饲料中补充晶体或微囊赖氨酸对草鱼生长和血浆总游离氨基酸的影响

为考察饲料中补充晶体或微囊赖氨酸对草鱼生长性能的影响,配制了豆粕含量为23%(高豆粕组),15%(低豆粕组)的两种实用饲料,在低豆粕饲料中补充晶体赖氨酸或微囊赖氨酸,使赖氨酸达到与高豆粕组一致的水平,共4个处理组,即高豆粕组、低豆粕组、低豆粕+晶体赖氨酸(晶体赖氨酸组)、低豆粕+微囊赖氨酸(微囊赖氨酸组),每处理设3个平行。饲养平均体重为(49.0±2.0)g的草鱼8周。结果表明,各组鱼体增重率分别为279.3%、239.7%、245.6%、277.5%,饲料系数为1.62、1.88、1.85、1.62。与低豆粕组相比,添加晶体赖氨酸对草鱼生长无改善(P>0.05),而添加微囊赖氨酸则提高草鱼增重率15.8%(P<0.05),降低饲料系数0.24(P<0.05),在增重率与饲料系数方面达到与高豆粕组基本一致的水平(P>0.05)。对草鱼摄食上述4种饲料0、1、2、3、4、5h后的血浆总游离氨基酸浓度测定结果表明,添加微囊赖氨酸血浆总游离氨基酸的变化趋势与高豆粕组、低豆粕组一致,即在饲后3h达到高峰,而添加晶体赖氨酸使血浆总游离氨基酸的吸收峰值提前。晶体赖氨酸经微囊化后,其水中溶失率显著降低(P<0.05),仅...     

实用饲料补充蛋氨酸、赖氨酸对异育银鲫和草鱼血浆中游离氨基酸含量的影响

本研究利用1个短期氨基酸吸收实验,通过对异育银鲫幼鱼和草鱼幼鱼投喂含晶体赖氨酸/蛋氨酸以及含微囊赖氨酸/蛋氨酸的饲料,在最后一次投喂后0.5h,1h,1.5h,2.5h,3h,6h和9h分别取血样,通过测其血浆中游离赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量,晶体氨基酸和微囊氨基酸均可提高试验鲫鱼和草鱼血浆中的游离氨基酸浓度;相对而言,添加微囊氨基酸的效果优于添加晶体氨基酸.     

豆粕替代鱼粉对青鱼幼鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

以初始体重(5.90±0.01)g的青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)为研究对象,用豆粕替代不同水平鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能的实验饲料,分别为30%鱼粉(对照组)、25%鱼粉、20%鱼粉、15%鱼粉和15%鱼粉+晶体氨基酸,试验持续8周。结果显示:当鱼粉含量为15%时,其增重率、特定生长率、肌肉鲜味氨基酸含量和总氨基酸含量显著低于对照组,而饲料系数则显著高于对照组,添加晶体氨基酸对青鱼生长无显著改善;各处理组间甘油三酯(TG)、总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)含量及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性无显著差异,但15%鱼粉组和15%鱼粉+晶体氨基酸组的青鱼的血糖含量和谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于对照组。结果表明,青鱼幼鱼实用饲料中鱼粉含量以不低于20%为宜,添加晶体氨基酸对青鱼幼鱼的生长无改善作用。     

饲料牛磺酸对尼罗罗非鱼生长、体成分及组织游离氨基酸含量的影响

本文探讨了饲料牛磺酸水平对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分及游离氨基酸含量的影响。选用体重为5.89±0.03g的罗非鱼300尾,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复20尾。在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%的牛磺酸,配制成5种试验料,分别饲喂不同处理组的罗非鱼,饲养周期为56d。结果表明： 0.8%牛磺酸组罗非鱼增重率最高,且显著高于0%和1.6%组(P<0.05);饲料牛磺酸水平(0.4%-1.2%)显著提高了罗非鱼摄食率、肝脏指数和内脏指数,显著降低了饲料系数(P<0.05)。随着饲料牛磺酸水平的提高,鱼体粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量随之升高,鱼体水分和粗灰分含量随之降低(P<0.05);以增重率为指标,通过二次曲线回归分析得出罗非鱼饲料牛磺酸最适需要量为0.75%。罗非鱼血清、肝脏、肌肉和全鱼中牛磺酸含量与饲料牛磺酸含量存在正相关关系,且牛磺酸添加组血清、肝脏、肌肉和全鱼牛磺酸含量显著高于对照组相(P<0.05)。罗非鱼肝脏和肌肉中游离氨基酸含量随饲料牛磺酸含量的增加均呈逐渐下降的趋势,且牛磺酸添加组肝脏和肌肉中游离氨基酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

