胆汁酸的营养特性及其在家禽生产中应用的研究进展

胆汁酸是动物胆汁的重要组成成分,在脂肪代谢中起着重要的作用,能促进脂肪及脂溶性物质的乳化,促进脂类物质的消化吸收。作者综述了胆汁酸在家禽营养中的研究进展。     

胆汁酸在动物营养研究中的应用

胆汁酸是胆汁的重要成分，在脂肪代谢中起着重要作用。最近几年来，胆汁酸作为一种饲料添加剂，在动物养殖业中的应用越来越广泛。为了在生产实践中更好地选择和利用胆汁酸类产品，本文介绍了胆汁酸的结构组成、营养作用机制以及在饲料中如何更有效地添加使用胆汁酸类产品。１胆汁酸的组成成分胆汁酸是动物体内胆固醇代谢过程中所产生的一系列固醇类物质，因为主要经由胆囊和胆汁一起排泄到肠道中，并具有酸性，因此统称为胆汁酸。胆汁酸种类繁多，现已从各种动物体内分离到的不同胆汁酸就有１４种，如表１所示。不同动物的胆汁酸种类和数量…     

胆汁酸的生理功能及其对水产动物的影响研究进展

胆汁酸是胆固醇代谢的主要终产物,是胆汁的重要组成成分,对促进动物肠道中胆固醇、脂质和脂溶性维生素的吸收有重要的生理作用。胆汁酸对水产动物的生长性能、消化酶活性、抗氧化功能、免疫功能及糖脂代谢等均有一定影响。本文综述了胆汁酸的生理功能及其对水产动物的影响,进一步明确了胆汁酸的主要组成成分、作用机制和测定方法,对水产动物脂肪肝、肝胆综合症等相关疾病以及促进水产功能性饲料的可持续发展有重要意义。     

外源性胆汁酸对畜禽抗热应激作用研究进展

胆汁酸作为胆汁的重要成分,在促进营养吸收、保障畜禽健康方面具有重要作用。胆汁酸通过非受体介导途径与极性磷脂分子结合乳化脂类以促进脂类和脂溶性物质吸收,作为关键的信号分子激活特异受体和细胞信号通路,促进糖和脂肪代谢稳态,保护肠道屏障和抗应激损伤。近年来,外源性胆汁酸对缓解热应激导致的负面影响,诸如胰岛素抵抗、脂肪堆积、肠道屏障受损、氧化应激等作用逐渐受到关注。本文系统地对胆汁酸代谢进行了综述,详细总结了胆汁酸对机体的调控机制,以期对外源性胆汁酸缓解生长阶段猪和肉鸡热应激的理论研究与应用提供参考。     

壮优

正1产品介绍壮优是由山东龙昌动物保健品有限公司生产的功能性饲料添加剂,为国家一类新型功能性添加剂,该产品的主要成分为胆汁酸、γ-氨基丁酸等有机物。1.1促进脂肪和脂溶性物质的消化吸收饲料中的脂肪(植物油等油脂)通过胆汁酸的作用而被乳化,而后被脂肪消化酶所消化形成脂肪酸,脂肪酸在胆汁酸的作用下形成脂肪酸-胆汁酸盐复合物,从而被小肠中的绒毛膜吸收。胆汁酸在动物体内油脂乳化、消化和吸收过程中发挥重要的作用,是其他乳化剂所不能替代的。     

胆汁酸对动物糖脂代谢的调控及在动物生产中的应用

胆汁酸是糖脂代谢中的重要调控物质,具有乳化脂肪、促进营养物质吸收、改善肠道微生物组成、调节免疫系统的作用。胆汁酸可以通过调节肠道中的脂肪吸收、胆固醇排泄以及肝脏的胆固醇合成来影响机体的糖脂代谢。此外,胆汁酸还可以影响动物体内胰岛素的敏感性和分泌,从而对血糖水平和胰岛素抵抗产生影响。目前,关于胆汁酸的合成机制以及疾病方面的研究较为完善,但胆汁酸在动物生产中的应用还较少。胆汁酸除促进脂肪的乳化吸收外,在提高生产性能、保护肠道健康、缓解热应激、保护肝脏等方面也具有显著效果。文章从胆汁酸的合成调控、对糖脂代谢的影响以及在动物生产中的应用等方面进行综述,以期为胆汁酸的进一步的开发与利用提供参考。     

