果胶酶和纤维素酶对五龙鹅养分表观利用率、消化酶活性及排泄物指标的影响

本试验旨在研究高纤维饲粮中添加果胶酶和纤维素酶对鹅养分表观利用率、消化酶活性及排泄物指标的影响。选用1日龄五龙鹅216只,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只鹅。Ⅰ组饲喂高纤维基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在Ⅰ组饲粮基础上添加5 000、10 000、15 000 U/kg的果胶酶,Ⅴ组添加5 000 U/kg果胶酶和40 000 U/kg纤维素酶,Ⅵ组添加10 000 U/kg果胶酶和40 000 U/kg纤维素酶。试验期112 d。结果表明:1)Ⅴ、Ⅵ组干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维和能量的表观利用率显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),钙表观利用率极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组钙表观利用率显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。2)4周龄时,Ⅴ、Ⅵ组胰腺淀粉酶活性、十二指肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);16周龄时,Ⅴ、Ⅵ组胰腺淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性、十二指肠胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅴ、Ⅵ组十二指肠淀粉酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01)。3)16周龄时,Ⅴ、Ⅵ组盲肠乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),产气荚膜梭菌的数量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。4)各组排泄物中大肠杆菌数量及总氮、总磷含量无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加果胶酶和纤维素酶可提高五龙鹅养分表观利用率和肠道酶活性,对排泄物指标无影响。     

添加菌酶复合制剂发酵玉米秸秆的筛选试验

本试验旨在探究菌酶复合制剂发酵玉米秸秆的最佳发酵条件及发酵效果。运用均匀设计试验,以中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率为目的指标,对黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)接种量、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶添加量及发酵天数4个因素进行筛选,并对发酵效果进行评价和比较分析。结果表明:菌酶复合制剂发酵玉米秸秆的干物质、粗蛋白质含量显著高于未发酵秸秆(P0.05),酸性洗涤木质素、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于未发酵秸秆(P0.05)。本研究所获得的最佳发酵条件为:纤维素酶添加量0.2 g/kg,木聚糖酶添加量0.1 g/kg,黄孢原毛平革菌接种量20%,发酵天数19 d;在此条件下,玉米秸秆的中性洗涤纤维降解率和酸性洗涤纤维降解率分别达到了23.47%和20.13%。     

不同添加剂对青贮燕麦发酵品质和营养成分的影响

本研究在燕麦中添加乳酸菌、蔗糖和纤维素酶进行青贮,分析不同添加剂及添加量对青贮燕麦发酵品质和营养成分的影响。结果表明：三种添加剂均能改善青贮燕麦的发酵品质和营养成分。各浓度处理组的pH、氨态氮比总氮值显著低于对照组（P <0.05）,乳酸、乙酸含量显著高于对照组（P <0.05）。添加0.005 g/kg乳酸菌组燕麦青贮的感官品质显著提高,粗蛋白质、可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于对照组（P <0.05）,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量与对照组差异性不显著（P> 0.05）;添加2%蔗糖组与0.15 g/kg纤维素酶组燕麦青贮的感官品质均显著提高,干物质、粗蛋白质和可溶性碳水化合物显著高于对照组（P <0.05）,中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于对照组（P <0.05）,酸性洗涤纤维含量与对照组差异不显著（P> 0.05）。综合考虑,添加0.005 g/kg乳酸菌、2%蔗糖和0.15 g/kg纤维素酶获得的青贮料品质较好。     

纤维素酶不同添加量对饲用苎麻与麦麸混合青贮品质的影响

为了探究纤维素酶对饲用苎麻混合青贮的影响,试验设计了四个处理,苎麻与麦麸按比例（(80%苎麻+18%麦麸+2%蔗糖）进行混合后,外源纤维素酶添加量分别为处理Ⅰ组0g/kg,处理Ⅱ组1g/kg,处理Ⅲ组2g/kg,处理Ⅳ组3g/kg。发酵30 d后,开包取样分析各项指标。试验结果表明,添加外源纤维素酶可以显著降低混合青贮的pH值,与对照组相比较,处理Ⅲ组和处理Ⅳ组可显著降低中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维和氨态氮/总氮比值(P<0.05),,提高碳水化合物、干物质和粗蛋白含量(P<0.05),在试验条件下纤维素酶的添加水平为2g/kg。     

大薯在生长猪日粮中能量及常规养分营养价值评定

本试验选择6头去势定安公猪,平均分成2组,采用交叉试验设计,利用替代日粮法研究生长猪对大薯能量及常规养分的利用。试验结果表明,大薯块茎总能值为13.42 MJ/kg,猪表观消化能为11.60 MJ/kg;大薯中常规养分含量分别为干物质83.12%、粗蛋白质4.31%、粗灰分4.01%、粗脂肪0.29%、粗纤维1.5%、中性洗涤纤维15.28%、酸性洗涤纤维7.12%、钙0.09%、总磷0.28%;生长猪对大薯养分表观消化率分别为干物质82.0%、有机物87.0%、总能的表观消化率86.4%、粗蛋白质57.5%、粗灰分48.0%、粗脂肪21.2%、粗纤维31.6%、中性洗涤纤维72.8%、酸性洗涤纤维71.4%、钙36.7%、总磷70.9%。从试验结果可知,大薯的总能和表观消化能分别为玉米的82.8%和83.2%,且能量利用率接近木薯和玉米,属良好能量饲料。但大薯其他常规养分含量低且利用率差,因此在生产应充分考虑补充蛋白质及矿物质等饲料。     

