不同修剪强度对鲁光新梢生长的影响

笔者对7年生早实核桃品种鲁光不同开张角度的枝条进行修剪试验,研究修剪强度对其枝条新梢生长的影响。结果表明,不同修剪强度均可促进开张角度45°以下枝条的新梢生长,重短截处理的新梢平均长度最大,达54.71cm;缓放处理最低,仅为24.25cm;缓放处理的新梢平均粗度仅0.99cm,远小于其它处理。对于开张角度46°以上的枝条,修剪则会抑制新梢长度的生长,尤其重短截处理会严重影响新梢生长。     

不同修剪方式对中林1号生长结果的影响

通过采用轻短截、中短截、重短截和缓放4种处理方式,研究了不同修剪方式对中林1号新梢生长量、成枝力、果枝率的影响。结果表明,不同强度的修剪对中林1号新梢生长量、成枝力和果枝率均有显著的促进作用。中短截和重短截的修剪方式对提高45°枝的成枝率和果枝率效果显著,且新梢生长量大。中短截对提高水平枝的新梢生长量、成枝力和果枝率效果最显著,轻短截次之。     

修剪对板栗生长与结果的影响

为了提高对板栗树体的管理水平,了解多种修剪措施对板栗的增产效果,采用叶片调查、花期调查和果实调查法、通过开展对比试验,研究了抹芽、摘梢和除雄等修剪措施对板栗雌花花序数量的影响;并采取随机区组田间试验方法,研究了不同程度的截枝处理(分别有处理Ⅰ即轻截,截枝1/4;处理Ⅱ即中截,截枝1/3;处理Ⅲ即重截,截枝1/2;处理Ⅳ(CK)即不截枝作对照)对板栗植株生长与结果的影响。结果表明:抹芽、摘梢、除雄能够促进板栗雌花分化,增加雌花序数量;截枝对板栗平均叶面积、平均叶质量、结果枝数、平均雌花序数、平均雄花枝数和坐蓬率都有明显的影响,轻短截具有明显的增产效果,处理Ⅰ比处理Ⅳ(CK)增产1.5倍,处理Ⅱ比处理Ⅳ(CK)增产1.25倍;重短截具有明显的减产效果,处理Ⅲ的产量只有处理Ⅳ(CK)的75%。在湖北大悟山区进行的大面积板栗修剪生产实践证明,该套板栗综合修剪技术具有较高的增产效果。     

山楂树不同时期的整形与修剪技术

<正>1幼树修剪山楂幼树具有极性强,生长旺,枝量少的特点。幼树时期的修剪,应"短截轰条,先促后控"。定植后1~4a内进行重短截,尽量增加枝量。4、5a以后除骨干枝和部分辅养枝短截外,其它大部枝条进行缓放,尽量少疏枝。缓放的枝条,特别是平斜的,其新梢顶芽以下的1~2腋芽大部分都能形成花芽。     

重回缩与拉枝对成龄‘绿岭’核桃新梢数量、产量和根系活力的影响

为了确定早实核桃成龄树的适宜修剪方法,以10a生早实核桃‘绿岭’为试材,研究了重回缩、拉枝、既重回缩又拉枝和放任生长4种不同修剪方式的核桃树单株新梢发生数量、产量和根系活力。结果表明:在果实成熟期,重回缩、拉枝、既重回缩又拉枝和放任生长4种修剪方式的‘绿岭’核桃每株新梢发生数量分别为32.33条、22.67条、26.67条和12.67条,重回缩处理的新梢发生数量最多;单果重分别为11.16g、10.53g、12.22g和11.58g,既重回缩又拉枝处理的单果重最高;每667m2地产量分别为129.36kg、154.44kg、155.32kg和97.24kg,既重回缩又拉枝处理的产量最高,其次为拉枝;生长季末期,4种修剪方式的根系活力分别为193.22μg/(g·h)、181.53μg/(g·h)、231.65μg/(g·h)和150.60μg/(g·h),既重回缩又拉枝处理的根系活力最高。     