胆汁酸在动物营养中的应用

胆汁酸是胆汁的重要成分,在脂肪代谢中起着重要作用。最近几年来,胆汁酸作为饲料添加剂,在动物养殖业中的应用越来越广泛。为了在生产实践中更好更有效地选择和利用胆汁酸类产品,本文介绍了胆汁酸的结构组成、营养作用机制以及在饲料中如何更有效地添加使用胆汁酸类产品。     

胆汁酸在脂肪消化吸收中的作用

本文从脂肪的消化吸收过程入手,综述了胆汁酸在其中的作用,同时分析了胆汁酸在促进肝脏功能发挥方面的作用,指出将胆汁酸应用于饲料中具有重要的现实意义。     

胆汁酸在动物营养研究中的应用

胆汁酸是胆汁的重要成分，在脂肪代谢中起着重要作用。最近几年来，胆汁酸作为一种饲料添加剂，在动物养殖业中的应用越来越广泛。为了在生产实践中更好更有效地选择和利用胆汁酸类产品，本文介绍了胆汁酸的结构组成，营养作用机制以及在饲料中如何更有效地添加使用胆汁酸类产品。1 胆汁酸的组成成分胆汁酸是动物体内胆固醇代谢过程中所产生的一系列固醇类物质，因为主要经由胆囊和胆汁一起排汇到肠道中，并具有酸性，因此统称为胆汁酸。胆汁酸种类繁多，现已从各种动物体内分离到的不同胆汁酸就有14种，如表1所示。不同动物的胆汁酸种类和 …     

胆汁酸的生理功能及在养殖业的应用进展

胆汁酸是胆汁的主要成分，占胆汁总量的50～60％，在脂类物质的消化吸收及调节胆固醇代谢方面起着重要作用。此文主要介绍了胆汁酸的结构、代谢、生理功能及在养殖业上的应用效果。     

胆汁酸肠肝循环转运蛋白及FXR对其的调控机制

胆汁酸作为胆汁的重要成分，由肝以胆固醇为原料进行合成，能在外源食物及相关激素的刺激下与胆汁一同被排入消化道内，具有脂肪乳化、促进肠道吸收脂质、调节肝肠功能、增加能量消耗、改善胰岛素敏感性等作用，一般可通过经典途径和替代途径两种方式进行合成。肠肝循环能将从头合成的胆汁酸重新回收约95%，仅剩余5%会流失，经替代途径进行再补充，从而保障了胆汁酸池的动态平衡，因此，肠肝循环在调节胆汁酸稳态等方面具有重要作用。近年来，随着研究的深入，胆汁酸的代谢与运输机制逐渐明确，参与肠肝循环的转运蛋白功能也更加清晰，其中，法尼酯X受体（FXR）作为重要的核因子能通过与小异二聚体受体（SHP）、视黄酸受体α（RARα）等，联合成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）对胆汁酸转运蛋白的表达量进行调控，进而影响胆汁酸稳态。本文将对胆汁酸肠肝循环过程中涉及到的重要转运蛋白及FXR对其的调节机制进行阐述，为今后进一步探究胆汁酸功能提供一定的理论基础。     

Attempt to establish a chronic model to study the influence of bile and pancreatic juice diversion on pancreas feedback regulation in conscious pigs