胶原蛋白部分替代鱼粉饲养异育银鲫的试验

进行了两个试验以评价水产饲料中胶原蛋白替代鱼粉的效果。生长试验是在基础饲料(对照组,含鱼粉12%)中分别以2%、4%胶原蛋白等重量替代鱼粉饲养平均体重6.5g的异育银鲫(共315尾)35d,各组鱼体增重率分别为71.3%,70.9%,71.9%,各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);消化试验是采用平均体重110g的异育银鲫,按套算法测定了异育银鲫对胶原蛋白的蛋白质消化率为97.3%。研究结果表明,胶原蛋白具有很高的消化吸收率,可部分替代鱼粉而对异育银鲫的增重无影响。     

混合植物蛋白添加晶体氨基酸替代鱼粉的饲料对花鱼种生长和免疫指标的影响

在水温25.0±3.0℃下,在以不同比例的玉米蛋白、棉籽粕和豆粕为蛋白源、部分替代鱼粉的饲料中,按鱼粉的必需基酸组成添加晶体赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸,配制成5种等蛋白(37.0%)和等脂类(11.0%)的饲料,在60cm×60cm×120cm的微流水网箱中饲养平均体质量14.84g,平均体长12.06cm的花鱼种。实验饲料分别含鱼粉28.0%(F0,对照)、21.0%(F1)、14.0%(F2)、7.0%(F3)和0%(F4)。100d的饲养中,花成活率变化在98.67%-100%之间,各组之间差异不显著(P0.05),但对生长和饲料利用率却有显著影响。花特殊增重率随饲料中鱼粉替代比例的增加而降低,用植物蛋白替代25%(F1)的鱼粉,添加晶体氨基酸,鱼特殊增重率、免疫力和消化率最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),用植物蛋白替代50%(F2)和75%(F3)的鱼粉组鱼的特殊增重率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),但用植物蛋白全部替代(F4,100%)鱼粉,鱼的特殊增重率显著低于F2和F3组(P0.05)。根据Excel趋势预测曲线的二次曲线计算,当最大特殊增重率为0.585%时,相对应的鱼粉含量为22.77%,可以替代18.69%的鱼粉。植物蛋白替代鱼粉对鱼肌肉中水分和灰份含量无显著影响(P0.05),但蛋白质、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和脂肪的含量高于对照鱼。     

大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对哲罗鱼氨基酸沉积率的影响

在水温9.8~16.2℃下,将初始体质量为(6.90±0.04)g饲养在室内220L玻璃钢水族箱中,投喂含40%鱼粉的对照组饲料和以大豆分离蛋白替代25%、37.5%、50%、62.5%、75%、87.5%和100%鱼粉的等氮等能试验饲料,流水饲养56d。每个处理3个重复,每个重复100尾鱼。结果表明,大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉后,鱼体增重和干物质显著下降(P0.05),但肌肉氨基酸组成和含量未出现显著变化(P0.05);全鱼的异亮氨酸沉积率最高,其次是蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸。随着大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉比例的增加,全鱼的氨基酸沉积率显著下降(P0.05)。饲料中大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉不改变哲罗鱼肌肉氨基酸组成和含量,但鱼体氨基酸沉积率降低。     

实用饲料补充结晶或包膜赖氨酸对草鱼生长、血清游离氨基酸和肌肉蛋白质合成率的影响

研究设计 4种试验饲料 (纯化饲料、实用饲料以及分别补充结晶和包膜赖氨酸的两种实用饲料 )。试验草鱼放养在玻璃钢水族箱 (10 0cm× 5 0cm× 5 0cm)中 ,每箱放养 30尾 (平均体重 7.2 7± 0 .5g) ,每种处理设 3个平行组 ,饲养 9周。试验结果表明 ,纯化饲料组的增重率和蛋白质合成率 (Ks)明显高于 3组实用饲料 (P <0 .0 5 )。实用饲料补充包膜赖氨酸与不补充或补充结晶赖氨酸比较 ,增重率、蛋白质效率、血清必需氨基酸平衡指数(EAAP)和蛋白质合成率都得到改善。包膜赖氨酸 ,是补充饲料蛋白质的一种很好的途径。     