不同修剪强度对紫薇生长及开花性状的影响

为了探明不同修剪强度对紫薇生长性状和开花性状的影响,为紫薇的科学修剪提供理论依据和指导。以4年生紫薇杂交苗为试验对象,研究了不同修剪强度处理对紫薇新梢生长及开花的影响。结果表明,不同强度修剪可显著降低株高及冠幅;各修剪处理的新梢萌发数量显著高于对照,2/3强度修剪处理的新梢生长量最大;修剪可显著提高着花密度,随着修剪强度的增加着花率呈递增趋势;修剪处理对花序长、花序宽没有显著影响。相关性分析表明,株高与冠幅、花序长和花序宽呈显著正相关,与着花率呈显著负相关;冠幅与着花率呈显著负相关;花序长与花序宽呈极显著正相关。研究证明,2/3强度修剪对促进新梢生长、提高着花密度、有效控制株型效果最佳,有利于矮灌型紫薇的培养。     

促进三台核桃中幼树生长结实技术措施研究

为了探寻能促进云南三台核桃中幼树生长结实的技术措施,从而为云南核桃的提质增效提供理论依据,以树龄为10~15 a的三台核桃中幼树为研究对象,采用修剪、螺旋环剥、花前灌水这3种技术处理进行了为期2年的试验研究,调查和综合比较分析了不同处理的新梢发枝力、果枝率、新梢生长量、单株产量。结果表明:螺旋环剥处理,能增加母枝抽发的新梢数量,但对新梢的营养生长却有一定的抑制作用,能使其果枝率和单株产量均有提高,其平均单株结果数可达508.3个,增产效果明显;修剪处理,增强了中幼树的发枝力,增加了母枝抽发的新梢数量,增产效果也较明显;花前灌水处理,促进了新梢的长度生长和粗度生长,促进了其营养生长,对其果枝率和单株结果数均一定的促进作用,但增产效果不很显著。     

增加花椒色香味的技术措施

花椒富含麻辣素 ,是一种常用的食用调味品。现根据多年经验 ,就如何增加花椒的色香味提出以下管理措施。1　合理修剪 ,改善通风透光条件花椒是一种喜光树种 ,一年光照时数应在 180 0～ 2 0 0 0 h以上。如果长时间光照不足 ,可导致其生长势衰弱或者部分枝条枯死 ,花椒的果实也因缺乏营养而生长缓慢 ,干物质累积减少 ,果实不能充分成熟而味淡、色暗、颗粒小、种皮薄 ,严重影响到产量和品质。提高花椒产量和品质的关键技术之一是夏季管理工作必须跟上去 ,要及时对新梢摘心和疏除直立枝及过密的遮光枝 ,并对树冠采用撑、拉、别、坠等人工措施以…     

不同修剪强度对杨桃产果期调节的影响

用重、中、轻3种不同强度修剪处理调节香蜜杨桃产果期,试验结果表明:随着修剪程度的加重,始花时间分别推迟约100 d、140 d,第一批果实成熟时间推迟约90 d、120 d;提高了当年促生梢开花座果枝条的比例,增加产量;提高了产果后期产量的比例,有效地调整产量结构,显著提高了产值。     

果园地面覆盖对库尔勒香梨生长与结果的影响

为了探明不同土壤对库尔勒香梨生长发育、果实产量及品质的影响,以提高库尔勒香梨的生产效率,通过采用不同覆盖材料覆盖果园土壤,测定了香梨树新梢生长量、果实产量和品质,分析了生草、覆草、地膜、遮阳网、无纺布等不同覆盖材料对香梨树生长和结果的影响。结果显示:与清耕相比,各处理均极显著提高了叶片质量、产量和脱萼果率。生草极显著提高叶片叶绿素含量;覆草加快了新梢的生长,覆网和覆布减缓了新梢的生长;覆网能显著降低单果质量;各处理均提高了大果比率但均不同程度降低了可溶性固形物和总糖的含量;覆草极显著提高了可滴定酸含量;除覆草外其它处理均降低了维生素C的含量;覆网和覆草极显著提高了果实硬度。综上所述,不同土壤覆盖均极显著地提高了叶片质量,有效地改善了果实的外观品质,特别是能显著提高果实产量。不同覆盖处理对提高产量的影响从大到小依次为:生草、覆布、覆网、覆草、覆膜、清耕,但覆盖处理果实的内在品质略有降低。     

Factors involved in alleviating water stress by partial crop removal in pear trees