The diversion of pancreatic juice and bile stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion but the mechanism behind this process is still not clear. The present study investigates the influence of long lasting (10 h) bile diversion or pancreatic juice and bile diversion on the pancreatic secretion in conscious pigs. The experiments were performed on 4 weaned piglets, which had a catheter inserted to the accessory pancreatic duct and bile duct and two cannulas to the duodenum. The depletion of bile alone or both bile and pancreatic juice (PJ) resulted in an increased preprandial pancreatic juice outflow, as compared to controls. Bile diversion increased the pancreatic response to feeding. PJ volume, protein outflow, and trypsin activity values were significantly higher in bile diverted pigs than in control pigs during the prandial and postprandial periods. While in pancreatic juice and bile diverted piglets the PJ protein outflow and trypsin activity slightly increased in response to feeding, their values were lower than those of the control piglets. In conclusion, both pancreatic juice and bile present in the small intestine play an important role in the regulation of the pancreatic juice secretion.     

Results of liver function tests in abomasal displacement and ketosis of cattle

Totally 187 cows were used in this research, 101 of these had left and 60 right abomasal displacement. The rest of them had ketosis. Blood and urine samples were collected from all of the cows for laboratory analyses. The amount of bile acid and total bilirubin and activity of aspartate aminotransferases (AST) in blood samples and the amount of ketone in the urine samples were determined. The results obtained from this study were as follows: The mean value of bile acid, total bilirubin and AST-activity were 38.37 mumol/l, 13.06 mumol/l and 92.26 U/l in right abomasal displacement cows and 37.93 mumol/l, 14.39 mumol/l and 68.39 U/l in left abomasal displacement cows respectively. Although important differences (P less than 0.05) were detected in AST-values between these three groups of diseases, there was no significant differences in bile acid and total bilirubin. There was a correlation between total bilirubin and bile acid and total bilirubin and AST in the right and left abomasal displacement cows. Same correlation was determined between total bilirubin and AST in acetonemic cows. But there was no correlation between total bilirubin and bile acid in acetonemic cows and between bile acid and AST in abomasal displacement and acetonemic cows. A very important connection was determined between the amount of total bilirubin and degree of the acetone in the urine (P less than 0.001) of the left abomasal displacement cows. The same connection (P less than 0.05) was determined between the degree of the acetone in the urine and AST-activity in the same cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of age and diet on the lipid content and composition of gallbladder bile, liver and serum in laying strains of hen

1. Changes in lipid content and composition of liver and bile during pre- and post-laying periods were investigated in hens of a laying strain. 2. The large increase in liver lipid concentration, particularly triacylglycerols, at the onset of laying was accompanied by the appearance of triacylglycerols in the bile. 3. Accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver was increased by a diet containing maize and soyabean meal. This was associated with increases in the triacylglycerol concentration in both serum and bile. 4. Liver microsomal phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity was positively correlated with liver triacylglycerol content in birds given the maize/soyabean meal diet. 5. The time course of triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver and associated changes in the bile triacylglycerol concentration in laying strain hens were different to those previously observed in broiler hens. 6. Over the lifetime of the bird, secretion of triacylglycerols into bile may play an important role in the prevention of fatty liver syndromes.     

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in slaughtered cattle and buffaloes in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic

This is the first report regarding isolation of Campylobacter in caecum and bile samples obtained from ruminants in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Campylobacter was isolated from 3 (1.6%) of the 184 caecum samples and 1 (1.0%) of the 100 bile samples obtained from buffaloes. Three of the 4 isolates were determined to be C. jejuni, which was detected in 2 caecum samples and 1 bile sample; the other caecum sample contained C. fetus. Campylobacter was not isolated from any of the 82 cattle caecum samples. Our results suggest that cattle and buffaloes may not be important sources of Campylobacter food poisoning in Lao PDR.     