杂交罗非鱼饲料中豆粕、发酵豆粕和晶体氨基酸替代鱼粉的研究

添加豆粕(soybean meal,SBM)、发酵豆粕(fermented soybean meal,FSBM)和晶体氨基酸(crystalline amino acid,CAA)替代杂交罗非鱼(Oreoehromis niloticus ♀×O.aureus ♂)实用饲料中5%的鱼粉,连续投喂初始体重为9.41±0.05 g的罗非鱼9周后,通过测定罗非鱼的增重率(WGR,%)、特定生长率(SGR,%)、饲料效率(FE,%)、蛋白质效率(PER,%),并进行肝脏分析和血浆分析,比较各组饲料对罗非鱼生长和非特异性免疫的影响.结果表明,发酵豆粕+晶体氨基酸组的WGR、SGR高于其他3组,鱼粉组的FE高于其他3组;PER方面各组间差异不显著,4组饲料对罗非鱼肝脏组成、血浆成分和存活率没有造成显著差异.     

饲料中适宜的蛋白质和氨基酸水平对刺参生长的影响

利用单因素设计,以初始体重为4.5～4.8g的刺参Apostichopus japonicus为研究对象,分别配制以鱼粉、马尾藻和酒糟等为主要成分的配合饲料(蛋白含量为14.7%、17.7%、19.1%及21.5%)喂养刺参70d。实验表明,实验刺参的增重率和对配合饲料的消化率随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加而增加。配合饲料中粗蛋白的含量为21.49%时,试验幼参的增重率及蛋白质消化率达到最大。另一组试验对5种含有不同种类和数量的氨基酸配合饲料进行了饲喂对比试验,实验进行了40d。结果表明,饲喂富含甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸饲料的刺参增重率最高。     

Effective replacement of protein‐bound amino acids by crystalline amino acids in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of free amino acids to replace protein‐bound amino acids in diets for Solea senegalensis juveniles. For this purpose, fish with 4.26 g mean initial weight were fed during 55 days with diets containing 500 g kg^?1 protein and 100 g kg^?1 lipid, based on fish meal and fish oil as main protein and lipid sources (control diet), or diets where 20%, 35% and 50% of fish meal were replaced by crystalline amino acids, using L‐lysine HCl as lysine source. To access the efficiency of the crystalline lysine source, another diet was formulated with 35% fish meal replacement but using L‐lysine sulphate instead of L‐lysine HCl as lysine source. Overall, growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient retention, whole‐body and amino acid composition did not show significant differences among groups. In conclusion, up to 50% protein‐bound amino acids can be replaced by crystalline amino acids in diets for Senegalese sole juveniles without negative effects in fish performance. Additionally, it was shown that L‐lysine sulphate and L‐lysine‐HCl may be used interchangeably by Senegalese sole juveniles, with the potential economic benefits involved.     

Periodical changes of plasma free amino acid levels and feed digesta in yellowtail after feeding non-fishmeal diets with or without supplemental crystalline amino acids

ABSTRACT: Postprandial changes of free amino acid (FAA) concentrations in plasma and feed digesta contents were examined in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (220–280 g bodyweight) fed non-fishmeal diets either with or without supplemental crystalline amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan) in order to evaluate the availability of supplemental amino acids. Non-fishmeal diets containing 30% soy protein concentrate as the major protein source were prepared in three diet forms: soft dry pellet, extruded pellet, and single moist pellet. The level of plasma FAA and feed digesta content were determined at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 h after feeding. Plasma levels of four supplemental amino acids in fish fed the non-fishmeal diets with EAA were higher than those of fish fed diets without EAA, suggesting that yellowtail can efficiently absorb supplemental crystalline amino acids irrespective of diet form. However, a remarkable difference was observed in the periodical patterns of these four amino acids between FAA derived from supplements and those from feed protein. Moreover, FAA patterns in fish fed the non-fishmeal diets with EAA were different from those of the control fishmeal diet. Of note, methionine concentration was markedly high during the whole experimental period, resulting in an amino acid imbalance that may have caused lower feed performances in fish fed the non-fishmeal diets with EAA compared to the control fishmeal diet.     