酶制剂和乳酸菌对秸秆微贮饲料质量及瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究酶制剂和乳酸菌对玉米秸秆微贮饲料感官指标评分、营养成分、发酵品质、有氧稳定性及72 h瘤胃降解率的影响。设置空白对照组、纤维素酶组、复合酶组、复合酶+乳酸菌组4组,每组3个重复。对照组添加5%的硫酸氨,纤维素酶组添加5 g纤维素酶和5%的硫酸氨,复合酶组分别添加0.15 g纤维素酶、0.15 gβ-葡聚糖酶、0.1 g木聚糖酶、0.1 g果胶酶、5%硫酸氨,乳酸菌+复合酶组分别添加0.5 g乳酸菌、5%硫酸氨和复合酶。玉米秸秆切短至2 cm,将各处理组微贮剂溶于蒸馏水,与原料混合均匀后,装入聚乙烯袋中,然后用真空包装机抽真空封口,室温贮藏30 d后开封取样,测定微贮秸秆发酵品质、营养成分和瘤胃降解率。结果表明:与对照组相比,复合酶+乳酸菌组效果最佳,pH、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素含量和氨态氮/总氮分别显著降低0.72、12.92%、19.45%、13.79%、6.14%、22.32%(P0.05),可溶性碳水化合物、乳酸、乙酸含量及有氧稳定性分别显著提高0.16%、18.36%、3.21%、36 h(P0.05),对干物质、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量无显著影响(P0.05);与对照组相比,复合酶+乳酸菌组瘤胃降解率显著提高(P0.05),干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃72 h降解率分别提高24.65、23.12、39.68、33.56。综上,混合添加酶制剂和乳酸菌微贮玉米秸秆能够降低秸秆的纤维含量,显著改善秸秆饲料的营养成分、品质、有氧稳定性和瘤胃降解率。     

纤维素酶、植酸酶及互作效应对统糠的影响

以纤维素酶和植酸酶含量(分别为0%、0.8%、1.2%和0%、0.3%、0.5%)按照2因素3×3试验设计处理统糠,分为9个处理组,每组3个重复,测定其还原糖生成量、粗蛋白质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和无机磷生成量.结果表明,添加纤维素酶、植酸酶组还原糖、粗蛋白质和无机磷量增加,粗纤维、NDF和ADF稍有增加,同时添加0.8%纤维素酶和0.3%植酸酶总体效果最好,还原糖和无机磷生成量分别是空白对照组的5.42、1.59倍.     

铁锌配施对河西走廊地区紫花苜蓿品质和相对饲用价值的影响

采用添加铁和锌肥的双因素试验设计,研究铁、锌及其互作对河西走廊地区紫花苜蓿品质和相对饲用价值的影响。结果表明:锌及铁锌配施显著提高了紫花苜蓿粗蛋白质含量(P0.05),降低了粗纤维含量(P0.05)。单添加铁对粗蛋白质含量影响不显著,但显著降低粗纤维含量(P0.05)。单施锌和铁显著(P0.05)提高了粗脂肪含量,极显著降低了酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量(P0.01),铁锌配施对酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量没有显著影响。铁和锌均极显著增加可消化干物质、干物质采食量和相对饲用价值(P0.01),但铁锌互作对它们的影响不显著。铁锌配施组合为F_1(9kg/hm~2)和Z_1(15kg/hm~2)时,紫花苜蓿品质和相对饲用价值最佳。     

纤维素酶对苜蓿草粉营养成分及其利用率的影响

研究纤维素酶在不同水平(0、0.05%、0.1%)下,发酵时间对苜蓿草粉营养成分及其利用率的影响。结果表明,纤维素酶发酵处理苜蓿草粉10-24d,能提高酸度,其酸度随着纤维素酶添加量的增加而提高。发酵17d,添加纤维素酶0.05%,组蛋白质含量最高。发酵10-24d,不影响粗脂肪、干物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维及磷的含量。当发酵17d时,粗灰分含量随着纤维素酶添加量的增加而降低。添加纤维素酶0.1%,随着发酵天数的增加,苜蓿草粉含钙量随之增高。肉鸡代谢试验结果表明,纤维素酶发酵17d,对苜蓿草粉的粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和钙在肉鸡体内的利用率无显著影响。     

调制方式对淋雨后紫花苜蓿品质的影响

研究雨淋时间、添加剂和干燥方式对紫花苜蓿青贮品质和干草品质的影响,结果表明:随着雨淋时间的延长,可溶性碳水化合物含量显著下降,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著上升(P0.05)。制作青贮时,添加甲酸组显著提高了可溶性碳水化合物含量;添加乳酸菌+纤维素酶组显著提高了粗蛋白质和可溶性碳水化合物含量,同时显著降低了酸性洗涤纤维含量;添加乳酸菌+蔗糖组显著提高了干物质、粗蛋白质和可溶性碳水化合物含量,同时降低了酸性洗涤纤维含量(P0.05),效果最好。调制干草时,烘干处理的粗蛋白质和可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于晒干和阴干处理(P0.05),烘干方式最好。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。