120 d处理除外。晾晒时间对乳酸、丁酸、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均产生显著（P<0.05）影响,青贮时间仅对乳酸、丁酸产生显著（P<0.05）影响,其中,乳酸含量随着青贮时间的延长而增加,丁酸含量在原料晾晒之后明显增加。CK处理中,青贮90、120 d的NDF含量显著（P<0.05）高于青贮60 d处理。利用氨态氮、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸开展V-Score分析,晾晒导致青贮玉米发酵品质降低,试验中品质较优的青贮为原料粉碎后未经晾晒的处理（CK）。结论 在未经晾晒处理下进行青贮60 d的青贮玉米,综合品质较高。在青贮玉米原料含水量为74%时,不建议粉碎之后通过晾晒降低含水量再青贮。     

Effect of ensiling and silage additives on fatty acid composition of ryegrass and corn experimental silages

Two experiments were conducted using laboratory mini-silos to study the effect of ensiling and silage additives on fatty acid (FA) composition, including minor or unusual FA, of ryegrass and corn silages. Ryegrass was ensiled for 12 wk with no additives, with the addition of a bacterial inoculant or formic acid. Corn was ensiled for 9 wk without additives, with the addition of a bacterial inoculant or calcium formate. Ensiling affected both total FA content and FA composition of ryegrass silages. Total FA concentration increased (P < 0.001) during ryegrass ensiling. The proportions (g/100 g of total FA) of the major unsaturated FA, 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6, were not affected (P > 0.05) by ensiling. However, their concentration (mg/g of DM) in silages was greater (P=0.017 and P=0.001, respectively) than in fresh ryegrass. Two 18:2 FA (trans-11,cis-15 and cis-9,cis-15) that were not originally present in the fresh ryegrass were detected in silages. Silage additives affected the FA composition of ryegrass silages, mostly by increasing the proportions of SFA, but not on total FA concentration. Ensiling did not affect (P=0.83) total FA content of corn silages; however, FA composition was affected, mostly by decreasing the proportions of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. Silage additives had no effect on corn silage FA composition. Exposing corn silages to air resulted in no oxidation of FA or reduction in total FA content or composition.     

添加糖蜜和乳酸菌制剂对西藏青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质的影响

为探究不同添加剂对青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草(4∶6)混合青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设对照组(C)、乳酸菌制剂组(LAB)、糖蜜组(M)、乳酸菌制剂+糖蜜组(LAB+M)4个处理,青贮后第7, 24和45天打开,测定青贮发酵品质。结果表明,添加乳酸菌制剂加速了青贮早期乳酸发酵进程,但由于底物不足,青贮后期丁酸含量和氨态氮/总氮值有所升高;添加糖蜜补充了发酵底物,促进了乳酸发酵,显著(P<0.05)提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值(P<0.05),从而有效地抑制了有害微生物的活性,减少了丙酸和丁酸的生成。乳酸菌制剂+糖蜜组与单独添加乳酸菌制剂组相比显著提高了青贮发酵品质, 但与单独添加糖蜜组相比差异不显著,表明发酵底物不足是限制青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质的主要因素。     

凋萎和不同添加剂对紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响

以孕蕾后期至初花期紫花苜蓿为材料,在实验室条件下研究了两种凋萎程度(晾晒3 h和晾晒12 h),对应含水率分别为72.6%和61.8%的苜蓿草分别添加乳酸菌接种剂(LAB)、甜菜粕(SB)、乳酸菌+甜菜粕(LAB+SB)、甲酸钠(SF)、甲酸钠+甜菜粕(SF+SB)五组不同添加剂处理及对照组(CK)对苜蓿青贮发酵品质和主要营养成分含量的影响。青贮65 d开封,对青贮进行了感官评定和实验室评定。结果表明,1)添加剂对苜蓿青贮发酵品质有极显著的影响(P<0.01),各种添加剂均不同程度地提高了苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质,显著降低了青贮饲料的pH和氨态氮含量;2)两种凋萎程度下苜蓿青贮的NDF、ADF和干物质回收率均与对照组差异不显著,LAB+SB和SF处理显著提高了青贮饲料WSC的含量(P<0.05),添加SB显著降低了青贮饲料的CP值(P<0.05);3)提高原料的凋萎程度能够改善苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质,显著提高青贮饲料的CP和WSC含量(P<0.05)。总体来说,不同添加剂的青贮效果不同,添加LAB+SB的青贮品质最佳。     