Apparent digestibility of crude protein and apparent availability of individual amino acids in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed phytase pretreated soybean meal diets

Soybeans contain phytates, the anionic forms of 1,2,3,5/4,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) myoinositol, with the potential to reduce amino acid (AA) availability. Tilapia lack the intestinal enzyme phytase to hydrolyze phytates. Oreochromis niloticus (approximately 68 g) were fed diets containing either phytase pretreated or untreated soybean meal (SBM) incorporated at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the crude protein (CP) in a 33% CP diet to determine whether phytates reduce CP digestibility and AA availability. There were no differences in apparent CP digestibility. Dietary and available methionine (Met), and available lysine (Lys), decreased with increasing incorporation of phytase pretreated SBM. Reduced availability of Met and Lys from the phytase pretreated diets was likely due to removal of phytates. Phytates may reduce the effect of other antinutritional factors, protect amino acids from degradation, or decrease leaching of water soluble components. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Senegalese sole juveniles (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) grow equally well on diets devoid of fish meal provided the dietary amino acids are balanced

A growth trial was conducted with the aim of developing a practical, environmentally sustainable and cost-effective plant-protein-based diet for Senegalese sole juveniles without compromising growth or protein deposition. A reference diet contained fish meal as the main protein source (F45, containing 37% fish meal and 45% of the dietary protein being from marine sources) and four plant-protein diets either containing 5% (F15) or no fishmeal (F5). The F15 diet also contained 5% hydrolysed protein (CPSP) and 5% squid meal while the F5 contained 2% CPSP and 3% squid meal. The rest of the protein derived from a blend of soybean meal, corn and wheat gluten. Thus, the plant-protein fraction in these test diets ranged from 70–80%. The plant-based diets were supplemented either with a mixture of all indispensable amino acids (IAA) (F15 + IAA, F5 + IAA) or only with lysine (F15 + Lys, F5 + Lys). Triplicate groups of 18 fish of 9.5 g were fed by automatic feeders that distributed 8 meals over 24 h, for a period of 12 weeks.At the end of the experiment mean body weight more than tripled in all treatments (32.8 to 42.7 g). Sole fed with either F15 + Lys (33.3 g) or F5 + Lys (32.8 g) grew significantly less than all the other treatments. Protein productive value (PPV) was significantly lower in sole fed with F5 + Lys (0.30) than in all other treatments (0.34 to 0.37) while F5 + Lys (0.23) energy productive value (EPV) just differed significantly from fish fed with F45 (0.38). Moreover, protein gain (P gain) was significantly higher in sole fed with diet supplemented with all IAA (F15 + IAA and F5 + IAA) than those fed with diet with only lysine added (F15 + Lys and F5 + Lys) and a strong positive correlation between P gain and methionine (Met) intake was found (P = 0.00002).Dietary fish meal protein can be totally replaced by a mixture of plant-protein sources without any adverse effects on growth, feed or protein utilization provided the dietary amino acids are balanced. The test diet F5 + IAA seems a good alternative to use in Senegalese sole production when the main objective is to substitute an increasingly scarce ingredient – fish meal – without compromising fish performance. Moreover, for large-scale production feeds the F15 + Lys putatively supplemented with Met, Thr and Arg would be recommended.     

天然滁州鲫氨基酸成分分析与营养价值评价

应用生化分析方法对滁州鲫鱼中氨基酸成分进行了定量分析,并对氨基酸含量进行营养分析评价。结果显示：滁州鲫鱼中氨基酸总量为86.35%（占干重）,其中8种必需氨基酸和2种半必需氨基酸总量为36.76%,4种呈味氨基酸含量为29.29%,必须氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量均高于草鱼、鲢、鳙鱼等鱼类。表明滁州鲫较之其他鱼类是一种营养价值高,肉质鲜美的鱼类。     

