氟苯尼考的体外抑菌作用及其对鲫抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的效果

研究了氟苯尼考对嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、鱼链球菌等水产动物主要病原菌的体外抑菌作用,并进一步观察了其对异育银鲫抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的效果。实验结果表明,氟苯尼考对嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、鱼链球菌具有良好的抗菌活性,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1mg/L、0.5mg/L、2mg/L、4mg/L。此外,投喂氟苯尼考的异育银鲫对抗嗜水气单胞菌感染具有良好的效果,以5,10,15mg/kg体重剂量将氟苯尼考拌饲投喂异育银鲫的平均死亡率与对照组相比分别降低了50%,70%,70%。     

鲤隐性败血症病原菌的分离与鉴定

本文对东北地区流行的鲤隐性败血症进行了病原菌的分离、人工感染、病原菌生理、生化特性和药物敏感性的测定,观察了病理组织变化等。从病鱼内脏分离到场22株致病菌,其中标7株的生长及生化特性均符合嗜水气单胞菌种的特性,嗜水气单胞菌hec毒素检测呈阳性。有3株菌V—P(-)、赖氨酸(-)、葡萄糖产气(-)是区别嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)及温和气单胞菌(A．Sobrie)主要特征,这三株菌符合豚鼠气单胞菌(A．Caviae)种的特征。     

齐口裂腹鱼败血症的病原分离与鉴定

从发生败血症的齐口裂腹鱼体内分离出2株致病菌，通过细菌的形态特征、培养特性和生化实验鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌和温和气单胞菌。经人工感染健康鱼表现出与自然病鱼相同的症状，并从人工感染死亡鱼中分离获得同种细菌，证实齐口裂腹鱼败血症的病原为嗜水气单胞菌和温和气单胞菌。药敏实验结果表明新霉素、头孢三嗪、庆大霉素对其高度敏感，红霉素、羧苄青霉素、氮苄青霉素和磺胺等不敏感。     

黄颡鱼暴发性流行病病原的分离鉴定及其3种毒力基因检测

为查明黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)暴发性流行病的病原菌及其3种毒力基因的携带情况,以常规方法进行细菌分离,人工感染试验确定病原菌的致病性,API 20NE和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行细菌鉴定,PCR扩增法检测病原菌的3种毒力基因。结果显示,从发病症状典型的黄颡鱼肝脏中分离到1株嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)GXGP1,与嗜水气单胞菌标准株ATCC 7966T的同源性为99.9%,对黄颡鱼有很强致病力,是引起黄颡鱼暴发性流行病的病原菌,该菌携带有Aer、hly和ahp 3种毒力基因。     

鱼类暴发性流行病治疗新方法

鱼类暴发性流行病(即白鲫出血病)是近年来在全国各地广泛流行的一种急性传染病,危害白鲫、异育银鲫、鲫鱼、团头鲂、鲢、鲮鱼等多种鱼类。据上海水产大学孙其烷等(1991)报导,异育银鲫溶血性腹水病的病原菌在上海市郊是苏伯利气单胞菌及嗜水气单胞菌,在江苏省吴县是嗜水气单胞菌。该病原菌在4～4℃及DH 5.5～     

齐口裂腹鱼感染嗜水气单胞菌后血液生化指标与组织病理学研究

为了研究嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)对齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)血液生理生化指标的影响,将180尾齐口裂腹鱼平均分成6组(4、24和48 h对照组;4、24和48 h感染组)。对照组腹腔注射0.2 mL0.65%的无菌生理盐水,感染组腹腔注射0.2 mL 2.5×10~7CFU/mL的嗜水气单胞菌液。分别测定4、24和48 h对照组和感染组齐口裂腹鱼各项血液生理生化指标,并对肾脏、肝脏和肌肉组织进行病理学观察。结果显示:谷丙转氨酶、白蛋白、总胆固醇、葡萄糖、乳酸脱氢酶、钾、钠、氯、钙和磷含量均有显著变化。谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、总蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯则没有受到显著影响。由此可见,嗜水气单胞菌感染后对齐口裂腹鱼血液指标产生了显著的影响。对病鱼的病理学观察发现病鱼体表多处出现充血出血,溃疡和腹水,尤其是肝脏、肾脏和肌肉组织均出现不同程度的损伤,变性和局部坏死。     

感染嗜水气单胞菌鱼类组织病理变化与多组学分析的研究进展

嗜水气单胞菌感染引起的病害使我国鱼类养殖遭受了严重经济损失，制约了水产养殖业的健康发展。嗜水气单胞菌可产生多种毒力因子，致病过程及影响因素复杂，感染鱼类种类广。鱼类的肠道、脾脏、肝脏和肾脏具有重要的免疫功能，在抵御病原菌入侵中发挥重要作用，其中肠道菌群直接影响着宿主的免疫和炎症反应。本文着重阐述了嗜水气单胞菌感染后鱼类免疫相关器官的组织病理学变化、转录组水平基因的差异表达和通路富集及肠道微生物组成与结构改变，综述了嗜水气单胞菌感染后鱼类病理学和组学水平变化，为研究鱼类免疫应答机制及肠道菌群免疫调节功能提供参考依据。     

嗜水气单胞菌的研究进展

嗜水气单胞菌属于弧菌科气单胞菌属,在自然界分布广泛,可以感染多种水生及陆生动物并引起不同的疾病,是一种重要的人-兽-鱼共患病病原菌。该文概述了嗜水气单胞菌的分类地位和生物学性状,并对其致病因子、鉴定方法进行了综述。     

不同来源的嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）对三角帆蚌的致病性研究

探讨了４种不同来源的嗜水气单胞菌对三角帆蚌的致病力。４种来源的嗜水气单胞菌菌种经复壮、分离、鉴定、人工感染健康三角帆蚌均能引起其发病死亡,临床发病症状相似,但对三角帆蚌的毒力有差异,以甲鱼嗜水气单胞菌对三角帆蚌的毒力最强,牛蛙嗜水气单胞菌的毒力最弱。     

常见渔病用药处方指南（五）

一、出血病 出血病是由嗜水气单胞菌感染引起的，是近年来流行的一种危害极大的鱼病。从夏花鱼种到成鱼都易感染，鲫鱼比其他鱼类更易受感染，主要危害成鱼。这种病来势凶猛，发病率极高，但预防的最佳时期是5～6月份，在正常的条件下，水体中也有嗜水气单胞菌的存在，但不致病，在池塘条件差、缺氧的情况下，     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus

The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg^-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10^-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10^-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10^-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.     

Simulation and quantification of enrichment and retention processes in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem

Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems.     

Effects of capture,loading density and transport stress on the mortality,physiological responses,bacterial density and growth of rohu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic"> rohita</Emphasis> fingerlings

This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L⁻¹) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%). Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport. The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings. Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers.     

The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity

• 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
• 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
• 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.