多花黑麦草与大豆秸秆混合青贮品质的研究

为充分利用西南地区的饲草资源,以多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)和大豆(Glycine max)秸秆为材料,研究其混合青贮饲料的营养品质,筛选出适宜的混贮比例.设不同比例多花黑麦草与大豆秸秆混贮,青贮42 d后测定青贮饲料的营养品质.结果表明:大豆秸秆与多花黑麦草混贮显著(P<0.05)提高了青贮原料干物质(DM)含量,添加大豆秸秆显著(P<0.05)降低了青贮原料的粗蛋白(CP)和可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)的损失率,显著(P<0.05)提高了酸性洗涤性纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤性纤维(NDF)的降解率;同时大豆秸秆与多花黑麦草混贮显著(P<0.05)降低了氨态氮/总氮(AN/TN)的值.从青贮品质及秸秆利用最大化的角度出发,建议多花黑麦草与大豆秸秆以8:2和7:3的比例混贮较为适宜.     

Effect of microbial inoculants on the fermentation characteristics,nutritive value,and in vitro digestibility of various forages

This study was aimed to examine the characteristics of three isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (HG24, M1, and TG1), and to evaluate their effects on fermentation characteristics, nutritive value, and in vitro digestibility in a variety of substrates. The experiments were conducted with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schred.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) in laboratory silo (1 L) for ensiling 30 days. All the treated silages had significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and lower undesirable microorganism populations compared with controls. In Italian ryegrass and oat silages, all the inoculants improved the fermentation quality, evidenced by distinctly (p < 0.05) higher LA contents and ratios of LA to acetic acid, and lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. Strains HG24 and commercial inoculant G (Lactobacillus plantarum MTD‐1) performed better than strains M1 and TG1, indicated by obviously (p < 0.05) higher LA contents, LAB numbers, and IVDMD. In tall fescue silage, all the isolated LAB strains (HG24, M1 and TG1) markedly (p < 0.05) increased IVDMD compared with strain G. Strain HG24 is recommended as a good LAB inoculant for ensiling in various forages.     

Chemical composition of alfalfa silage with waste date and its feeding effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in sheep

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding ensiled alfalfa with waste date on ruminal fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, protozoa population and blood parameters in sheep. Eight rams were used in a 2 × 2 change over design. Each experimental period consisted of 21 days including 16 days for adaptation and 5 days for sampling. For ensiling, fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with different levels of waste date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were mixed together and ensiled in 100‐l containers for 45 days. Chemical composition of silages such as dry matter (DM), crude protein, NH₃‐N, organic matter, NDF, ADF and pH were determined. Then, it was used as 30% (DM basis) in diets. The experimental diets were as follows: (i) control (diet containing alfalfa silage without waste date), (ii) diet containing alfalfa silage with 5 g waste date/95 g DM, (iii) diet containing alfalfa silage with 10 g waste date/90 g DM, and (iv) diet containing alfalfa silage with 15 g waste date/85 g DM. The results of this experiment showed that adding waste date to alfalfa during ensiling, improved silage quality, DM and energy level. Total protozoa population and all of holotrich, cellulolytic and entodinia in rumen fluid were increased linearly by increasing the level of waste date. Nitrogen (N) intake, urinary N excretion and nitrogen retention were affected by dietary treatments. Also, allantoin, uric acid, total purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesis, cholesterol level and blood urea nitrogen were significantly different. In conclusion, direct ensilage of alfalfa can be attained by mixing 15 g waste date/85 g DM and positive associative effects such as increased metabolizable energy (ME) and silage quality occurred.     