Poor utilization of dietary free amino acids by white sturgeon

Three separate experiments were conducted to investigate the utilization of dietary free amino acids by white sturgeon,Acipenser transmontanus. In the first experiment, sturgeon were fed for 8 weeks with isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing either intact protein, an amino acid mixture, or a neutralized amino acid mixture of similar composition. Sturgeon fed the two amino acid diets grew significantly (p<0.05) less, mainly because of reduced feed intake. In the second experiment, postprandial changes in plasma free amino acids of sturgeon force-fed the above diets were monitored at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h Total plasma amino acids in sturgeon force-fed the intact protein diet showed a gradual increase and reached peak levels at 8 h. In contrast, plasma amino acids of fish force-fed the amino acid diets showed a rapid increase and reached maximal levels at 2 h. In the third experiment, free amino acid diets showed a urine of sturgeon force-fed the three diets was monitored at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h. In all dietary groups, peak excretion of indispensable amino acids was detected at 8 h after feeding but with significantly higher levels from fish force-fed the amino acid diets. Sturgeon force-fed the neutralized amino acid diet excreted 35% less amino acids compared to fish force-fed the non-neutralized diet. Sturgeon force-fed the intact protein diet excreted significantly higher amounts of ammonia. Under amino acid feeding conditions, sturgeon excreted more amino acids in its urine, but the urinary excretion of amino acids was not a major route in dealing with the rapid absorption of dietary free amino acids.     

Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for South African abalone (Haliotis midae L.)

Apparent (APD) and true (TPD) protein digestibility and apparent (AAAA) and true (TAAA) amino acid availability of fish meal and plant protein ingredients utilized in the South African animal feed industry (corn gluten meal, soya bean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, canola meal, peanut meal, lupins and faba beans), incorporated at 450 g kg^?1 into single protein diets, were determined with juvenile South African abalone (Haliotis midae). Soya bean meal (96.34%) and lupins (96.51%) presented the highest APD values, with corn gluten meal (76.08%) the lowest value, while values for sunflower meal (92.21%), canola meal (93.94%) and faba beans (93.17%) were above 90%. APD values for cottonseed meal (86.28%) and peanut meal (86.73%) were comparable with that of fish meal (82.94%). A correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99 was found between ADP and mean AAAA. Furthermore, amino acid availabilities were relatively consistent within various feed ingredients. The mean amino acid secretion from a protein‐free diet was 19.08 mg 100 g^?1 dry diet, resulting in a mean increase of 1.88% units over all feed ingredients when comparing TAAA with AAAA. Calculated APD according to APD coefficients determined with single protein diets underestimated determined APD in several compound diets by 1.10–6.50%, while mean AAAA was underestimated by 6.93%.     

Effects of supplementation of coated crystalline amino acids on growth performance and body composition of juvenile kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Supplementation of crystalline amino acids (CAA) in shrimp diets is unsuccessful in most cases. In the present study, various pre‐coated CAA were developed to minimize the leaching losses from diets in water and assessed using kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus juveniles. Experimental diets were supplemented with coated CAA or non‐coated CAA to simulate the dietary amino acid profile to that found in the whole body protein of shrimp. The four diets contained CAA coated with either carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (diet 1), zein (diet 2), k‐carrageenan (diet 3) or agar (diet 4), respectively. Another four diets contained CMC‐coated CAA with the addition of either zein (diet 5), casein‐gelatin (diet 6), zein and k‐carrageenan (diet 7), or casein‐gelatin and k‐carrageenan (diet 8), respectively. The 8 weeks feeding trial demonstrated that the diets containing coated CAA gave significantly higher weight gains than diets containing non‐coated CAA, with the highest value for the diet 6. The diets containing coated CAA also yielded higher feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate than diets containing non‐coated CAA. Leaching trials suggested that shrimp growth performance was improved partly due to the retardation or reduction of CAA leaching by coating them with specific binders.     

夏花青鱼饵料中的最适蛋白质含量

用酪蛋白、结晶氨基酸、鱼肝油、糊精、纤维素粉等加上适量的维生素、矿物混合剂所组成的精制饵料，以青鱼夏花为试验对象，经过八个星期的喂养试验，从生长、增重和饵料利用率等指标来评定，青鱼夏花的最适蛋白质含量应为41％。蛋白质含量太高，反而减慢生长，降低成活率，同时似乎还对鱼类有毒害影响。蛋白质含量较低，虽然能很好地利用蛋白质，但鱼生长缓慢。6％以下的蛋白质含量甚至出现减重现象。根据本次试验结果，可以认为二龄青鱼和老口青鱼应用饵料中蛋白质的含量为33％和28％是适当的。