We studied the relief of water stress associated with fruit thinning in pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees during drought to determine what mechanisms, other than stomatal adjustment, were involved. Combinations of control irrigation (equal to crop water use less effective rainfall) and deficit irrigation (equal to 20% of control irrigation), fruit load (unthinned and thinned to 40 fruits per tree) and root pruning (pruned and unpruned) treatments were applied to pear (cv. 'Conference') trees during Stage II of fruit development. Daily patterns of midday stem water potential (Psi(stem)) and leaf conductance to water vapor (g(l)) of deficit-irrigated trees differed after fruit thinning. In response to fruit thinning, gl progressively declined with water stress until 30 days after fruit thinning and then leveled off, whereas the effects of decreased fruit load on Psi(stem) peaked 30-40 days after fruit thinning and then tended to decline. Soil water depletion was significantly correlated with fruit load during drought. Our results indicate that stomatal adjustment and the resulting soil water conservation were the factors determining the Psi(stem) response to fruit thinning. However, these factors could not explain differences in daily patterns between g(l) and Psi(stem) after fruit thinning. In all cases, effects of root pruning treatments on Psi(stem) in deficit-irrigated trees were transitory (Psi(stem) recovered from root pruning in less than 30 days), but the recovery of Psi(stem) after root pruning was faster in trees with low fruit loads. This behavior is compatible with the concept that the water balance (reflected by Psi(stem) values) was better in trees with low fruit loads compared with unthinned trees, perhaps because more carbon was available for root growth. Thus, a root growth component is hypothesized as a mechanism to explain the bimodal Psi(stem) response to fruit thinning during drought.     

金丝小枣老树修剪强度的研究

１９９６－１９９９年在山东省乐陵枣－粮间作地区对约６０年生的金丝小枣树进行了修剪试验,研究表明,修剪是使老枣树更新复壮、恢复产量的重要措施,修剪强度以轻剪为宜。结果基枝以保留４个枣股的结果密度最大（１．４７）,较对照（０．７６）增加９３％,与留８个枣股及对照的差异显著,与留２个枣股的差异极显著。增加叶面积约２０％,叶绿素含量约增加１３．３６％,空吊数约减少３４％。     

Mitigation of effects of extreme drought during stage III of peach fruit development by summer pruning and fruit thinning

A water deficit during stage III of fruit growth was established with the aim of determining if it is possible to achieve an improvement in tree water status by summer pruning and fruit thinning. The experiment was set up as a randomized block split-plot design across trials (irrigation) where pruning was assigned to the main plot and fruit thinning to the sub-plots. The irrigation treatments were (1) standard full irrigation (FI), and (2) suppression of irrigation during stage III of fruit growth until leaves visibly withered (LWI); the pruning treatments were (1) experimental summer pruning (EP), and (2) standard summer pruning (CP); and three fruit thinning intensities were applied to facilitate analysis of the effects of the treatments in relation to fruit load. Changes in amount of light intercepted and in tree stem water potential (Psi stem) were evaluated. The EP treatment reduced the amount of light intercepted by the tree. In the FI treatment, there was a significant reduction in fruit growth measured as both water accumulation and dry mass accumulation. Under FI conditions, reductions in fruit load as a result of EP were not accompanied by a significant improvement in Psi stem. In the LWI treatment, EP produced a significant improvement of 0.17 MPa in Psi stem, but there was no improvement in fruit growth compared with CP trees. A reduction in fruit load from 350 (commercial load) to 150 per tree significantly improved Psi stem by 0.3 MPa at the end of stage III of fruit growth. These results indicate that improvements in water status in response to pruning may be insufficient to promote fruit growth if the pruned trees are unable to provide an adequate supply of assimilates to the developing fruits.     

浙西南山地布朗李早果丰产栽培技术

介绍了浙西南山地条件的园地选择与种植、施肥、疏花疏果、整形修剪、病虫害防治等布朗李早果丰产栽培技术.     

Whole-plant adjustments in coconut (Cocos nucifera) in response to sink-source imbalance