不同生育期和凋萎时间对多花黑麦草饲用和发酵品质的影响

本研究利用多花黑麦草Musashi品种, 研究孕穗期和开花期饲草在不同凋萎时间的饲用品质动态及青贮品质动态, 旨在选择出适宜不同生育期多花黑麦草凋萎青贮的时间。实验设置了对照、凋萎1, 2, 3, 4和5 h共6个处理, 分别测定了原料的饲用品质相关性状和青贮料的发酵品质性状。结果表明, 原料的非结构碳水化合物(NSC)含量随着凋萎时间的延长持续下降, 但可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)则呈不同的变化趋势:孕穗期多花黑麦草在凋萎过程中的WSC呈不同程度的上升, 在凋萎1 h时含量达到最高, 为10.62%, 之后小幅下降, 但始终高于对照(P<0.05);开花期多花黑麦草在凋萎过程中的WSC则呈先上升后下降的趋势, 在凋萎3 h时含量达到最高, 为14.46%, 之后下降。孕穗期多花黑麦草不同凋萎时间的青贮发酵品质性状中, pH在凋萎3 h时最低, 为4.05, 随后小幅上升;氨态氮(NH₃-N)含量随着凋萎时间的延长持续下降;乳酸(LA)含量先升后降, 凋萎3 h时含量最高, 达8.49%。开花期多花黑麦草不同凋萎时间的青贮发酵品质中, pH随着凋萎时间的延长持续上升;NH₃-N含量随着凋萎时间的延长呈先下降后回升的趋势, 凋萎2 h处理的含量最低, 为2.03 mg/g;LA含量持续下降, 但凋萎3 h以后LA含量大幅降低, 仅为4.56%, 凋萎5 h时LA含量则大幅降至1.38%。适宜的凋萎处理时间, 应该是原料中的WSC含量较高, 干物质含量适宜;青贮料具有较低的pH、NH₃-N含量和较高的LA含量。综合孕穗期多花黑麦草在不同凋萎时间的青贮品质变化趋势, 以凋萎3 h为佳, 凋萎3 h时原料的干物质含量升至26.59%。开花期则以凋萎2 h处理最佳, 凋萎2 h时原料的干物质含量升至28.03%。     

瘤胃纤维素降解菌系对灭菌水稻秸秆结构性碳水化合物降解的影响

为了提高水稻秸秆的青贮发酵品质,本研究旨在从黑白花奶牛瘤胃中筛选出具有降解纤维素能力的兼性厌氧复合菌系,探讨其对水稻秸秆青贮过程中结构性碳水化合物降解及发酵品质的影响。试验采集了黑白花奶牛瘤胃内容物,经富集培养、刚果红染色初筛,耐酸诱导,滤纸降解复筛,酶活力测定,获得高效兼性厌氧纤维素降解复合菌系M6。试验设4个处理组：1）水稻秸秆直接自然青贮（CK）组;2）灭菌后水稻秸秆青贮（IRR）组;3）灭菌水稻秸秆接种复合乳酸菌（CLAB）青贮组;4）灭菌水稻秸秆接种复合菌系（M6）青贮组,分别于青贮3、6、15、45、60和90 d后开窖取样分析。结果表明,青贮3 d后,M6处理组pH始终低于其他各组,青贮第60天达到最低值（4.62）。青贮45 d后,M6处理组乳酸含量始终显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,且在青贮90 d达到最高值（23.90 g·kg^-1 DM）。青贮15 d后,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和纤维素含量在M6组均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）,且在第90天达到最低值。青贮60 d后,IRR和M6组保持较高水平的水溶性碳水化合物含量,其次为CLAB组。综上所述,复合菌系M6在水稻秸秆青贮过程中具有降解粗纤维和促进乳酸发酵的作用,添加纤维素降解复合菌系可有效改善水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质,为青贮添加剂的研发与应用提供了理论依据。     