牛黄牛胆汁理化检验与细菌分离鉴定

牛黄即牛的胆结石 ,是名贵中药材之一 ,有牛黄的牛平时较难见到。本文通过对 1例牛黄牛和 3例非牛黄牛胆汁的理化检验和细菌分离鉴定 ,分析了牛胆汁的物理化学改变和细菌感染与牛黄形成的关系 ,初步表明胆汁中糖蛋白、间接胆红素、胆固醇和钙离子含量的增加 ,磷脂含量的降低 ,以及胆汁的大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌感染等 ,对促进牛黄生成有重要作用。     

The elephants of Zoba Gash Barka, Eritrea: part 4. Cholelithiasis in a wild African elephant (Loxodonta africana).

A 4.0-kg cholelith was found within the abdominal cavity of a dead wild African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Eritrea. Analysis of this cholelith by histochemistry, electron microscopy, electrospray mass spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy revealed it was composed of bile alcohols but no calcium, bilirubin, or cholesterol. Bacteria were also found in the cholelith. Similar, but smaller, bile stones have been identified previously in other wild African elephants and an excavated mammoth (Mammuthus columbi). Choleliths have been reported only once in a captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Elephants, along with hyraxes (Procavia capensis) and manatees (Trichechus manatus), are unique among mammals in producing only bile alcohols and no bile acids, which may predispose them to cholelithiasis, particularly in association with bacterial infection. Dietary factors may also play an important role in cholelith formation.     

Cholangiohepatitis in broiler chickens in Japan: histopathological, immunohistochemical and microbiological studies of spontaneous disease

Forty-five broiler carcasses from 6 different flocks were condemned due to liver lesions at processing meat inspection, and collected for pathological and bacterial examinations. All affected chickens showed liver enlargement with discolouration and an apparent acinar pattern. The enlarged gallbladder and the extrahepatic bile ducts contained yellow inspissated cream-coloured material. Histopathologically, extensive proliferation of bile ductules with fibrosis was observed in interlobular connective tissue, and it spread to form bridges with adjoining triads. Destruction and obstruction of portal bile ducts with multiple granulomas due to bacterial infection and outflow of the bile were frequently observed. Many Gram-positive bacilli were seen in the lesions, and they were identified as Clostridium perfringens by indirect immunofluorescence staining technique. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from affected livers. These findings are consistent with cholangiohepatitis. Therefore, it is suggested that C. perfringens might be important in the pathogenesis of cholangiohepatitis in broiler chickens.     

Participation of bile and pancreatic juice in the secretion of endogenous nitrogen into the digestive tract of sheep

The amount of bile and pancreas juice excreted and the amount of urea-N and total-N discharged by the bile and pancreas juice into the duodenum was established in eight experiments with two full-grown sheep of the merino species and with a live weight of 50 kg. For this purpose they had permanent cannulae for the measuring of the passage of bile and pancreas juice which was carried out at 1-hour intervals in the course of 24 hours beginning at 7 o'clock in the morning. During 24 hours 245.3 +/- 6.3 mg urea and 4,418.1 +/- 85.8 mg total-N were discharged with bile and pancreas juice, of which 186.9 +/- 9.6 mg urea and 2,095.3 +/- 119.7 mg total-N were discharged in the bile and 58.5 mg urea-N and 2322.8 +/- 52.9 mg total-N were discharged in the pancreas juice. The amount of pancreas juice secreted and its nitrogen is constant in the course of the day (between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.) and of the night (between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) In the daytime the secretion of bile and its nitrogen is significantly higher than at night. (p less 0.05). The concentration of urea-N and of total-N remained constant throughout the whole day. The amount of bile and pancreas juice secreted correlated greatly significantly with the amount of nitrogen (urea-N and total-N) discharged in bile and pancreas juice. The results indicate that, within the enterohepatalous circulation of endogenous urea, its secretion in bile and pancreas juice is quantitatively less important. The amount of total-N which gets from the endogenous pool into the duodenum is high and corresponds to approximately one third of the metabolic nitrogen which the animals consume daily with their feed.