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial tropical monocotyledon that produces fruit continuously. The physiological function of the large amounts of sucrose stored in coconut stems is unknown. To test the hypothesis that reserve storage and mobilization enable the crop to adjust to variable sink-source relationships at the scale of the whole plant, we investigated the dynamics of dry matter production, yield and yield components, and concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in a coconut plantation on Vanuatu Island in the South Pacific. Two treatments were implemented continuously over 29 months (April 2002 to August 2004): 50% leaf pruning (to reduce the source) and 100% fruit and inflorescence pruning (to reduce the sink). The pruning treatments had little effect on carbohydrate reserves because they affected only petioles, not the main reserve pool in the stem. Both pruning treatments greatly reduced dry matter production of the reproductive compartment, but vegetative growth and development were negligibly affected by treatment and season. Leaf pruning increased radiation-use efficiency (RUE) initially, and fruit pruning greatly reduced RUE throughout the experiment. Changes in RUE were negatively correlated with leaflet soluble sugar concentration, indicating feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. We conclude that vegetative development and growth of coconut show little phenotypic plasticity, assimilate demand for growth being largely independent of a fluctuating assimilate supply. The resulting sink-source imbalances were partly compensated for by transitory reserves and, more importantly, by variable RUE in the short term, and by adjustment of fruit load in the long term. Possible physiological mechanisms are discussed, as well as modeling concepts that may be applied to coconut and similar tree crops.     

Effects of varying crop load on photosynthesis, dry matter production and partitioning of Crispin/M.27 apple trees

Fruit load was altered by flower thinning on three- and four-year-old, field-grown apple trees. Increasing fruit load led to increases in dry matter production per unit leaf area and partitioning to fruit and to decreases in fruit size, percentage fruit dry matter, dry matter partitioning to new shoot growth, thickening of existing woody tissue and root growth. Flower bud production for the following spring was also negatively affected by an increase in fruit load. Leaf photosynthesis was increased in cropping trees in July and August at the time of maximum fruit dry weight increase. Calculated light interception was linearly related to leaf area. The efficiency of conversion of intercepted photosynthetic active radiation to dry matter energy equivalents was 3.3% in heavily cropping trees and 1.8% in non-cropping trees. Total dry matter production was linearly related to both leaf area and light interception, but the variance accounted for by the regression was more than doubled if fruit dry matter or fruit number was included in the regression.     

常山胡柚疏果量确定试验初报

胡柚果实以果径80～100mm的品质最佳,通过疏果技术可提高果实的均匀度,提高商品等级,其效果显著.试验表明,疏果量在15%~20%的处理能显著提高一级优质果的产量和比例,减少二级果、等外果的产量和比例,增加单果重量,而且对单株产量影响很少.因此在生产中,胡柚疏果量应掌握在以不超过全树果数的20%为最佳.     

猕猴桃畸形果产生原因及对策

观察了猕猴桃秦美、布鲁诺和79－5三个品种的畸形果发生情况，结果表明，在自然状态下，不同品种，不同树龄的果实畸形率没有明显差异；畸形果的发生高峰期主要集中在果实迅速膨大期的前期；畸形果主要是由于授粉受精不完全而引起的，可采用人工授粉方法减少畸形果的发生；并提出疏花蕾疏幼果是猕猴桃优质高产的一个重要手段。     

Response of winter root starch concentration to severe water stress and fruit load and its subsequent effects on early peach fruit development

Effect of water stress during stage III of peach fruit development on winter root starch concentration (RSC) and subsequent reproductive development was studied. Two irrigation treatments were applied in two consecutive seasons (2003-2004): full irrigation (FI) and no irrigation during stage III of fruit development until visible leaf wilting (LWI), which occurred when midday stem water potential reached -1.80 MPa. Three fruit thinning intensities were applied within each irrigation treatment. The year 2005 was a recovery year in which all trees received full irrigation and commercial fruit thinning. Water deficit and high fruit loads in the previous season significantly reduced the concentration of winter RSC. Fruit set and fruit growth from full bloom to 30 days after full bloom (30 DAFB) increased with increasing winter RSC before other factors, such as inter-fruit competition and availability of carbon from current photosynthesis, came into play. Consequently, severe water stress reduced the total number of fruits and fruit dry mass growth 30 DAFB. However, during the recovery year and after fruit thinning, fruit loads were similar between irrigation treatments and yield capacity remained unaffected. Peach fruit production recovered quickly from the deleterious effects of two consecutive years of water stress because of a combination of two factors: (1) reduced initial fruit set that was still adequate to achieve a commercial crop; and (2) the low sensitivity of fruit growth 30 DAFB to winter RSC.     

华北落叶松不同修剪方式对新生枝条生长及雌花量影响

为了明确不同修枝方式对促进新生枝条生长及雌花量影响,我们对华北落叶松种子园的9个家系的母树进行不同修剪方式的树体管理试验。结果表明,疏剪、短剪及中剪形式的的侧枝修剪对新生枝条生长具有促进作用,且疏剪可促进结实。