紫花苜蓿与多花黑麦草不同质量比青贮饲料的品质分析

为探讨紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)单独青贮与不同比例混合青贮品质的差异,将二者按6种不同鲜草质量比10:0 (A₁₀B₀), 8:2 (A₈B₂), 6:4 (A₆B₄), 4:6 (A₄B₆), 2:8 (A₂B₈), 0:10(A₀B₁₀)进行青贮品质比较试验.结果表明:pH和氨态氮(NH₃-N)含量混合青贮相对于紫花苜蓿单独青贮显著降低,A₄B₆, A₂B₈均显著低于其他处理(P <0.05).混合青贮处理A₈B₂, A₆B₄, A₄B₆粗蛋白(CP)及可溶性蛋白(SOLP)含量均显著高于单独青贮处理,各处理的非蛋白氮(NPN)含量处于较高的水平,A₄B₆和A₂B₈能更好地保存中性洗涤不溶蛋白(ADIP).A₂B₈的饲料蛋白质在瘤胃中容易降解部分PA+PB1含量最低,瘤胃中缓慢降解部分PB2+PB3最高,蛋白质组成最优,但A₄B₆粗蛋白总量明显高于A₂B₈(P <0.05).紫花苜蓿和多花黑麦草混合青贮质量比为4:6时效果最佳.     

自然青贮多花黑麦草优良乳酸菌的筛选及对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响

为了筛选出适用于多花黑麦草青贮发酵的优良乳酸菌菌株,从自然青贮多花黑麦草中分离乳酸菌,筛选并鉴定生长快速且产酸效率高的菌株,分析其生理生化特征以及对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响。利用传统的平板培养法,从自然青贮多花黑麦草中分离获得180株乳酸菌。其中,5株乳酸菌生长快速且产酸能力强,均能够在NaCl浓度为3.0%,温度为15~35 ℃,pH为3.5~7.0的MRS液体培养基中良好生长。经16S rRNA基因序列比对鉴定,菌株PR_LAB_9、PR_LAB_34、PR_LAB_67和PR_LAB_86为植物乳杆菌,PR_LAB_76为戊糖片球菌。对菌株进行生长曲线和产酸性能测定,该5株乳酸菌均能够在12 h内快速繁殖和产酸,菌株PR_LAB_76在24 h内生长速率和产酸效率均优于其他4株乳酸菌。进一步分析添加该5株乳酸菌对多花黑麦草青贮发酵品质、营养成分、微生物数量的影响,发现该5株乳酸菌均能提高多花黑麦草的青贮品质,包括显著降低青贮料pH和氨态氮含量,减少干物质损失,提高可溶性碳水化合物含量。其中,菌株PR_LAB_76处理组多花黑麦草青贮品质最优,干物质含量、粗蛋白含量、乳酸含量、乳酸菌数量显著高于其他4株乳酸菌处理组,且pH值、酵母菌数量显著低于其他4株乳酸菌处理组。综上,戊糖片球菌PR_LAB_76可作为多花黑麦草青贮的备选菌株。     

Effect of ensiling persimmon peel and grape pomace as tannin-rich byproduct feeds on their chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ensiling fruit byproducts on their chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Persimmon peel (PP), white grape pomace (WGP), and red grape pomace (RGP) were ensiled for 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Fresh and ensiled PP, WGP, and RGP were used for in vitro rumen fermentation with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG). The non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) content of the byproducts decreased after ensiling, especially for PP. The total tannin content was not changed after ensiling for up to 4 weeks for all byproducts. However, the soluble tannin content in PP decreased but that in grape pomaces was unaffected by ensiling. Gas production, total volatile fatty acid concentration, and methane production by in vitro rumen fermentation for PP and WGP were reduced by ensiling, and increased by adding PEG, except for gas production from the PP silage. These results indicated that changes in the fractions of carbohydrate and tannins during the ensiling process were different between PP and grape pomace. Even though the insolubilization of tannins in PP during ensiling reduced its inhibitory effect on ruminal fermentability, the ensiling PP seemed to remain the ability to mitigate methanogenesis in the rumen.